Diese Arbeit stellt grundlegend zwei Modellentwicklungen der Verkehrsangebots- und Verkehrsnachfragemodellierung vor. Die erste Entwicklung bezieht sich auf die simultane Ziel- und Verkehrsmittelwahl in Abhängigkeit von Strukturgrößen und/oder Lagegunst. Es werden neue Randsummenbedingungen beschrieben und vorhandene neu definiert. Der neue Modellansatz erlaubt eine Bestimmung minimaler und maximaler Verkehrsaufkommen und stellt eine Erweiterung der theoretischen Grundlagen als auch der praktischen Anwendbarkeit dar. So können alle derzeit bekannten Randsummenbedingungen durch einen Algorithmus (auch innerhalb einer Quelle-Ziel-Gruppe) berechnet werden. Der zweite Ansatz ist ein Werkzeug, welches in Abhängigkeit des vorhandenen Verkehrsangebotes verkehrsplanerisch wünschenswerte quantitative Flächen- bzw. Gebietsnutzungen abschätzt. Aufbauend auf der Verkehrsangebots- und Verkehrsnachfragemodellierung werden Infrastrukturgrößen durch eine aufzustellende Zielfunktion (z. B. minimale Verkehrsarbeit), unter Beachtung vorhandener Freiheitsgrade der Flächennutzung je Verkehrsbezirk, optimiert. Diese Freiheitsgrade werden als minimale und maximale Strukturgrößengrenzen durch die Raum- und Stadtplanung definiert, womit sie den vielfältigen Einflussgrößen dieser Planungen unterliegen und dadurch städtebaulich verträglich sind. Der Modellansatz bildet die für die Infrastrukturplanung wichtigen Wechselwirkungen des durch den Stadt- und Verkehrsplaner angestrebten Systemoptimums (Infrastrukturgrößenverteilung eines Gebietes) mit dem durch den einzelnen Verkehrsteilnehmer angestrebten Nutzenoptimum (Verkehrsnachfrage) ab. / This work basically introduces two model developments of traffic supply and traffic demand modeling. The first development refers to the simultaneous destination and mode choice into dependence of structure sizes and/or accessibility. New constraints are described and available constraints were defined newly. The new model enables the determination of minimal and maximum volumes of traffic (constraints). The new explanatory model is an expansion of the theoretical bases and the practical applicability. So all currently known constraints can be calculated by one algorithm (also within an origin destination group). The second approach is a tool which describes desirable quantitative traffic planningly land uses against the available traffic supply. It uses an algorithm that keeps minimal and maximum structure size limits while it determining e.g. minimal traffic work. Within the algorithm the complete traffic demand will be calculated. The complete model shows the important interactions of the infrastructure planning by the town and transport planer (a striven system optimum) with the traffic demand by the single road user (a striven user equilibrium).

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / Tumamoc Hill, an 869-acre (352 ha) desert area near Tucson, Arizona, is being considered as a controlled- access environmental site. Water affects the site's geology, soils, vegetation, wildlife, and archaeology. The Hill is drained by three small watersheds. The largest is rapidly urbanizing upstream. Hydrologic aspects include potential flooding and erosion hazards. These may be reduced simply, economically, and wisely in a land-use plan. Upstream development increases storm runoff volumes, and flood peaks, and frequencies routed through the site, and threatens existing downstream urban development. Return periods of channel-overflow floods become shorter with urbanization. The region may be managed to reduce hydrologic hazards by three procedures: widen channels, install low checkdams, and vegetate drainageways. These methods will slow down runoff velocities, and increase cross -sectional area of flow and roughness coefficient. More water would also be available for vegetation and wildlife. The land-use plan should include environmental education programs. These would present important effects of water on the natural ecology, and hydrologic aspects of watershed urbanization.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / The paper presents a stochastic model for the prediction of sediment yield in a semi -arid watershed based on rainfall data and watershed characteristics. Uncertainty stems from each of the random variables used in the model, namely, rainfall amount, storm duration, runoff, and peak flow. Soil Conservation Service formulas are used to compute the runoff and peak flow components of the Universal Soil Loss Equation. A transformation of random variables is used to obtain the distribution function of sediment yield from the joint distribution of rainfall amount and storm duration. The model has applications in the planning of reservoirs and dams where the effective lifetime of the facility may be evaluated in terms of storage capacity as well as the effects of land management on the watershed. Experimental data from the Atterbury watershed is used to calibrate the model and to evaluate uncertainties associated with our uncertain knowledge of the parameters of the joint distribution of rainfall and storm duration.

Certains territoires caractérisés par une concentration et une intensification de l’agriculture se trouvent aujourd’hui devant des défis environnementaux et sociaux, notamment en ce qui a trait à la qualité des cadres de vie. À cet effet, une panoplie de mesures agroenvironnementales et de cohabitation (lois, programmes, etc.) sont aujourd’hui à la disposition des professionnels de l’aménagement au Québec. Cette recherche s’interroge sur le potentiel de ces outils à réintroduire le caractère multifonctionnel des territoires, c'est-àdire à assurer la prise en compte simultanée de plusieurs fonctions. Pour ce faire, la mise en oeuvre hypothétique de scénarios d’aménagement multifonctionnel issus d’une recherche antérieure est utilisée comme test. La première étape identifie et analyse les outils favorisant la multifonctionnalité des territoires agricoles et formule des hypothèses quant aux blocages qui pourraient limiter la mise en oeuvre des scénarios multifonctionnels. La deuxième étape teste ces hypothèses en faisant intervenir des groupes de discussion rassemblant divers professionnels de l’aménagement à l’échelle supra locale (municipalité régionale de comté). Les résultats témoignent du potentiel des projets d’aménagement conçus à l’échelle du territoire, notamment ceux visant des regroupements de producteurs. Toutefois, l’étude montre que les blocages ne tiennent pas seulement aux caractéristiques des outils en place, mais aussi à la réticence des professionnels à prendre en compte la notion de cadre de vie en zone d’intensification agricole. Quant à l’utilité pour le monde de la pratique de scénarios d’aménagement multifonctionnel issus d’une recherche universitaire, elle s’en trouverait grandement accrue dans un contexte où les professionnels de l’aménagement participeraient à leur construction. / Territories of intensive agriculture present environmental and social concerns which challenge their ability to provide a living space quality. To address this issue, a range of agri-environment schemes and planning measures (laws, programs, etc.) are used by planning and development professionals in Quebec. This research evaluates the potential of these tools to simultaneously address the different functions of territories, hence promoting their multifunctional character. To this end, hypothetic implementation of multifunctional scenarios resulting from anterior research has been used as a test. The first step of the present research analysed these tools and formulated several hypotheses concerning elements impeding scenarios’ implementation. The second step compared these hypotheses to the opinions and practices of planning and development professionals who participated in focus groups at the supra-local scale (regional county municipality). Results show the potential of landscape planning projects conceived at the territory scale, particularly those projects which bring together agricultural producers. However, focus groups reveal that factors impeding the scenarios’ implementation not only include the characteristics of the tools used, but also the reticence of professionals to consider territorial functions pertaining to the quality of living space as a relevant issue of their responsibility in industrial agriculture zones. Also, it seems that multifunctional scenarios resulting from academic research would be significantly more useful if professionals participated in their creation.

Global economy is going through a transition where investments in extractive industryprojects have drastically slowed down, which results in a competition among governments for establishing regulatory incentives to make their jurisdictions more attractive. In this context, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has created a Specialized Team to Track Investment Execution, which is intended to identify all the issues and obstacles that hinder the execution of investments so as to adjust their regulatory frameworks. As a result, the aforementioned Team submitted a bill that the Congress has recently approved, Law N° 30230, known as Economic Recovery Package, which provides for a set of measures relatedto the private investment and environmental regulations.Based on the analysis of the aforementioned measures, the authors propose that this Law does not intend to reduce the environmental standards or requirements but to provide such legal security that gives investors certainty and predictability as to the regulatory framework. / La economía mundial viene atravesando una fase de transición donde la inversión en proyectos de industrias extractivas se ha desacelerado drásticamente, lo cual conlleva a que muchos gobiernos compitan por generar incentivos regulatorios que vuelvan más atractivas sus jurisdicciones. En ese contexto, el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas creó un Equipo Especializado de Seguimiento de la Inversión, cuyo propósito es identificar todos aquellos problemas y trabas que afectan la ejecución de las inversiones, a fin de proponer la adecuación de los marcos normativos. Es así que, a propuesta del referido equipo, recientemente fue aprobada por el Congreso la Ley No. 30230, conocida como el Paquete de Reactivación Económica, que contempla una serie de medidas vinculadas con la regulación ambiental y la inversión privada.Partiendo del análisis de las referidas medidas, los autores proponen que la Ley no busca reducir los estándares o exigencias ambientales, sino mas bien alcanzar aquella seguridad jurídica que permita otorgar certeza y predictibilidad a los inversionistas respecto del marcoregulatorio.

The above topic deals with the land use planning, the land-tenure and the deeds registration systems, applicable in former black urban and rural areas of KwaZulu Natal. These areas are divided into three categories, namely: 1. black townships on former black land (former KwaZulu townships); 2. rural or tribal land; and 3. black townships on former white land (Development Aid (DDA) townships). The writer firstly explains how the above categories of land were created in terms of the 1913 and 1936 land laws and how the administration and control of the first two categories was taken over by the former KwaZulu Legislative Assembly in 1986 whilst administration and control of the last category remained with the South African Development Trust. The writer critically analyses different pieces of legislation relating to the land system in the abovementioned categories of land. The writer further critically analyses the new land laws and their effect on the said land system. / Law / LL.M.

Le Nord-Ouest du Cambodge est le théâtre d'un important processus d'expansion agraire depuis les plaines rizicoles centrales du pays vers ses marges. Ce mouvement est remarquable pour la rapidité et l'ampleur des transformations spatiales qu'il engendre. Il a en particulier mené à une dynamique de déforestation massive depuis une quinzaine d'années dans la région, associée au développement de cultures commerciales (manioc et maïs). L'objectif général de ce travail est de comprendre la place des paysanneries dans ce processus de colonisation agricole ; c'est-à-dire sa situation par rapport aux logiques de restructuration et de contrôle de l'espace et de la production agricole au sein des nouveaux systèmes agraires post-forestiers qui émergent. Notre intérêt se porte sur la nature des relations entre les paysanneries et l'État en construction dans cet espace disputé. Le Nord-Ouest du Cambodge est en effet le cadre d'un jeu d'acteurs dominé par les luttes pour le territoire national qui opposent l’État actuel moderne et les réminiscences de l’État des Khmers Rouges. Historiquement, l'accès à la terre et aux ressources qu'elle contient est au cœur de l'exercice du pouvoir dans la région. L'opposition entre ces deux formes d’État se matérialise aujourd'hui également dans les luttes et négociations pour le contrôle de l'accès à la terre ; tandis que l'une maîtrise l'accès réel à la terre (les ex-Khmers Rouges), l'autre est en charge officiellement de la définition des règles de la propriété (l’État moderne). Nous adoptons dès lors une perspective centrée sur les rapports entre acteurs qui luttent pour l'accès à la terre afin de comprendre comment les relations entre les paysanneries et l’État polymorphe participent à construire l'autorité de cet État et à transformer la société rurale. L'angle d'analyse est rendu opérationnel par l'adoption d'une double perspective focalisée sur les pratiques réelles de l'accès à la terre : le contrôle direct de l'accès à la terre par les élites en place, et le contrôle indirect. Le premier se matérialise par les multiples contrats/arrangement relatifs à l'accès à la terre, formels ou informels, qui lient les paysanneries aux élites rurales. Le second se manifeste sous forme de l'instrumentalisation que font ces élites des transformations dans les processus de travail que connaissent les paysanneries (marchandisation du travail, développement du salariat agricole et des migrations de travail) du fait de l'intégration croissante de la région à une agriculture organisée de façon capitaliste. Les résultats montrent que les paysanneries sont profondément divisées face à ce jeu d'acteurs qui définit les contours d'une économie politique post-conflit très singulière. Plus encore, les paysanneries nous apparaissent instrumentalisées par les élites rurales au travers des multiples formes de contrôle de l'accès à la terre. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study concerns the analysis of policy, and the statutory and regulatory impact of spatial planning on the land reform programme with emphasis on the land reform settlement plan (LSRP) of the Amathole District Municipality (ADM). There is a brief historical overview of the effect of the policy of spatial segregation in both rural and urban areas of the ADM. This study demonstrates, inter alia, the challenges faced by the ADM in both consolidating and physically integrating communities that were hitherto divided across racial lines. The critical question is whether the ADM has the ability to produce a Spatial Development Framework (SDF), which will be responsive to the needs of the region and serve as a catalyst in reversing the physical distortions caused by the land-planning legislation of the apartheid past. The greatest challenge lies in meeting the developmental aspirations of the Development Facilitation Act, 1995, the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000 and the National Spatial Development Perspective, 2003. Chapter 1 deals with the purpose, research problem and the method of research, as well as the definition of terms used in this research and literature review. Chapter 2 deals with the evolution of central themes of spatial planning and land reform, spatial development plans and integrated development plans (IDPs), the alignment of Amathole SDF and Eastern Cape Spatial Development Plan and the co-ordination of spatial frameworks. Chapter 3 deals with the composition of the ADM and the evolution of the LRSP, as well as land-tenure reform programmes impacting on the Amathole Municipality region. This chapter analyses the settlement plan against spatial planning legislation, the issue of institutional arrangements and mechanisms of consolidated local planning processes. Chapter 5 deals with the thorny issue of participation of traditional leaders in municipal planning and the government’s land-reform programme. Despite the existence of legislation in this regard, implementation seems to pose some difficulties. This chapter also deals with the co-operative governance framework. Chapter 6 is a concluding chapter dealing with the gaps discovered in the Amathole Municipality in the light of existing legislation. Reference to cases is made to demonstrate the challenges confronting the ADM. One notable aspect is the issue of urban-rural dichotomy and how the two worlds are positioned in their competition for the use of space. It is evident from this research that the post-1994 policy and legislative framework and implementation machinery lacks capacity to change the current form of the apartheid city-planning paradigm, something which impacts immensely on the sustainability of the current human-settlement development programmes. Population dynamics in terms of migration are hugely driven by search for employment opportunities and better services. The efficiency and ability of the municipal spatial evelopment frameworks in directing and dictating the identification of development nodes in its juristic boundary informed by the overarching national policy and legislative framework is key in building a better South Africa.

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This thesis addresses the changes in land-use planning and their overall impact on the final price of land. Selected sites are in locations Dolní Rožínka and Žďár nad Sázavou, in the local area Stržanov. Both plots are established and customary prices recorded for individual phases of spatial planning. These phases are divided into agricultural land, other land-use plan that is designed for building and land intended to be built according to zoning. Final evaluation determines how different land prices in the three phases of spatial planning and price comparison of the two plots each other in different locations.