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Temperate agroforestry systems are an important area of research and practice in Eastern North America with the goal of creating more diverse, productive, and environmentally sound agricultural landscapes by using trees as key crops. There is extensive published research on contemporary temperate agroforestry models as well as tropical indigenous agroforestry systems, but publicly accessible properties that demonstrate these practices are currently limited. These practices, which include: Alley Cropping, Multi-functional Riparian Buffers, Short-rotation coppice, Non-timber forest farming, and novel crop breeding have potential to radically reshape American agricultural practices. As sediment and erosion control becomes stricter in agricultural land, and if future carbon tax or pricing legislation comes into play, non-tillage based agricultural practices will become more prevalent throughout the United States and the rest of the world. In the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, where this project is based, orchards are a common perennial cropping system, but at present the industry is reliant on chemical inputs that have an economic and ecological cost associated with them. Developing, demonstrating, and popularizing systems that incorporate native, crop-bearing perennials, in a manner that is legible, aesthetically pleasing, and well-integrated into the surrounding topography and agricultural vernacular, this thesis will offer a proof-of-concept to landowners curious about incorporating low-input agroforestry practices. This thesis presents a series of unpublished manuscripts based on research of historical agroforestry practices in temperate North America. These manuscripts focus on agroforestry practices as they were practiced over nearly 500 years of American history. These findings culminate in the proposition of a design for an agroforestry research and demonstration farm in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The goal of this design is to recontextualize a historic dairy farm in Maryland, USA with the construction of a new education, production, and design center. This center, along with its associated infrastructure, the cropping layout, and an interpretive trail through a range of agroforestry systems proposes an immersive environment that allows a visitor to experience agroforestry at its many scales, from garden to wild-land. / Master of Landscape Architecture / Temperate agroforestry systems are an important area of research and practice in Eastern North America with the goal of creating more diverse, productive, and environmentally sound agricultural landscapes by using trees as key crops. There is extensive published research on contemporary temperate agroforestry models as well as tropical indigenous agroforestry systems, but publicly accessible properties that demonstrate these practices are currently limited. These practices, which include: Alley Cropping, Multi-functional Riparian Buffers, Short-rotation coppice, Non-timber forest farming, and novel crop breeding have potential to radically reshape American agricultural practices. As sediment and erosion control becomes stricter in agricultural land, and if future carbon tax or pricing legislation comes into play, non-tillage based agricultural practices will become more prevalent throughout the United States and the rest of the world. In the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, where this project is based, orchards are a common perennial cropping system, but at present the industry is reliant on chemical inputs that have an economic and ecological cost associated with them. Developing, demonstrating, and popularizing systems that incorporate native, crop-bearing perennials, in a manner that is legible, aesthetically pleasing, and well-integrated into the surrounding topography and agricultural vernacular, this thesis offers a masterplan to create a proof-of-concept demonstration site to landowners curious about incorporating low-input agroforestry practices. This thesis presents a series of unpublished manuscripts based on research of historical agroforestry practices in temperate North America. These manuscripts focus on agroforestry practices as they were practiced over nearly 500 years of American history. These findings culminate in the proposition of a design for an agroforestry research and demonstration farm in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The goal of this design is to recontextualize a historic dairy farm in Maryland, USA with the construction of a new education, production, and design center. This center, along with its associated infrastructure, the cropping layout, and an interpretive trail through a range of agroforestry systems proposes an immersive environment that allows a visitor to experience agroforestry at its many scales, from garden to cultivated wilds.

A questionnaire was sent to all U.S. state and territorial Forest Stewardship Program (FSP) Coordinators in 1993 (response rate 90.2%). Despite differences in FSP design and implementation among states, the percentage of available non-industrial private forest (NIPF) acreage enrolled in the FSP (x = 3.4%) did not differ regionally. Professional foresters prepared over 80% of stewardship plans. However, FSP Coordinators perceived that, among all types of preparers, foresters had the greatest need for help in addressing wildlife issues. Most plan preparers had sought help with basic wildlife knowledge and specific, technical management recommendations, but not with field identification, even though site inspections were important in many states. Plan preparers relied on traditional methods (i.e., site inspection) rather than on newer technologies (i.e., computer databases) to inventory important natural/cultural resources. Nationally, landowners requested recommendations for general wildlife improvements more often than either consumptive or non-consumptive wildlife use objectives. Creating and/or managing snags, creating edge, developing food plots, and establishing mast producing species were recommended most often. A second questionnaire was sent to 300 randomly chosen Virginia FSP participants (1991 - 1993) (response rate 81.3%) who declared "wildlife" as their primary or secondary management objective. Respondents reported high satisfaction with Virginia's FSP. Lack of time, money, and equipment, and not knowing where to find skilled help were identified as impediments to implementing recommendations. Work on wildlife recommendations had been initiated by 37 - 69% of landowners. / Master of Science

Increasing urbanization is often accompanied by problematic changes in watershed hydrology. Decreasing surface permeability can lead to increased overland flow volumes, which may spread surficial contaminants and increase the strain on municipal stormwater infrastructure. This study examines a mixed-use property in the Proctor Creek watershed in Atlanta, Georgia, to better understand how land-management practices influence soil overland flow potential. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) measurements were collected from soils 1) subjected to compaction, 2) in urban agricultural use, and 3) under common lawn maintenance. Mean values were 9.1E-7 cm/s, 2.2E-4 cm/s, and 9.0E-6 cm/s respectively. Measurements were collected in-situ with the use of the Aardvark constant-head permeameter. Statistical analyses indicated a substantial difference in Kfs based on land-management practices and that urban farming can increase soil Kfs and limit overland flow. Additional analysis revealed no significant difference in grain-size distributions suggesting land-management practices controlled Kfs, not soil texture.

4 pp. / Southwest forests are complex systems that are influenced by climate variability. Wildfires naturally occur in these forests and woodlands, but with an increasing population, land management decisions are becoming more difficult. This publication is a result of discussions from the "Workshop on Climate Variability and Ecosystem Impacts" that was sponsored by UA Cooperative Extension in February 2005. It provides a summary of the current situation, a summary of climate change science for land management, and a brief description of suggested future research in climate science as it relates to forests and woodlands.

Revised; Originally Published: 2006 / 4 pp.

The aim of the paper: to investigate the effect of microclimatic factors on the process of ammonia emission from manure, and evaluate possibilities to reduce ammonia emission from cowsheds by controlling these factors. The completed analysis of microclimatic factors in various naturally ventilated cowsheds revealed patterns of variation in ammonia concentration depending on air temperature in the barn. While analysing the process of ammonia evaporation from the manure, the effect of interacting environmental factors on the intensity of evaporation was evaluated. The effect of temperature, ventilation intensity and drying of manure surface on the intensity of ammonia evaporation process from manure was determined and proved. Theoretical and experimental presumptions were made for the investigation of the effect of the crust formation at the manure surface on ammonia diffusion process. Based on the obtained results, ammonia emission from naturally ventilated cowsheds with various engineering solutions can be predicted, and equipment reducing the ammonia emission from them can be installed. / Darbo tikslas ˗ Ištirti mikroklimato veiksnių įtaką amoniako emisijos procesui iš mėšlo ir įvertinti galimybes juos valdant sumažinti amoniako emisiją iš karvidžių. Ištyrus mikroklimato veiksnius įvairiose natūraliai vėdinamose karvidėse, nustatyti amoniako koncentracijos kaitos dėsningumai priklausomai nuo oro temperatūros tvarte. Analizuojant amoniako garavimo iš mėšlo procesą, įvertinta tarpusavyje sąveikaujančių aplinkos veiksnių komplekso įtaka garavimo intensyvumui. Nustatyta ir įrodyta temperatūros, vėdinimo intensyvumo ir mėšlo paviršiaus džiūvimo įtaka amoniako garavimo iš mėšlo proceso intensyvumui. Sukurtos teorinės ir eksperimentinės prielaidos tirti mėšlo paviršiuje besiformuojančios plutos įtaką amoniako difuzijos procesui. Pagal gautus rezultatus galima prognozuoti amoniako emisiją iš natūraliai vėdinamų karvidžių su įvairiais inžineriniais sprendimais ir diegti priemones mažinančias amoniako emisiją iš jų.

Šiuo metu Lietuva politiškai ir ekonomiškai orientuojasi į Vakarų europą, todėl šalyje keičiasi žemėvaldos, žemėnaudos bei nuosavybės principai, tai sudaro palankias sąlygas formuoti naują sampratą apie gamybos ir aplinkos ryšį, žmogaus ir gamtos harmoniją. Žmogus, būdamas gamybos ir aplinkos epicentre, turi suprasti aplinkoje vykstančius procesus, juos valdyti, nes jis pirmasis skins šių procesų vaisius. Šiandien reikalinga nusimanyti ne tik apie šiuolaikines gamybos technologijas, bet ir žinoti gamybos ir aplinkos ryšio per medžiagų apykaitą gamtoje dėsningumus. Šiuo metu AB ,,ROKIŠKIO SŪRIS“ gauna 35500 t vasaros mėnesiais pieno produktų gamybos atliekų, kurios turi būti išvežtos. Norint parinkti atliekų tvarkymo aikštelę pirmiausia reikalinga atlikti preliminarius geologinius tyrimus. Surinkti ir patikslinti išeities duomenis, geologinę fondinę-archyvinę medžiagą, atlikti vietovės rekognoskuotę, durpių sluoksnio 1,5 – 2,0 m. gylio podurpio. Sluoksnio filtracinių savybių tyrimą, atlikti tiriamos aikštelės ekologinį įvertinimą. Gamybos atliekų užterštumas pagal BDS5 ≥ 30000 mg Q2 l-1, ChDS> 67000 mg Q2 l-1 pH = 5÷ 7, bendras azotas Nb = 790-1200 mg l-1 , bendras fosforas Pb = 560-800 mg l-1. Objekte reikalinga numatyti pastatyti gamybinių nuotekų išlyginimo rezervuarą, kuris leistų išvengti momentinių teršalų išleidimo į miesto nuotekų tinklus. Šio darbo tikslas yra pateikti dalinai laikiną, bet ne trumpalaikį sprendimą. Juo siekiama patenkinti gamtosauginius reikalavimus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / At present “ROKIŠKIO SŪRIS” Ltd. receives 35500 t of dairy waste in summer months, which has to be taken away.In order to select the site for dairy waste management, first of all the preliminary geological researches have to be done. It is also necessary to collect and specify the output’s data, geological fund-archival material, and to do the reconnaissance of the locality, and 1,5 – 2,0 m. depth of sub-turf of turf layer. The research on filtration characteristics of the layer has to be done and the ecological evaluation of the analyzed site has to be performed.The contamination of production waste, according to BDS5 ≥ 30000 mg Q2/l, ChDS> 67000 mg Q2/l pH = 5÷ 7, total nitrogen Nb = 790-1200 mg/l, and total phosphorus Pb = 560-800 mg/lIt is necessary to plan the construction of reservoir for compensation of production waste water in the object, which would allow preventing the discharge of instantaneous pollutants into the urban drains. The purpose of this work is to provide partially temporary, but not short-term decision. It should satisfy the environmental requirements and find the cheapest solution and technologies. Various technological schemes are possible. In consideration of environmental requirements, geological and hydrogeological conditions of exploited turbary, and composition of production waste, several technological schemes are presented.Taking into account conditions of turbary, the engineering structures should be used to let the accumulated surface water... [to full text]

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe apžvelgta Šilalės rajono savivaldybės nekilnojamojo turto registre užregistruotų žemės sklypų skaičiaus kitimo tendencijos per 2004 – 2009 m. laikotarpį. Apžvelgti teisės aktai reglamentuojantys žemės sklypų kadastrinius matavimus. Aptarti keliami kvalifikaciniai reikalavimai matininkams ir matininkams ekspertams. Išanalizuoti žemės sklypai pagal pagrindinę tikslinę žemės naudojimo paskirtį. Taip pat pateiktos dažniausiai daromos klaidos atliekant kadastrinius matavimus. Išanalizuotas žemės reformos metu atliktų darbų kiekis, o žemės sklypų duomenys pateikti diagramų pavidalu. Darbe naudoti analitinis, statistinis bei grafinis duomenų vaizdavimo būdai. / Master's Degree thesis looked Šilalė Municipal Real Estate Register, the number of plots the trend over 2004 - 2009 on period. To review the legislation governing land cadastral measurements. Discuss the qualifications of surveyors for surveyors and experts. To analyze the lands within the main target of land use. It is also the most commonly made mistakes in the cadastral measurements. Analyzed land reforms carried out during the work content and data to land in the form of graphs. Study uses an analytical, statistical and graphical data visualization methods.

Atramines sienas (toliau – AS) veikia įvairios apkrovos dėl kurių susidaro neleistinos deformacijos, atsiranda plyšiai, atraminės sienos pasvyra, siekiant jas apsaugoti nuo tolimesnio svyrimo ir griūties AS būtina stiprinti. Remiantis literatūros apžvalga pastebėta, kad nėra detaliai aptarti žemutinio bjefo (toliau – ŽB) atraminių gelžbetoninių (toliau – g/b) sienų stiprinimo būdai, todėl detalesniems tyrimams pasirinkti 4 hidromazgai (toliau – HTS), kurių atraminėms sienoms reikalingas stiprinimas. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti tinkamiausią gelžbetoninių atraminių sienų stiprinimo išramstant būdą. Siekiant parinkti tinkamiausią išramstymo būdą atlikti palyginamieji ekonominiai bei konstrukciniai skaičiavimai. Pagal ekonominių ir konstrukcinių skaičiavimų rezultatus nustatyta, kad ekonomiškiausias išramstymo būdas – įrengiant monolitines sijas ir „šukas“. / Retaining walls are under the influence of a number of loads, which results in unacceptable deformation, cracks appear and load-bearing walls lean on one side. Retaining walls should be strengthened in order to protect them from further collapse and loping. According to literary review, it is noticed that there is no detailed analysis of the lower pool retaining angled reinforced concrete wall-building techniques. This was the reason why 4 hydroschemes were chosen for more detailed researches in order to determine which retaining walls need strengthening. The aim of this work is to assess the most appropriate angled retaining wall building method. In order to select the most appropriate way of strengthening, comparative economic and structural calculations are done. In accordance with economic and structural results of calculations, it is found that the most economical way of building is a monolithic installation of beams and “combs”.