In anthropological studies place is often taken for granted, “just” the locale where other interesting, more significant things happen (De Jongh 2006:79). I argue that rather than a mere backdrop to activities, the landscape of Orania is significant and that physical place is essential for the construction of an Orania identity. I ethnographically examine whether the physical setting of Orania can be seen as a prime signifying system through which a particular other interesting, more significant things happen (De Jongh 2006:79). I argue that rather than a mere backdrop to activities, the landscape of Orania is significant and that physical place is essential for the construction of an Orania identity. I ethnographically examine whether the physical setting of Orania can be seen as a prime signifying system through which a particular Afrikaner ethnic identity, as well as a set of socio-cultural values is communicated. Occupying the physical land is a form of collective identity that helps create ethnic identities (Tilley 2006:11-13). Orania is an authentic place-bound expression of this quest for identity and Oranians define their identity through their model of space and of their land. The physical boundaries are expanded when support groups outside of the settlement become an integral part of the activities in the community, and socio-political boundaries are tested by an inand outflux of community members and the constant presence of South African and international press, and visitors. iv Landscape does not merely comprise the land, but also includes the lived experiences and attitudes of the inhabitants. Landscape as text, “a medium to be read for the ideas, practices and contexts constituting the culture which created it” (Ley 1985:419) proves to be a legitimate and constructive way to make sense of the landscape. As with texts, the landscape as text is subject to multiple readings. The focus on textual landscape offers an expanded perspective on space and place, and in this case texts also amplify the Oranian space exponentially. Different types of landscapes - culturescapes, landscape as text and textual landscapes - are building blocks in the construction of an Orania identity. Finally, I would emphasise that Orania, and by extension this study, is not just an academic concept, but a product of the lived experiences and opinions of people who are closely connected to land of their own.. / Anthropology & Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)

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Theoretical and methodological issues of disposal behavior are examined at the village site of Murcielago. Ethnoarchaeological, archaeological, and modern material culture studies of discard practices are discussed. The generalizations and conclusions contained therein are incorporated into a synthesis of the emerging body of disposal theory. The method used for the analysis of Murcielago, which is drawn from traditional geographic models of land use, is described. The model allows description of the conventions governing the regulation of space and the delineation of disposal patterns. Analysis of artifact distributions illuminated the organization of household activities and the definition of activity differences.

Submitted in the partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts to the Department of African Literature University of the Witwatersrand, 2017 / Sol Plaatje’s novel Mhudi revisits prominent events detailing the relationship between the various clans that occupied the South African Landscape in the 1800’s. This story is a reflection of the conflict that arises between the different groups, how it is overcome and prospects of a new harmonious beginning. Plaatje writes his novel in the light of the occurrences in South Africa following the 1913 Natives Land Act. Plaatje uses various elements of culture and literary aesthetics to pose Mhudi as an allegory of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Literature is a carrier of culture and knowledge that can be used as a credible source to assess the past, the present and the future. Plaatje uses a story of love to elucidate how love conquers evil, the story of land and the knowledge and cultural significance it holds. Through this he highlights the wisdom that lies in the knowledge and application of culture through reverence. / XL2018

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-06T12:08:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Egnaldo Rocha da Silva.pdf: 3694630 bytes, checksum: bddb8906b800f7a723a2f2effaa60f8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T12:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Egnaldo Rocha da Silva.pdf: 3694630 bytes, checksum: bddb8906b800f7a723a2f2effaa60f8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-02 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazil is known for the sad reality of being both the country with the highest land concentration in the world and, contradictorily, one of the countries that has not yet implemented an agrarian reform. Throughout Brazilian history, the agrarian issue has been shown to be a lever of social conflicts and a source of inequalities, victimizing the poor and black population whose colonial project and later republican state project led by the country’s elites has endeavored to promote interdiction and actions to prevent access to land to this population. This research aims at understanding and problematizing the experiences of the black population regarding their access and permanence in the land in the post-abolition period (1950-1985). Its main focus is to investigate the expropriation processes of lands (land grabbing) occupied by black families who live on the area of the current Bahia municipalities of Ituberá, Gandu and Igrapiuna, located geopolitically in the Southern Bahia Lowlands, gateway to the cocoa region. It is a territory of countless agrarian conflicts, involving former land delegates, who were state agents and who played a very important role in the processes of expropriation, land grabbing and de-structuring of black territorialities, many of which constituted in the colonial/imperial period from the formation of quilombos. The primary sources that subsidized this research consisted of of maintenance and reintegration processes of land tenure as well as interviews with descendants of former squatters and/or the squatters themselves and with people who were directly or indirectly involved in the actions that led to land dispossession of the invaded and invaders of land. In this way, this research focuses on three research lines structured from the following issues: 1. how and what strategies were applied in the struggle of the black population in the post-abolition period to get access to land and to resist the action of land grabbers and remain in their land, in many cases even litigating in court actions of maintenance and reintegration of land tenure?; 2. what resources were used by farmers, entrepreneurs and politicians to take possession of lands occupied by black families and how the actions of agents and local public officials have contributed to this process?; and, finally, 3. how did the set of agrarian laws of Bahia, published between the late nineteenth century and the 1980s gave legal support to the actions of farmers and entrepreneurs in land dispossession? / O Brasil se destaca no mundo pela triste realidade de ser o pais com maior índice de concentração de terra e um dos que não realizou a reforma agrária. De sorte que a questão agrária se configurou ao longo da história brasileira como potencializadora de conflitos sociais e produtora de desigualdades, vitimando a população negra e pobre, cujo projeto colonial e posterior projeto de estado republicano, gestado pelas elites, empenhou-se em promover ações de interdição e impedimento de acesso à terra a essa população. Esta pesquisa buscou compreender e problematizar as experiências da população negra com relação ao seu acesso e permanência na terra no período de pós-abolição (1950-1985). Tem como foco central investigar os processos de expropriações (grilagem) de terras ocupadas por famílias negras nas terras pertencentes aos atuais municípios baianos de Ituberá, Gandu e Igrapiúna, situados geopoliticamente no território do Baixo Sul da Bahia, que é a porta de entrada para a região cacaueira, constituindo um território que é palco de incontáveis conflitos agrários. Esses conflitos envolveram os antigos Delegados de Terras, agentes do estado, que foram figuras importantes nos processos de expropriação, grilagem e desestruturação de territorialidades negras, muitas das quais constituídas ainda durante o período colonial/imperial a partir da formação de quilombos. As fontes primárias que subsidiaram a pesquisa foram constituídas de processos de Manutenção e Reintegração de Posse e entrevistas com descendentes de ex-posseiros e/ou com os próprios posseiros, assim como com pessoas que, direta ou indiretamente, estiveram envolvidas nas ações que resultaram na espoliação de terras, tanto como invadidos ou como invasores. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa concentra-se em três linhas de investigação, estruturadas a partir das seguintes problemáticas: 1. Como e quais estratégias foram utilizadas na luta desencadeada pela população negra no pós-abolição para ter acesso à terra e para resistir à ação de grileiros e permanecer em suas posses, em muitos casos chegando a litigar na justiça ações de manutenção e reintegração de posse?; 2. Quais meios os fazendeiros, empresários e políticos utilizaram para se apropriarem das terras ocupadas por famílias negras e como a atuação de agentes e funcionários públicos locais contribuíram nesse processo?; e, finalmente, 3. Como o conjunto de leis agrárias da Bahia, editadas entre o final do século XIX até a década de 1980, dava suporte legal às ações de fazendeiros e empresários nas espoliações de terras?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007-Francisco Clesson Dias Monte.pdf: 2303026 bytes, checksum: e41d695a7294159ead830a6aea848c4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-26 / This current paper works on analysing the land settlement policies developed in the context of northeastern semi-arid regions under the responsibility of INCRA. It aims at having a critical reflection about the mentioned policy and making it clear that even if the experiences of settlement have important impact on the regions where they are located, its development in the semi-arid regions isn t supported by an attenuating strategic action of the restricted conditions of this type of climate. At first a reference chart is elaborated trying to show the development of the theme around the land policy and it s discussed its insertion in the political, economic and social conjuncture producing a new setting for the land reform in the country in the period of 1995-2002. Methodologically speaking, this dissertation is based on Klaus Frey s and Bol?var Lamounier s approaches and focuses on qualitative nature. It s hypothesized the idea that the universal nature in the conception of the policy and its excessive centralized management are the main causes for the low impact on the effective improvement for the families settled. In the first chapter, it s discussed the antagonisms and controversies about the economic, social and political viability of land settlement, the political fights of rural workers and their representative organization, the conceptions, organizations and resulting impacts. While the second chapter aims at showing the circumstances under which the settlements in the semi-arid regions are subjected and the critical aspects of the policy into practice, the third chapter shows the material results of the policies in the semiarid regions, commenting on considerations of qualitative nature. / Trata o presente trabalho da an?lise da pol?tica de assentamentos rurais desenvolvida no contexto da regi?o semi-?rida do Nordeste sob a responsabilidade do INCRA. Tem como objetivo fazer uma reflex?o cr?tica a respeito da citada pol?tica e tornar mais evidente que, no geral, mesmo que as experi?ncias dos assentamentos revelem impactos importantes nas regi?es onde os mesmos est?o localizados, o seu desenvolvimento no semi-?rido n?o est? sustentado por uma a??o estrat?gica mitigadora das condi??es restritas desse tipo clim?tico. Inicialmente, procuro construir um quadro de refer?ncia com o desenvolvimento da tem?tica em torno da pol?tica agr?ria e comento a sua inser??o na conjuntura pol?tica, econ?mica e social, formadora de um novo cen?rio para a reforma agr?ria no Pa?s, no qual, considero o per?odo de 1995-2002. Metodologicamente, o trabalho est? ancorado nas abordagens da Klaus Frey e de Bol?var Lamounier e tem como foco o car?ter qualitativo. Formulo como hip?tese, que o car?ter universalizado na concep??o da pol?tica e sua gest?o excessivamente centralizada, foram as causas preponderantes para o baixo impacto na melhoria efetiva das condi??es das fam?lias assentadas. No cap?tulo 1, procuro abordar os antagonismos e as controv?rsias em rela??o ? viabilidade econ?mica, social e pol?tica dos assentamentos rurais, a luta pol?tica dos trabalhadores rurais e de suas organiza??es representativas, as concep??es, as institucionalidades e os impactos resultantes. Procuro evidenciar no cap?tulo 2, os condicionantes a que est?o submetidos os assentamentos no semi-?rido e os pontos cr?ticos da execu??o da pol?tica, e, no cap?tulo 3, demonstrar os resultados materiais da pol?tica no semi?rido com considera??es de car?ter qualitativo.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Urbanization and rural-urban migration are processes that are surrounded by a great deal of controversy and pose as significant challenges in contemporary South Africa. In dealing, controlling, and managing urbanization and rural urban migration, the South African government has developed a number of policies to respond to this to these challenges such as Urban Development Framework of 1997 which aims to promote effective urban reconstruction and development, to guide development policies, strategies and actions of all stakeholders in the urban development processes and other policies that are geared towards urban development management. In this study, an effort is made to evaluate rural-urban migration and its link to informal settlement patterns at Disteneng area (Limpopo Province). The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data. Questionnaires, formal interviews and observations were used to assemble primary data. Policies, journals, books were used to gather secondary data. The study found that there are quite number of issues that lead to rural-urban migration such as rural poverty and unemployment. It also established that policies that have been developed to control rural-urban migration and urbanization are not comprehensive enough to respond to rural-urban migration. They need to be revitalized and reviewed. The study also found out that the main reason for the backlog in services and development relate to a lack of commitment, capacity and experience of officials mandated to bring development to the study area. Recommendations of the study include community empowerment, skills development, monitoring of performance and capacity building for officials. There is a direct link between rural-urban migration and the sprawling of urban informal settlements calling for multi-pronged interventions from multiple government agencies to address the phenomenon. The Disteneng area is a melting pot which requires urgent attention.

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2007 / Apartheid land policy and its constitution as a whole conceptualized and structured South African in a way that encouraged inequalities in terms of land ownership, job opportunities and access to education and recreational facilities. The privileged few (whites and a few black elites and whosoever summarized with the former apartheid regime) got richer and richer while the less privileged people, (in this case, the majority of the black people of South Africa) got poor. They were even denied reasonable access to land and quality education. This investigative study examines the state in which they lived and how they are still living in Squatter Camp as an attempt to make qualitatively justifiable recommendations. Informal settlement is as old as the origin of urban settlement, which existed through industrialization process worldwide. A need for peace, jobs, security, housing and land ownership resulted in the establishment of informal settlement near big towns and mines. The most disadvantaged people, those characterized by poverty due to unemployment, lack of land ownership due to one reason or another move to informally settle nearer to areas in which there are possibilities for employment opportunities and better standard of living. Specifically, this study examines the deficiencies associated with the existing informal settlement through its assessment and evaluation. In this regard all aspects of assessment techniques of the way in which inhabitants of Disteneng informal settlement live i.e. interviewing processes (both structured and informal), observation through site visit, checking of documented information with regard to informal settlement etc have been used. The gaps that exist between urban life and the living conditions of people from squatter camp have been investigated and reflected. Vii The focus of the argument in this study is that the less job opportunities and access to land that people have, the more they live in squalid conditions and move to towns in search of work. This means that the problems they face have to be addressed positively and effectively by the relevant departments of South African Government. Alternative well-serviced living conditions have to be developed and provided to these people (people living in Disteneng squatter camp). Timeously, the department of housing should take statistics of the number of people who are without houses and employment as well as those who are illiterate, so as to develop better responsive policies for addressing these problems before they are out of control. As a mean of addressing these problems the life in Disteneng squatter camp has been investigated. The results from the data analysis, including the views of the inhabitants of Disteneng squatter camp have been reflected and recommendations were spelt out in the last chapter of this study.

Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / This study aimed to assess the impact of the Land Restitution Programme on the livelihoods of the rural communities of Ga-Makgato village in the Molemole Municipality, Limpopo Province. As a basis of assessment, the primary and secondary data were collected and analysed. Electronic and non-electronic sources were used to collect secondary data while primary data were collected through pre-tested questionnaires. The study found that both males and females who are 38 in number participate in the land restitution programme. Of this number, 8% was found to be the youth, while the elderly and adults population of the beneficiaries of the CPA constitute 92%. Females constitute 47%, while the percentage of their male counterparts stood at 53%. In terms of the level of literacy, 11% of the total number of beneficiaries could not read or write and this is a serious concern of this study. Analysis of number of jobs created was also carried out. It was found in this study that the CPA managed to create on 38 jobs. In as far as income generating ability of the CPA is concerned, R1,5million was generated during the period under review. Of this amount, R710 000-00 came from the sales of Nguni cattle while the Bonsmara generated R650 000- 00. The following challenges were established in this study, i.e., lack of sufficient grazing space, lack of access to adequate funding, lack of technical and financial management skills, lack of sufficient government support, lack of access to adequate water sources, lack of access to markets, high electricity bills and lack of proper record keeping systems. 4 The following recommendations are provided:  The CPA should review the lease agreement;  LEDA should in consultation with other financial institutions assist the CPA in accessing funding;  The Department of Agriculture should provide the CPA with technical assistance;  The Department of Water Affairs and Agriculture should ensure supply of water and infrastructure;  The Department of Agriculture and LEDA should provide the beneficiaries of the CPA with market infrastructure and information;  The Molemole Local Municipality should provide subsidy for electricity bills; and  Policy makers should consider implementation of the job creation model provided in this study. If these policies can be successfully implemented, the land restitution programme in the Capricorn District, particularly at Ga-Makgato and surrounding villages, can become a major strategy for improving the livelihoods of the rural poor.