The loss of 6 million U.S. manufacturing jobs since 2000 has severely affected communities that have lost a vital source of employment. Voluntary employee turnover has compounded the problem. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between employee turnover and destructive leadership behaviors of managers in small and medium enterprise (SME) manufacturing businesses in Warren County, New Jersey. The constructive-destructive leadership model formed the theoretical framework for the study. A random sample of 96 SME manufacturing firm employees completed the destructive leadership scale (DLS), multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ), and the turnover intention scale (TIS-6) via an online survey. Multiple linear regression analyses and Pearson-product correlation coefficients were used to predict employee turnover. Tyrannical leadership and laissez-faire leadership were the only significant contributors to the regression model. Implications for social change include providing business managers with information needed to maintain or increase employee retention levels, which may improve employee morale, increase job satisfaction, and enhance customer satisfaction in the communities served.

It has become more common these days for organizations to give employees the opportunity to work remotely. This trend was accelerated during the Covid-19 pandemic, which forced many organizations to allow remote work in order to comply with the recommendations set by authorities. Even after everyday life returned to normal, many companies chose to adopt a model that allows employees to work fully or partially away from the office. However, the attitude towards remote work is not entirely positive. It has brought about changes for organizations, especially for their leaders. There has been a debate about which leadership style is the best fit for the remote work model, and this thesis aims to investigate how leaders within the big banks in Sweden have been affected in their perceived ability to motivate employees during remote work. To accomplish this, the authors have applied a qualitative methodology, conducting interviews with two different groups: leaders and employees. The interview results have been analyzed and connected to the theoretical framework derived from research on remote leadership and employee motivation. The results show that an active and motivating leadership style, without being overly monitoring or passive, is preferred in a remote work setting for leaders' ability to motivate their followers in these companies. The thesis also reveals that respondents express a desire for the opportunity for remote work, even though they are somewhat negative towards working remotely.

The Covid-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of remote work out of necessity, leading many organizations to reevaluate their traditional office-centric work models. As a result, businesses and employees alike became more comfortable with remote work arrangements, paving the way for the widespread acceptance of the hybrid work model even after the pandemic subsides. While the hybrid model offers numerous advantages by blending both office and remote work, its drawbacks and challenges remain largelyunexplored.Especially managers are facing challenges as their traditional approaches to lead and influence their employees may prove less effective in this new dynamic environment. Consequently, there is a pressing new for managers to comprehend these challenges, equipping themselves with new skills sets to thrive. Additionally, they must innovate new methods to inspire and motivate employees within their team, ensuring the organizations attains its objectives in this evolving environment. The purpose of this thesis is to gain insights on how leader behavior affects employees in the hybrid work environment as well as contributing to the limited existing research in this field. To fulfil the purpose, the following research question has been developed: What impact do different leadership styles have on the motivation of employees in a hybrid work environment? By investigating this research question, we will delve into the impacts of autocratic, democratic and laissez faire leadership on employee motivation in the hybrid model. To explore the relationships between leadership styles and employee motivation in this work environment a survey has been conducted that aims to provide data required to answer the stated research question. Through the analysis of collected data, we have been able to conclude that leadership styles indeed do have an impact on employee motivation in a hybrid work environment. Furthermore, the empirical findings indicate that some leadership styles correlate with positive motivational outcomes while others exhibit negative motivational outcomes. These findings offer valuable practical implications for managers operating within hybrid work environments as well as for the broader organizational context.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka relationen mellan transformativ, transaktionell – och låt - gå ledarstil och psykologisk trygghet hos medarbetare. En enkät med 40 frågor och påståenden utformades för att mäta arbetstagares upplevda psykologiska trygghet samt deras uppfattning av sin närmsta chefs ledarstil. Påståendena och frågorna baserades på mätinstrumenten Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) och Edmondsons frågor som mäter psykologisk trygghet. Resultatet påvisade signifikanta korrelationer mellan psykologisk trygghet och de två ledarskapsstilarna transformativt och låt-gå. Transformativt ledarskap var positivt relaterad till psykologisk trygghet medan Låt-gå var negativt relaterad till psykologisk trygghet. En multipel regression visade att samtliga ledarskapsstilar kunde förklara en signifikant del av variansen i psykologisk trygghet där den transformativa ledarskapsstilen var associerad med mer psykologisk trygghet medan transaktionell- och låt-gå-ledarskapsstil var associerade med mindre psykologisk trygghet. Slutsatsen i denna studie tyder på att den transformativa ledarskapsstilen är lämplig att utöva för att uppnå psykologisk trygghet bland medarbetare. / The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between transformative, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles with employee psychological safety. A questionnaire comprising 40 items was designed to assess employees' perceived psychological safety and their perception of their immediate supervisor's leadership style. The statements and questions were based on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and Edmondson's questions measuring psychological safety. The results showed significant correlations between psychological safety and the two leadership styles transformative and laissez-faire. Transformative leadership was positively related to psychological safety, whereas laissez-faire leadership was negatively related. Multiple regression analysis indicated that all leadership styles could account for a significant portion of the variance in psychological safety, transformative leadership was positively associated with psychological safety, while laissez-faire leadership was negatively associated with psychological safety The findnings suggests that the transformative leadership style is suitable for promoting psychological safety among employees.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership styles in a petrochemical organisation (represented by transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles) and to determine if emotional intelligence can predict an effective leadership style. Leaders (N = 161) were selected from a business within a South African petrochemical organisation. Self reports from the EQ-i and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X) were analysed. Correlation analyses indicated statistically significant relationships between emotional intelligence and transformational and laissez-faire leadership. Findings indicated positive correlations between emotional intelligence (specifically adaptability) and transformational leadership. Negative correlations were obtained between emotional intelligence (specifically intrapersonal skills) and laissez-faire leadership. Theoretical implications and practical applications of these findings were discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

In early Victorian England, the new philosophy of social democracy challenged the bourgeois creed of laissezfaire. An important aspect of this struggle, which historians have neglected, is the campaign (1831-1853) for a shorter and regulated factory workday. This study concludes that during the Parliamentary debates on factory legislation, Britain's leaders, regardless of party affiliation, decided that the Government, indeed, had an obligation to assist the victims of social and economic injustice, a decision which meant the end of laissez-faire.

Some leadership styles can produce job dissatisfaction, resulting in labor turnover and financial loss to organizations. Despite these known consequences, there is a lack of research on the perceptions of leadership styles on job satisfaction for hourly wageworkers. This phenomenological study was used to understand the experiences of non-management employees on how management leadership styles affected their job satisfaction. Bass's leadership theory, Herzberg's dual factor theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs guided this study. The primary research questions were used to explore themes in leadership styles affecting selected North Carolina employees in the workplace. Data collection included in-depth interviews with 25 hourly wageworkers who completed at least one annual performance discussion with their first-line supervisor. Utilizing Moustakas' modified van Kaam method of data analysis, 4 primary themes emerged: (a) perceptions of 3 leadership styles, (b) insights on job satisfaction, (c) observations of leader behaviors, and (d) leadership agility. The 4 primary themes and 18 subthemes indicated that participants perceived more positive experiences with transformational leaders than they did with transactional or laissez-faire leaders. The findings are important for first-line supervisors in the fields of business, finance, and education to develop strategies that may maximize positive experiences with leadership styles that will create and improve overall job satisfaction. Social change implications, given the findings, include supervisors' increased awareness of how the 3 leadership styles could provide more favorable experiences for hourly wageworkers.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership styles in a petrochemical organisation (represented by transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles) and to determine if emotional intelligence can predict an effective leadership style. Leaders (N = 161) were selected from a business within a South African petrochemical organisation. Self reports from the EQ-i and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X) were analysed. Correlation analyses indicated statistically significant relationships between emotional intelligence and transformational and laissez-faire leadership. Findings indicated positive correlations between emotional intelligence (specifically adaptability) and transformational leadership. Negative correlations were obtained between emotional intelligence (specifically intrapersonal skills) and laissez-faire leadership. Theoretical implications and practical applications of these findings were discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Mobbning på arbetsplatser är ett stort samhällsproblem. År 2013 rapporterades 8 % av de arbetsrelaterade sjukdomar som anmälts till försäkringskassan vara orsakade av kränkningar, mobbning och trakasserier. Ohälsa, tvångstankar, ångest, depression, och posttraumatisk stress är vanligt förekommande hos de som utsatts för mobbning. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur mörka personlighetsdrag samt ledarskapsstilar predicerar mobbning, baserat på data från observatörer av mobbning. Studiens två regressionsmodeller uppvisades en skillnad i varians, där den senare, som inkluderade även ledarens ledarstil och mörka personlighetsdrag, förklarade 8% mer av variationen i observerad mobbning än den modell som bara analyserade mobbaren. En rimlig slutsats är därför att ledarens ledarstil och mörka personlighetsdrag kan vara avgörande för förekomsten av mobbning. / Bullying at workplaces is a major problem among societys. In 2013, 8% of the occupational diseases reported to the Swedish insurance fund were reported to be caused by violations, bullying and harassment. Illnesses, obsessive thoughts, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress are common in those who have been subjected to bullying. The purpose of the study was to investigate how dark personality traits and leadership styles predict bullying based on data from bullying observers. The two regression models in the study's showed a difference in variance, where the latter, which included the leader's leadership style and dark personality traits, explained 8% more of the variation in perceived bullying than the model that only analysed the bully, not including the leader. A reasonable conclusion is therefore that the leader's leadership style and dark personality traits can be decisive for the occurrence of bullying.

Sedan sars-cov-2 deklarerades en pandemi har arbetssituationer förändrats världen över. Studiens syfte var därför att undersöka huruvida transaktionellt, transformativt samt låt- gå ledarstil korrelerade med arbetstillfredsställelse under distansarbete samt vilken av dessa tre ledarstilar som var den starkaste prediktorn av arbetstillfredsställelse. En enkät med totalt 36 frågor utformades för att mäta arbetstagares upplevda arbetstillfredsställelse samt deras skattning av sin närmsta chefs ledarstil. Påståendena var utformade utifrån mätinstrumenten Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire samt Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Resultatet visade att transformativt ledarskap korrelerade positivt med arbetstillfredsställelse och var den starkaste prediktorn. Låt-gå ledarskap korrelerade negativt med arbetstillfredsställelse medan resultatet för det transaktionella ledarskapet inte var signifikant. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att transformativt ledarskap har en positiv inverkan på arbetstillfredsställelse under distansarbete, och att organisationer således bör bedriva ett sådant. / As sars-cov-2 was declared a pandemic, work situations all over the world changed. Theaim of the study was to examine whether employees’ job satisfaction was correlated with their immediate supervisor’s style of leadership during teleworking, and whichstyle of leadership predicted job satisfaction the strongest. The examined styles of leadership were transactional, transformational and laissez-faire. A survey study with 36 statements was conducted in order to measure job satisfaction and style of leadership. The questionnaire was designed using the measuring instruments Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. The results showed that transformational leadership and job satisfaction are positively correlated and that it was the strongest predictor. Laissez-faire leadership, on the other hand, was negatively correlated with job satisfaction whilst the result for transactional leadership was not significant. To conclude, transformational leadership had a positive impact on job satisfaction during teleworking, and organizations should therefore manage such leadership.