In common sense, modality measures the number of areas a model covers. Multi-modal or cross-modal models can handle two or more areas simultaneously. Some common cross-models include Vision-Language models, Speech-Language models, and Vision-Speech models. A Vision-Language (VL) model is a network architecture that can interpret both textual and visual inputs, which has always been challenging. Driven by the interest in exploring such an area, this thesis implements several VL models and investigates their performance on a specific VL task: The Image-Text Relation Task. Instead of using English as the context language, the thesis focuses on other languages where the available resources are less. Swedish is chosen as a case study and the results can be extended to other languages. The experiments show that the Transformer style architecture efficiently handles both textual and visual inputs, even trained with simple loss functions. The work suggests an innovative way for future development in cross-modal models, especially for VL tasks. / I vanlig mening är modalitet ett mått på hur många områden en modell täcker. Multimodala eller tvärmodala modeller kan hantera två eller flera områden samtidigt. Några vanliga tvärmodala modeller är vision-språk-modeller, tal-språk-modeller och vision-språk-modeller. En Vision-Language-modell (VL-modell) är en nätverksarkitektur som kan tolka både text- och visuell input samtidigt, vilket alltid har varit en utmaning. I denna avhandling, som drivs av intresset för att utforska ett sådant område, implementeras flera VL-modeller och deras prestanda undersöks på en specifik VL-uppgift: Uppgiften bild-text-relation. I stället för att använda engelska som kontextspråk fokuserar avhandlingen på andra språk där de tillgängliga resurserna är mindre. Svenskan har valts som fallstudie och resultaten kan utvidgas till andra språk. Experimenten visar att arkitekturen i Transformer-stilen effektivt hanterar både text- och visuella indata, även om den tränas med enkla förlustfunktioner. Arbetet föreslår en innovativ väg för framtida utveckling av intermodala modeller, särskilt för VL-uppgifter.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the way the flouting of the Gricean maxims is used to portray a fictional character with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study analyzes a character named Sam Gardner from the television series Atypical. The study is based on written transcripts from six episodes of the TV series and was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. The methodology of the study involved transcribing, counting, and analyzing the flouts used by Sam in these six episodes. The results suggest that Sam flouts all the maxims but flouts the maxim of relation most, with a total of 22 flouts, which can cause a problem in communication. Sam does not follow the maxim of relation as he tends to abruptly change the conversational topic to something else. In many cases, he changes the topic to something he is interested in, which is Antarctica and penguins. The second most dominant maxim in all six episodes to be flouted was the maxim of quantity, with a total of 15 flouts, as he gave either too much or too little information to the listener. The results of Sam’s limited pragmatic abilities fall into agreement with Fein’s (2010) claim that ASD individuals have pragmatic language deficits as they struggle to stay on topic and incorporate irrelevant details in conversations. This study further discusses how analyzing neurodivergent characters’ speech patterns can benefit teachers and students in a pedagogical setting.

yes / This paper aims to demystify the hype and attention on chatbots and its association with conversational artificial intelligence. Both are slowly emerging as a real presence in our lives from the impressive technological developments in machine learning, deep learning and natural language understanding solutions. However, what is under the hood, and how far and to what extent can chatbots/conversational artificial intelligence solutions work – is our question. Natural language is the most easily understood knowledge representation for people, but certainly not the best for computers because of its inherent ambiguous, complex and dynamic nature. We will critique the knowledge representation of heavy statistical chatbot solutions against linguistics alternatives. In order to react intelligently to the user, natural language solutions must critically consider other factors such as context, memory, intelligent understanding, previous experience, and personalized knowledge of the user. We will delve into the spectrum of conversational interfaces and focus on a strong artificial intelligence concept. This is explored via a text based conversational software agents with a deep strategic role to hold a conversation and enable the mechanisms need to plan, and to decide what to do next, and manage the dialogue to achieve a goal. To demonstrate this, a deep linguistically aware and knowledge aware text based conversational agent (LING-CSA) presents a proof-of-concept of a non-statistical conversational AI solution.

Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / William H. Hsu / In addition to named entities such as persons, locations, organizations, and quantities which convey factual information, there are other entities and attributes that relate identifiable objects in the text and can provide valuable additional information. In the field of epizootics, these include specific properties of diseases such as their name, location, species affected, and current confirmation status. These are important for compiling the spatial and temporal statistics and other information needed to track diseases, leading to applications such as detection and prevention of bioterrorism. Toward this objective, we present a system (Rule Based Event Extraction System in Epizootic Domains) that can be used for extracting the infectious disease outbreaks from the unstructured data automatically by using the concept of pattern matching. In addition to extracting events, the components of this system can help provide structured and summarized data that can be used to differentiate confirmed events from suspected events, answer questions regarding when and where the disease was prevalent develop a model for predicting future disease outbreaks, and support visualization using interfaces such as Google Maps. While developing this system, we consider the research issues that include document relevance classification, entity extraction, recognizing the outbreak events in the disease domain and to support the visualization for events. We present a sentence-based event extraction approach for extracting the outbreak events from epizootic domain that has tasks such as extracting the events such as the disease name, location, species, confirmation status, and date; classifying the events into two categories of confirmation status- confirmed or suspected. The present approach shows how confirmation status is important in extracting the disease based events from unstructured data and a pyramid approach using reference summaries is used for evaluating the extracted events.

Les systèmes de dialogues oraux Homme-Machine sont des interfaces entre un utilisateur et des services. Ces services sont présents sous plusieurs formes : services bancaires, systèmes de réservations (de billets de train, d’avion), etc. Les systèmes de dialogues intègrent de nombreux modules notamment ceux de reconnaissance de la parole, de compréhension, de gestion du dialogue et de synthèse de la parole. Le module qui concerne la problématique de cette thèse est celui de compréhension de la parole. Le processus de compréhension de la parole est généralement séparé du processus de transcription. Il s’agit, d’abord, de trouver la meilleure hypothèse de reconnaissance puis d’appliquer un processus de compréhension. L’approche proposée dans cette thèse est de conserver l’espace de recherche probabiliste tout au long du processus de compréhension en l’enrichissant à chaque étape. Cette approche a été appliquée lors de la campagne d’évaluation MEDIA. Nous montrons l’intérêt de notre approche par rapport à l’approche classique. En utilisant différentes sorties du module de RAP sous forme de graphe de mots, nous montrons que les performances du décodage conceptuel se dégradent linéairement en fonction du taux d’erreurs sur les mots (WER). Cependant nous montrons qu’une approche intégrée, cherchant conjointement la meilleure séquence de mots et de concepts, donne de meilleurs résultats qu’une approche séquentielle. Dans le souci de valider notre approche, nous menons des expériences sur le corpus MEDIA dans les mêmes conditions d’évaluation que lors de la campagne MEDIA. Il s’agit de produire des interprétations sémantiques à partir des transcriptions sans erreur. Les résultats montrent que les performances atteintes par notre modèle sont au niveau des performances des systèmes ayant participé à la campagne d’évaluation. L’étude détaillée des résultats obtenus lors de la campagne MEDIA nous permet de montrer la corrélation entre, d’une part, le taux d’erreur d’interprétation et, d’autre part, le taux d’erreur mots de la reconnaissance de la parole, la taille du corpus d’apprentissage, ainsi que l’ajout de connaissance a priori aux modèles de compréhension. Une analyse d’erreurs montre l’intérêt de modifier les probabilités des treillis de mots avec des triggers, un modèle cache ou d’utiliser des règles arbitraires obligeant le passage dans une partie du graphe et s’appliquant sur la présence d’éléments déclencheurs (mots ou concepts) en fonction de l’historique. On présente les méthodes à base de d’apprentissage automatique comme nécessairement plus gourmandes en terme de corpus d’apprentissage. En modifiant la taille du corpus d’apprentissage, on peut mesurer le nombre minimal ainsi que le nombre optimal de dialogues nécessaires à l’apprentissage des modèles de langages conceptuels du système de compréhension. Des travaux de recherche menés dans cette thèse visent à déterminer quel est la quantité de corpus nécessaire à l’apprentissage des modèles de langages conceptuels à partir de laquelle les scores d’évaluation sémantiques stagnent. Une corrélation est établie entre la taille de corpus nécessaire pour l’apprentissage et la taille de corpus afin de valider le guide d’annotations. En effet, il semble, dans notre cas de l’évaluation MEDIA, qu’il ait fallu sensiblement le même nombre d’exemple pour, d’une part, valider l’annotation sémantique et, d’autre part, obtenir un modèle stochastique « de qualité » appris sur corpus. De plus, en ajoutant des données a priori à nos modèles stochastiques, nous réduisons de manière significative la taille du corpus d’apprentissage nécessaire pour atteindre les même scores du système entièrement stochastique (près de deux fois moins de corpus à score égal). Cela nous permet de confirmer que l’ajout de règles élémentaires et intuitives (chiffres, nombres, codes postaux, dates) donne des résultats très encourageants. Ce constat a mené à la réalisation d’un système hybride mêlant des modèles à base de corpus et des modèles à base de connaissance. Dans un second temps, nous nous appliquons à adapter notre système de compréhension à une application de dialogue simple : un système de routage d’appel. La problématique de cette tâche est le manque de données d’apprentissage spécifiques au domaine. Nous la résolvons en partie en utilisant divers corpus déjà à notre disposition. Lors de ce processus, nous conservons les données génériques acquises lors de la campagne MEDIA et nous y intégrons les données spécifiques au domaine. Nous montrons l’intérêt d’intégrer une tâche de classification d’appel dans un processus de compréhension de la parole spontanée. Malheureusement, nous disposons de très peu de données d’apprentissage relatives au domaine de la tâche. En utilisant notre approche intégrée de décodage conceptuel, conjointement à un processus de filtrage, nous proposons une approche sous forme de sac de mots et de concepts. Cette approche exploitée par un classifieur permet d’obtenir des taux de classification d’appels encourageants sur le corpus de test, alors que le WER est assez élevé. L’application des méthodes développées lors de la campagne MEDIA nous permet d’améliorer la robustesse du processus de routage d’appels. / Spoken dialogues systems are interfaces between users and services. Simple examples of services for which theses dialogue systems can be used include : banking, booking (hotels, trains, flights), etc. Dialogue systems are composed of a number of modules. The main modules include Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Spoken Language Understanding (SLU), Dialogue Management and Speech Generation. In this thesis, we concentrate on the Spoken Language Understanding component of dialogue systems. In the past, it has usual to separate the Spoken Language Understanding process from that of Automatic Speech Recognition. First, the Automatic Speech Recognition process finds the best word hypothesis. Given this hypothesis, we then find the best semantic interpretation. This thesis presents a method for the robust extraction of basic conceptual constituents (or concepts) from an audio message. The conceptual decoding model proposed follows a stochastic paradigm and is directly integrated into the Automatic Speech Recognition process. This approach allows us to keep the probabilistic search space on sequences of words produced by the Automatic Speech Recognition module, and to project it to a probabilistic search space of sequences of concepts. The experiments carried out on the French spoken dialogue corpus MEDIA, available through ELDA, show that the performance reached by our new approach is better than the traditional sequential approach. As a starting point for evaluation, the effect that deterioration of word error rate (WER) has on SLU systems is examined though use of different ASR outputs. The SLU performance appears to decrease lineary as a function of ASR word error rate.We show, however, that the proposed integrated method of searching for both words and concets, gives better results to that of a traditionnanl sequential approach. In order to validate our approach, we conduct experiments on the MEDIA corpus in the same assessment conditions used during the MEDIA campaign. The goal is toproduce error-free semantic interpretations from transcripts. The results show that the performance achieved by our model is as good as the systems involved in the evaluation campaign. Studies made on the MEDIA corpus show the concept error rate is related to the word error rate, the size of the training corpus and a priori knwoledge added to conceptual model languages. Error analyses show the interest of modifying the probabilities of word lattice with triggers, a template cache or by using arbitrary rules requiring passage through a portion of the graph and applying the presence of triggers (words or concepts) based on history. Methods based on machine learning are generally quite demanding in terms of amount of training data required. By changing the size of the training corpus, the minimum and the optimal number of dialogues needed for training conceptual language models can be measured. Research conducted in this thesis aims to determine the size of corpus necessary for training conceptual language models from which the semantic evaluation scores stagnated. A correlation is established between the necessary corpus size for learning and the corpus size necessary to validate the manual annotations. In the case of the MEDIA evaluation campaign, it took roughly the same number of examples, first to validate the semantic annotations and, secondly, to obtain a "quality" corpus-trained stochastic model. The addition of a priori knowledge to our stochastic models reduce significantly the size of the training corpus needed to achieve the same scores as a fully stochastic system (nearly half the size for the same score). It allows us to confirm that the addition of basic intuitive rules (numbers, zip codes, dates) gives very encouraging results. It leeds us to create a hybrid system combining corpus-based and knowledge-based models. The second part of the thesis examines the application of the understanding module to another simple dialogue system task, a callrouting system. A problem with this specific task is a lack of data available for training the requiered language models. We attempt to resolve this issue by supplementing he in-domain data with various other generic corpora already available, and data from the MEDIA campaing. We show the benefits of integrating a call classification task in a SLU process. Unfortunately, we have very little training corpus in the field under consideration. By using our integrated approach to decode concepts, along with an integrated process, we propose a bag of words and concepts approach. This approach used by a classifier achieved encouraging call classification rates on the test corpus, while the WER was relativelyhigh. The methods developed are shown to improve the call routing system process robustness.

La généralisation de l’usage des systèmes de dialogue homme-machine accroît la nécessité du développement rapide des différents composants de ces systèmes. Les systèmes de dialogue peuvent être conçus pour différents domaines d’application et dans des langues différentes. La nécessité d’une production rapide pour de nouvelles langues reste un problème ouvert et crucial auquel il est nécessaire d’apporter des solutions efficaces.Nos travaux s’intéressent particulièrement au module de compréhension de la parole et proposent des approches pour la portabilité rapide peu coûteuse de ce module.Les méthodes statistiques ont montré de bonnes performances pour concevoir les modules de compréhension de la parole pour l’étiquetage sémantique de tours de dialogue.Cependant ces méthodes nécessitent de larges corpus pour être apprises. La collecte de ces corpus est aussi coûteuse en temps et en expertise humaine.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons plusieurs approches pour porter un système de compréhension d’une langue vers une autre en utilisant les techniques de la traduction automatique. Les premiers travaux consistent à appliquer la traduction automatique à plusieurs niveaux du processus de portabilité du système de compréhension afin de réduire le coût lié à production de nouvelles données d’apprentissage. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que l’utilisation de la traduction automatique permet d’obtenir des systèmes performant avec un minimum de contribution humaine.Cette thèse traite donc à la fois de la traduction automatique et de la compréhension de la parole. Nous avons effectué une comparaison approfondie entre les méthodes utilisées pour chacune des tâches et nous avons proposé un décodage conjoint basé sur une méthode discriminante qui à la fois traduit une phrase et lui attribue ses étiquettes sémantiques. Ce décodage est obtenu par une approche à base de graphe qui permet de composer un graphe de traduction avec un graphe de compréhension. Cette représentation peut être généralisée pour permettre des transmissions d’informations riches entre les composants du système de dialogue / The generalisation of human-machine dialogue system increases the need for a rapid development of the various components of these systems. Dialogue systems can be designed for different applications and in different languages. The need for a fast production of systems for new languages ​​is still an open and crucial issue which requires effective solutions. Our work is particularly interested in speech understanding module and propose approaches for language portability of this module. The statistical methods showed good performance to design modules for speech understanding. However, these methods require large corpora to be trained. The collection of these corpora is expensive in time and human expertise. In this thesis, we propose several approaches to port an understanding system from one language to another using machine translation techniques. The experimental results show that the use of machine translation allows to produce efficient systems with minimal human effort. This thesis addresses both machine translation and speech understanding domain. We conducted a comparison between the methods used for each task and we have proposed a joint decoding between translation and understanding based on a discriminant method. This decoding is achieved by a graph-based approach which allows to compose a translation graph with an understanding graph. This representation can be generalized to allow a rich transmission of information between the components of the dialogue system

linguagem é uma marca da humanidade e da consciência, sendo a conversação (ou diálogo) uma das maneiras de comunicacão mais fundamentais que aprendemos quando crianças. Por isso uma forma de fazer um computador mais atrativo para interação com usuários é usando linguagem natural. Dos sistemas com algum grau de capacidade de linguagem desenvolvidos, o chatterbot Eliza é, provavelmente, o primeiro sistema com foco em diálogo. Com o objetivo de tornar a interação mais interessante e útil para o usuário há outras aplicações alem de chatterbots, como agentes conversacionais. Estes agentes geralmente possuem, em algum grau, propriedades como: corpo (com estados cognitivos, incluindo crenças, desejos e intenções ou objetivos); incorporação interativa no mundo real ou virtual (incluindo percepções de eventos, comunicação, habilidade de manipular o mundo e comunicar com outros agentes); e comportamento similar ao humano (incluindo habilidades afetivas). Este tipo de agente tem sido chamado de diversos nomes como agentes animados ou agentes conversacionais incorporados. Um sistema de diálogo possui seis componentes básicos. (1) O componente de reconhecimento de fala que é responsável por traduzir a fala do usuário em texto. (2) O componente de entendimento de linguagem natural que produz uma representação semântica adequada para diálogos, normalmente utilizando gramáticas e ontologias. (3) O gerenciador de tarefa que escolhe os conceitos a serem expressos ao usuário. (4) O componente de geração de linguagem natural que define como expressar estes conceitos em palavras. (5) O gerenciador de diálogo controla a estrutura do diálogo. (6) O sintetizador de voz é responsável por traduzir a resposta do agente em fala. No entanto, não há consenso sobre os recursos necessários para desenvolver agentes conversacionais e a dificuldade envolvida nisso (especialmente em línguas com poucos recursos disponíveis). Este trabalho foca na influência dos componentes de linguagem natural (entendimento e gerência de diálogo) e analisa em especial o uso de sistemas de análise sintática (parser) como parte do desenvolvimento de agentes conversacionais com habilidades de linguagem mais flexível. Este trabalho analisa quais os recursos do analisador sintático contribuem para agentes conversacionais e aborda como os desenvolver, tendo como língua alvo o português (uma língua com poucos recursos disponíveis). Para isto, analisamos as abordagens de entendimento de linguagem natural e identificamos as abordagens de análise sintática que oferecem um bom desempenho. Baseados nesta análise, desenvolvemos um protótipo para avaliar o impacto do uso de analisador sintático em um agente conversacional. / Language is a mark of humanity and conscience, with the conversation (or dialogue) as one of the most fundamental manners of communication that we learn as children. Therefore one way to make a computer more attractive for interaction with users is through the use of natural language. Among the systems with some degree of language capabilities developed, the Eliza chatterbot is probably the first with a focus on dialogue. In order to make the interaction more interesting and useful to the user there are other approaches besides chatterbots, like conversational agents. These agents generally have, to some degree, properties like: a body (with cognitive states, including beliefs, desires and intentions or objectives); an interactive incorporation in the real or virtual world (including perception of events, communication, ability to manipulate the world and communicate with others); and behavior similar to a human (including affective abilities). This type of agents has been called by several terms, including animated agents or embedded conversational agents (ECA). A dialogue system has six basic components. (1) The speech recognition component is responsible for translating the user’s speech into text. (2) The Natural Language Understanding component produces a semantic representation suitable for dialogues, usually using grammars and ontologies. (3) The Task Manager chooses the concepts to be expressed to the user. (4) The Natural Language Generation component defines how to express these concepts in words. (5) The dialog manager controls the structure of the dialogue. (6) The synthesizer is responsible for translating the agents answer into speech. However, there is no consensus about the necessary resources for developing conversational agents and the difficulties involved (especially in resource-poor languages). This work focuses on the influence of natural language components (dialogue understander and manager) and analyses, in particular the use of parsing systems as part of developing conversational agents with more flexible language capabilities. This work analyses what kind of parsing resources contributes to conversational agents and discusses how to develop them targeting Portuguese, which is a resource-poor language. To do so we analyze approaches to the understanding of natural language, and identify parsing approaches that offer good performance, based on which we develop a prototype to evaluate the impact of using a parser in a conversational agent.

情報処理学会研究報告. SLP, 音声言語情報処理; 2000-SLP-34-34

Spoken dialogue systems provide a natural conversational interface to computer applications. In recent years, the substantial improvements in the performance of speech recognition engines have helped shift the research focus to the next component of the dialogue system pipeline: the one in charge of language understanding. The role of this module is to translate user inputs into accurate representations of the user goal in the form that can be used by the system to interact with the underlying application. The challenges include the modelling of linguistic variation, speech recognition errors and the effects of dialogue context. Recently, the focus of language understanding research has moved to making use of word embeddings induced from large textual corpora using unsupervised methods. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates how these methods can be adapted to overcome the limitations of language understanding pipelines currently used in spoken dialogue systems. The thesis starts with a discussion of the pros and cons of language understanding models used in modern dialogue systems. Most models in use today are based on the delexicalisation paradigm, where exact string matching supplemented by a list of domain-specific rephrasings is used to recognise users' intents and update the system's internal belief state. This is followed by an attempt to use pretrained word vector collections to automatically induce domain-specific semantic lexicons, which are typically hand-crafted to handle lexical variation and account for a plethora of system failure modes. The results highlight the deficiencies of distributional word vectors which must be overcome to make them useful for downstream language understanding models. The thesis next shifts focus to overcoming the language understanding models' dependency on semantic lexicons. To achieve that, the proposed Neural Belief Tracking (NBT) model forsakes the use of standard one-hot n-gram representations used in Natural Language Processing in favour of distributed representations of user utterances, dialogue context and domain ontologies. The NBT model makes use of external lexical knowledge embedded in semantically specialised word vectors, obviating the need for domain-specific semantic lexicons. Subsequent work focuses on semantic specialisation, presenting an efficient method for injecting external lexical knowledge into word vector spaces. The proposed Attract-Repel algorithm boosts the semantic content of existing word vectors while simultaneously inducing high-quality cross-lingual word vector spaces. Finally, NBT models powered by specialised cross-lingual word vectors are used to train multilingual belief tracking models. These models operate across many languages at once, providing an efficient method for bootstrapping language understanding models for lower-resource languages with limited training data.

linguagem é uma marca da humanidade e da consciência, sendo a conversação (ou diálogo) uma das maneiras de comunicacão mais fundamentais que aprendemos quando crianças. Por isso uma forma de fazer um computador mais atrativo para interação com usuários é usando linguagem natural. Dos sistemas com algum grau de capacidade de linguagem desenvolvidos, o chatterbot Eliza é, provavelmente, o primeiro sistema com foco em diálogo. Com o objetivo de tornar a interação mais interessante e útil para o usuário há outras aplicações alem de chatterbots, como agentes conversacionais. Estes agentes geralmente possuem, em algum grau, propriedades como: corpo (com estados cognitivos, incluindo crenças, desejos e intenções ou objetivos); incorporação interativa no mundo real ou virtual (incluindo percepções de eventos, comunicação, habilidade de manipular o mundo e comunicar com outros agentes); e comportamento similar ao humano (incluindo habilidades afetivas). Este tipo de agente tem sido chamado de diversos nomes como agentes animados ou agentes conversacionais incorporados. Um sistema de diálogo possui seis componentes básicos. (1) O componente de reconhecimento de fala que é responsável por traduzir a fala do usuário em texto. (2) O componente de entendimento de linguagem natural que produz uma representação semântica adequada para diálogos, normalmente utilizando gramáticas e ontologias. (3) O gerenciador de tarefa que escolhe os conceitos a serem expressos ao usuário. (4) O componente de geração de linguagem natural que define como expressar estes conceitos em palavras. (5) O gerenciador de diálogo controla a estrutura do diálogo. (6) O sintetizador de voz é responsável por traduzir a resposta do agente em fala. No entanto, não há consenso sobre os recursos necessários para desenvolver agentes conversacionais e a dificuldade envolvida nisso (especialmente em línguas com poucos recursos disponíveis). Este trabalho foca na influência dos componentes de linguagem natural (entendimento e gerência de diálogo) e analisa em especial o uso de sistemas de análise sintática (parser) como parte do desenvolvimento de agentes conversacionais com habilidades de linguagem mais flexível. Este trabalho analisa quais os recursos do analisador sintático contribuem para agentes conversacionais e aborda como os desenvolver, tendo como língua alvo o português (uma língua com poucos recursos disponíveis). Para isto, analisamos as abordagens de entendimento de linguagem natural e identificamos as abordagens de análise sintática que oferecem um bom desempenho. Baseados nesta análise, desenvolvemos um protótipo para avaliar o impacto do uso de analisador sintático em um agente conversacional. / Language is a mark of humanity and conscience, with the conversation (or dialogue) as one of the most fundamental manners of communication that we learn as children. Therefore one way to make a computer more attractive for interaction with users is through the use of natural language. Among the systems with some degree of language capabilities developed, the Eliza chatterbot is probably the first with a focus on dialogue. In order to make the interaction more interesting and useful to the user there are other approaches besides chatterbots, like conversational agents. These agents generally have, to some degree, properties like: a body (with cognitive states, including beliefs, desires and intentions or objectives); an interactive incorporation in the real or virtual world (including perception of events, communication, ability to manipulate the world and communicate with others); and behavior similar to a human (including affective abilities). This type of agents has been called by several terms, including animated agents or embedded conversational agents (ECA). A dialogue system has six basic components. (1) The speech recognition component is responsible for translating the user’s speech into text. (2) The Natural Language Understanding component produces a semantic representation suitable for dialogues, usually using grammars and ontologies. (3) The Task Manager chooses the concepts to be expressed to the user. (4) The Natural Language Generation component defines how to express these concepts in words. (5) The dialog manager controls the structure of the dialogue. (6) The synthesizer is responsible for translating the agents answer into speech. However, there is no consensus about the necessary resources for developing conversational agents and the difficulties involved (especially in resource-poor languages). This work focuses on the influence of natural language components (dialogue understander and manager) and analyses, in particular the use of parsing systems as part of developing conversational agents with more flexible language capabilities. This work analyses what kind of parsing resources contributes to conversational agents and discusses how to develop them targeting Portuguese, which is a resource-poor language. To do so we analyze approaches to the understanding of natural language, and identify parsing approaches that offer good performance, based on which we develop a prototype to evaluate the impact of using a parser in a conversational agent.