L’intérêt que porte la communauté scientifique ainsi que politique aux les services écosystémiques et à leur résilience face aux changements globaux (environnementaux ou sociétaux) en cours est grandissant, ce qui se reflète par le nombre d’études à ce sujet, le rapport d’évaluation des écosystèmes pour le millénaire et la mise en place d’un groupe de travail sur la résilience (« Resilience Alliance »). Les définitions de la résilience sont elles aussi très variées, avec des concepts tels que la résistance, la résilience spécifique (« de quoi à quoi ? »), la résilience générale, l’adaptabilité et la transformabilité, que nous nous sommes appropriés dans le but de développer un cadre conceptuel et méthodologique pour étudier la résilience de la fourniture de services écosystémiques, en particulier dans le but de comparer les potentiels de résilience des différents types de prairies subalpines du col du Lautaret (Hautes-Alpes, France) pour un ensemble de services sélectionnés. Nous avons proposé deux approches pour évaluer les potentiels de résilience des différents états dans lequel peut se trouver un socio-écosystème, en considérant la résilience comme la capacité d’un système à maintenir une fourniture stable de services écosystémiques (composante résistance) mais aussi sa capacité à l’adapter (différentes composantes selon le degré d’adaptation : résilience, transition, transformation). Une première étape d’évaluation d’un ensemble de services d’intérêt sur la zone d’étude est suivie d’une première analyse de la résilience de chacun de ces services spécifiquement, basée sur l’évaluation de « gammes opérationnelles » pour chaque service, définies comme les gammes de valeurs que peut prendre le dit service dans un état donné du socio-écosystème. L’échelle organisationnelle à laquelle ces gammes sont évaluées les relie aux différentes composantes de la résilience. Les résultats confirment l’intérêt de s’intéresser à la résilience spécifique de chaque service, car leur profil de résilience sont différents, c’est-à-dire que les prairies aux plus forts potentiels ne sont pas les même d’un site à l’autre, bien que dans tous les cas les potentiels de résilience soient plutôt forts, au contraire des autres potentiels.La deuxième analyse part de l’hypothèse théorique que la diversité des traits de réponse (hétérogénéité et redondance) améliore la résilience. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que, lorsque les traits de réponse sont ceux utilisés pour modéliser les services écosystémiques, la diversité fonctionnelle d’une communauté végétale peut-être reliée à sa résilience générale en termes de services écosystémiques. Nous avons relié plusieurs mesures de la diversité fonctionnelle aux potentiels de résilience (entropie et diversité fonctionnelle dans leur dimension α et β, redondance et complémentarité des groupes fonctionnels). Cependant, les résultats obtenus par l’analyse des prairies du Lautaret nous amènent à réfuter l’hypothèse proposant que la diversité fonctionnelle des communautés végétales permet d’expliquer le profil de résilience des services écosystémiques analysés, car ils ne concordent pas avec les profils de résilience trouvés par l’approche des gammes opérationnelles. Au final, nous préconisons d’utiliser l’approche des gammes opérationnelles, qui permet de connaître le profil de résilience de chaque service, dans le cadre d’étude portant sur la capacité d’un socio-écosystème à maintenir la fourniture de ses services écosystémiques. Cette approche peut de plus être enrichie d’une approche de scénarisation qui permettrait de déterminer « à quoi » la fourniture de chaque service est résiliente. / As evidenced by the number of studies on the subject, the recent millennium ecosystem assessment and the establishment of a working group on resilience (« Resilience Alliance »), the interest of the scientific community in ecosystem services and their resilience in the face of global change (environmental or social) is steadily increasing. Definitions of resilience are highly varied, and we used concepts such as resistance, specific resilience (« of what to what ? »), generalised resilience, adaptability and transformability to develop a conceptual and methodological framework to study the resilience of ecosystem service provision. This conceptual framework was applied to compare the potential resilience of differing sub-alpine grasslands types in three local government areas in the area of the Col du Lautaret (Hautes-Alpes, France) for a number of locally and regionally important ecosystem services. We proposed two approaches for evaluating the potential resilience of the different states in which a socio-ecosystem can exist, by considering resilience as the capacity of a system to maintain a stable provision of an ecosystem service (resistance component), as well as its capacity to adapt this provision if needed (components of resilience, transition, transformation depending on the degree of adaptation). A first stage of the quantification of ecosystem services was followed by an initial analysis of each of these services via the evaluation of their « operating ranges », defined as the range of values that a service can take given a particular state of the socio-ecosystem. The organizational scale at which these ranges are evaluated links them to other components of resilience. Our results confirm the utility of considering the specific resilience of each service, as the profiles of their resistance are different. In particular, the types of grasslands with the highest resilience component potential are not the same from one site to another, even though in all cases these resilience component potentials are rather high as compared to other components potentials. The second analysis is based on the theoretical hypothesis that it is the increasing diversity of response traits (heterogeneity and redundancy) which increases resistance. We hypothesised that, when it is response traits that have been used to model ecosystem services, the functional diversity of a plant community can be linked to its overall resistance in terms of ecosystem services. We linked a number of measures of functional diversity to resilience potential, including the α and β dimensions of entropy and functional diversity, and the redundancy and complementarity of functional groups. The obtained results for the grasslands at Lautaret lead us to reject the hypothesis which proposes that the functional diversity of plant communities can be used to predict the patterns of resilience of the analysed ecosystem services, as these do not correspond to the patterns of resistance obtained from the approach using operating ranges. Finally, we suggest that to assess the capacity of a socio-ecosystem to maintain the provision of ecosystem services, our approach using operating ranges is preferable as it allows for the quantification of the resistance profile of each service. This approach could be further developed using scenario building so as to determine « to what » the provision of each service is resistant.

一、研究目的 都市計劃中有關於土地使用強度的訂定缺乏一客觀且定量的標準，為了探討其於地區 發展中一較適的容積率的規定，遂引發著手研究在整個都市計劃中有關土地使用強度 的訂定依據，以求土地之最有效率的運用。 二、研究文獻 本研究主題主要的參考文獻有﹕ １•Land Use Control David E. Ervin ２•Ther Practice of Local Government Planning （１９７９）Arnold Eds. ３•實施土地使用分區管制規則對都市景觀、都市發展、居住密度、市民心理之影響 （７５•１１）經建會住都處 ４•臺灣地區都市土地混合使用與建築容積管制之研究（６７•７） 經建會住都處 ５•從土地使用強度探討居住環境品質之研究（７４•６） 紀建明 三、研究方法 １•利用實際資料建立一土地使用強度模式採複迴歸分析法。 ２•個案研究一一對實際地區環境進行測定、分析。 ３•採訪問形式一一對都市計劃程序之了解。 四、研究內容 １•台北市目前實施容積率管制之情形。 ２•台灣省全面訂定容積率限制之計劃。 ３•土地使用強度訂定之目的及其成效。 ４•發展權移轉之可行性探討及應用說明。 五、研究結果 １•擬對現行之土地使用強度作一檢討修正之建議。 ２•並對尚未實施土地使用分區管制之地區提供〞容積率〞訂定參考之依據。 ３•配合〞發展轉移轉〞之應用而使土地之利用更具公平性與效率性。

Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjamas žemės naudojimo reglamentavimas rengiant valstybinių parkų tvarkymo planus. Tvarkymo planų rengimo metodika valstybiniams parkams, biosferos rezervatams ir draustiniams yra patvirtinta Aplinkos ministro įsakymu, todėl žemės naudojimo reglamentavimas buvo nagrinėjamas Anykščių regioninio parko pavyzdžiu. Tvarkymo planai – specialiojo teritorijų planavimo dokumentai rengiami saugomų teritorijų apsaugą ir naudojimą reguliuojančioms kraštovaizdžio tvarkymo zonoms bei jų reglamentams nustatyti, apsaugos ir tvarkymo kryptims bei priemonėms, o taip pat ir kraštovaizdžio formavimo, rekreacinės infrastruktūros kūrimo, numatyti. Parko teritorijoje kraštovaizdžio tvarkymo zonos sudaro kraštotvarkinių kategorijų sistemą, skirstomą į konservacinės paskirties žemę (152,9 ha), miškų ūkio paskirties žemę ( 6020,2 ha), žemės ūkio paskirties žemę ( 6726,8 ha), gyvenamosios paskirties žemę ( 1056 ha), rekreacinės paskirties žemę ( 327,9 ha), vandens ūkio paskirties žemę ( 1144,4 ha). Tvarkymo plane išnagrinėta galima veikla kiekvienoje iš šių zonų, nubrėžtos jų apsaugos ir tvarkymo kryptys, numatytas tolesnis parko teritorijos vystymas. Pagrindinis tvarkymo plane keliamas uždavinys išsaugoti ir pritaikyti lankymui saugomą teritoriją, nes visa saugomų teritorijų sistema sukurta tam, kad ateities kartoms būtų išsaugotas dabar mūsų turimos gamtos ir kultūros paveldo vertybės. / There is analysed the regulation of land using by preparing the regulative drafts of National parks in the master work. The methodology of regulative drafts for national parks, biosphere reserves and conservation areas is sealed by the order of Environmental minister. Consequently, the regulation of land using was analysed by Anyksciai regional park example. The regulative drafts – there are the papers of special planning areas. They are prepared in case to evaluate landscape regulative areas and their regulations, trends and mediums of protection and regulation, and also to provide landscape formation and development of recreation facility. The landscape regulative areas compose region regulation category system in park territory. This system is devided into conservation land (152,9 ha), forestry land (6020,2 ha), agriculture land (6726,8 ha), locality land (1056 ha), recreation land (327,9 ha) and water economy land (1144,4 ha). There are analysed possible activity in each area, defined their protection and regulation trends, supposed further park area development in the regulation draft. The main task of regulation draft is to conserve and apply protected area for visiting. Because all protected areas system is created to save our nature and cultural heritage for muture generations.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-01T19:57:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1991 - Terezinha Aldenora de Castro e Almeida Magalh?es.pdf: 8001622 bytes, checksum: 773c2d35c4e20e65c38f62e40caa36dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T19:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1991 - Terezinha Aldenora de Castro e Almeida Magalh?es.pdf: 8001622 bytes, checksum: 773c2d35c4e20e65c38f62e40caa36dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 1991-03-26 / The area studied is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including the drainage basin of Una River and part of the drainage basin of Sao Jo?o River. There were mapped the soils, the agricultural suitability of lands and class of lands for irrigation, based on preexisting soil surveys, modified and detailed. This paper comprises also the aerial photograph interpretation concerning the soil survey of the coastland region, the land-use mapping and the proposal of a new methodology for the evaluation of land-use distortions accompanied by the corresponding mapping. It is concluded that: 1) In most scanned districts the amount of overused land is not significant; 2) the steady state prevails in the district of Cabo Frio lands, but it is also significant in the districts of Araruama and S?o Pedro d'Aldeia; 3) there is a prevalence of underused land in the districts of Casimiro de Abreu, Rio Bonito and Araruama. The adoption of management practices according to the orientation of the present study, as well as the reorganization of aims of agricultural exploitation and potential, shall be of use in relieving social and environmental tensions pre-existing in the studied region and in promoting its self-sustainable development. / A ?rea estudada situa-se no estado do Rio de Janeiro _ Brasil, compreendendo a bacia de drenagem do rio Una e parte da bacia de drenagem do rio s?o Jo?o. No presente estudo s?o apresentados mapeamentos de Solos, Aptid?o agr?cola e irriga??o, baseados em levantamentos pr?-existentes, com modifica??es e detalhamento; ? apresentada aerofotointerpreta??o com fins de Levantamento de solos da zona litor?nea, in?dita; ? apresentado mapeamento de Uso da Terra utilizando metodologia in?dita; ? proposta metodologia in?dita de avalia??o das Distor??es de Uso da Terra, com o mapeamento correspondente. Concluiu-se que: 1) Na maioria dos munic?pios abrangidos pelo estudo, as terras sobre-utilizadas n?o s?o significativas; 2) As terras em equil?brio s?o predominantes somente no munic?pio de Cabo Frio, apesar de terem percentual significativo tamb?m nos munic?pios de Araruama e s?o Pedro d'Aldeia; 3) As terras subutilizadas predominam nos munic?pios de Casemiro de Abreu, Rio Bonito e Araruama; 4) A ado??o dos sistemas de manejo adequados ?s condi??es ambientais, conforme a orienta??o do presente estudo e o redirecionamento da explora??o agropecu?ria para adequ?-la ao afetivo potencial de explora??o econ?mica dessas terras, poder?o aliviar tens?es sociais e ambientais j? existentes na regi?o, e promover seu desenvolvimento sustent?vel

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T12:05:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Prado Morais Tese Doutorado.pdf: 1346460 bytes, checksum: 7a4d11cce03206de064b40ceb41748dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-29 / The Araguaia River is the most important fluvial system of South America. With an area of 380.000Km², it´s includes two phytogeography regions that have a good part of planet biodiversity: Cerrado, in the south, and Amazonia Forest, in the north of Brazil. The high level of Cerrado ecosystem destruction and changes in the land using, after 1965, promoted an intense sedimentation in fluvial system. This study is about the channel of Araguaia river, in a 580 km extension, between the city of Barra do Garças (MT) and the confluence of Cristalino and Araguaia Rivers. The multidisciplinary approach of this study has as aim analyze the channel geomorphic and middle reach alluvial plains processes causing environmental changes to the channel morphology and to vegetation succession, done by the erosive and sedimentary processes in the channel. The quantitative data were obtained through maps, air photographs and topographic charts from Landsat 1 MMS (1975) and Landsat 5 TM (1998). Using geoprocessing recourses were done areal reports of erosive and sedimentary plans and were applied mathematics equations to estimate sediments bulk and mass remobilized and stored in fluvial system. Were obtained also socioeconomics information about the Araguaia River basin area in Goiás, during the decades of 1960 and 2000, the cities of this same basin s GDP, the cattle growing statistics, vegetation and deforestation areas. The physical and socioeconomic data showed a correlation between the emergence of geomorphologic processes that had modified the channel, with the growth and development socioeconomics activities. The gotten results had disclosed that between 1965 and 1975, few changes had occurred in the fluvial channel. After 1975, a sped up erosion process of the channel edges and of islands has beginning, mobilizing the sediments, the bigger vegetation, as arboreal and bush arboreal type, that are associates to the oldest units of alluvial plain. With greater arrives of sediments that had entered in the channel, from the edges and the islands erosion, before steady, and in bigger degree, through the tributaries that drain the contribution basin area, modified for the use of the land (cattle and agriculture), the excess of sediments intensified the lateral sedimentation and the formation of bars of the central type, increasing the interlacement of the channel and, therefore, its morphology. It was estimated that between 1965 and 1998, about 233 million tons of sediments had been stored in the fluvial channel of Araguaia river. In the new sedimentation areas it was developed herbaceous vegetation adapted to the sandy surfaces. It was evident that it is occurring, in the plain, the substitution of a bigger vegetation, with bigger floristic diversity, for a grassy vegetation of the type herbaceous, associates to the formation of a geomorphologic unit younger and unstable to the erosive and sedimentary processes, because of the hydrologic channel behavior. This fact probably will bring consequences to the diverse biological processes associates to all alluvial plain. In one another approach, throughout the historical period of the analysis, was verified that as they increased the percentages of Cerrado natural vegetation areas in the area of the basin converted into agricultural areas and of cultivated pastures, the GDP of the cities also increased. The correlation between deforested areas, growth of the GDP, volume and mass of sediments stored in the fluvial system and increase of arenaceous bars in the channel resulted absolutely in satisfactory evidences in inferring that the economic growth of the region is in a relation of direct dependence with the changes in the use of the land of the Cerrado areas, and its ambient implications in the processes of morphologic changes in the Araguaia River channel and plain / A bacia do rio Araguaia é um dos sistemas fluviais mais importantes da América do Sul. Com uma área de 380.000 km2, inclui duas regiões fitogeográficas que concentram boa parte da biodiversidade do planeta: o Cerrado ao sul e Floresta Amazônica ao norte. O alto grau de destruição do bioma Cerrado e mudanças no uso da terra em larga escala, para a expansão das atividades agropecuárias, a partir de 1965, resultaram em um maior aporte de sedimentos no sistema fluvial. O estudo abrange o trecho médio do rio Araguaia localizado entre a cidade de Barra de Garças (MT) e a confluência do rio Cristalino com o rio Araguaia junto à Ilha do Bananal, correspondendo a 580 km de extensão. A abordagem multidisciplinar do estudo teve como objetivo, analisar os processos geomórficos do canal e da planície aluvial do médio rio Araguaia, que resultaram em mudanças ambientais para a morfologia do canal e consequentemente na dinâmica de sucessão vegetacional, desencadeadas por variáveis de transformação associadas aos processos erosivos e sedimentares no canal. Os dados quantitativos dos elementos morfológicos, processos erosivos e sedimentares do canal e da planície aluvial foram obtidos através de mapeamentos com o uso de cartas planialtimétricas, fotografias aéreas USAF (1965), imagens de satélite Landsat 1 MSS (1975) e Landsat 5 TM (1998). Utilizando os recursos de geoprocessamento, foram gerados relatórios areais das superfícies erodidas e sedimentadas e aplicadas equações matemáticas para estimar volume e massa dos sedimentos remobilizados e armazenados no sistema fluvial. Além dos dados geomorfológicos, foram obtidas informações socioeconômicas da área da bacia do Araguaia no Estado de Goiás, entre as décadas de 1960 e 2000, como o PIB (Produto Interno Bruto) dos municípios inseridos na bacia, estatísticas do crescimento do rebanho bovino e dados da área da cobertura vegetal de Cerrado e desmatamento. Interrelacioanando os dados físicos e socioeconômicos foi possível obter uma correlação entre o desencadeamento dos processos geomorfológicos que alteram o canal e o crescimento e desenvolvimento das atividades socioeconômicas. Os resultados revelaram que entre 1965 e 1975 poucas mudanças morfológicas ocorreram no canal fluvial. A partir de 1975, tem início um processo acelerado de erosão das margens do canal e de ilhas, remobilizando além dos sedimentos, a vegetação de maior porte, como as do tipo arbórea e arbustivo-arbórea, que estão associadas às unidades mais velhas da planície aluvial. Com um maior aporte de sedimentos que entraram no canal, a partir da erosão das margens e das ilhas, antes estáveis, e em maior grau, através dos afluentes que drenam a área de contribuição da bacia, alteradas pelo uso da terra (agricultura e pecuária), o excesso de sedimentos intensificou a sedimentação lateral e a formação de barras do tipo centrais, aumentando o entrelaçamento do canal e, portanto, sua morfologia. Estimouse que entre 1965 e 1998 cerca de 233 milhões de toneladas de sedimentos ficou armazenado no canal fluvial do rio Araguaia no trecho de estudo. Nas novas áreas de sedimentação, desenvolveu uma vegetação herbácea adaptada às superfícies arenosas. Ficou evidente que vem ocorrendo na planície a substituição de uma vegetação de maior porte, com maior diversidade florística, por uma vegetação de gramíneas do tipo herbáceas, associadas à formação de uma unidade geomorfológica mais jovem e instável, aos processos erosivos e sedimentares, devido ao comportamento hidrológico do canal. Este fato, provavelmente trará consequências a diversos processos biológicos associados à planície aluvial. Em outra abordagem, ao longo do período histórico da análise, verificou-se que à medida que aumentavam as porcentagens de áreas de vegetação natural de Cerrado convertidas em áreas agrícolas e de pastagens cultivadas, o PIB dos municípios apresentava crescimento. A correlação entre áreas desmatadas, crescimento do PIB, volume e massa de sedimentos armazenados no sistema fluvial e aumento de barras arenosas no canal resultaram em evidências absolutamente satisfatórias em inferir que o crescimento econômico da região encontra-se numa relação de dependência direta com as mudanças no uso da terra das áreas de Cerrado, e suas implicações ambientais nos processos de mudanças morfológicas no canal e na planície aluvial do rio Araguaia