Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI), por meio de uma abordagem pedagógica, aos professores da educação básica, que mencionaram esta necessidade por meio de pesquisa realizada pelo autor. Levar parte do conhecimento teórico que embasa esta teoria ao conhecimento do docente, principalmente a construção da curva de probabilidade de acerto do item, favorecerá a compreensão, a análise e o monitoramento do processo avaliativo educacional. Este material apresenta as principais definições e conceitos da avaliação externa em larga escala, além de fornecer insumos para a compreensão das suposições realizadas para aplicação da metodologia. Neste sentido, o texto foi estruturado de forma a apresentar didaticamente as etapas do processo de implementação de uma avaliação, desde a construção do item até a apuração e divulgação dos resultados. Todo enfoque será dado à construção do modelo da TRI com um parâmetro (dificuldade do item), também conhecido como modelo de Rasch, o que simplifica e facilita a compreensão da metodologia. O modelo utilizado nas avaliações externas em larga escala (modelo com três parâmetros) será introduzido a partir das considerações realizadas na abordagem que explicita o pensamento da construção do modelo de um parâmetro. Acredita-se que esta compreensão possa colaborar com o professor na exploração das habilidades/competências dos alunos durante os anos escolares. / This study aims to present the Item Response Theory (IRT), through a pedagogical approach, to teachers of basic education, which mentioned this necessity through research conducted by the author. To take part of the theoretical knowledge that supports this theory to the teacher\'s knowledge, especially the construction of probability curve of item correct response, it will favor for understanding, analysis and monitoring the evaluation educational process. This material presents the main definitions and concepts of the external evaluation in large scale, besides providing inputs for understanding the assumptions made to apply the methodology. In this sense, the text was structured in order to present the implementation process stages of a large scale assessment, from the item construction to the results calculation and dissemination. The focus will be given to the IRT model construction of one-parameter (difficulty of the item), also known as Rasch model, since it simplifies and facilitates the understanding of methodology. The model used in the external assessment on a large scale (three-parameter model) will be introduced from the considerations made in the approach that explicit the thought of one-parameter model construction. It is believed that understanding can collaborate with teacher in exploration of the students\' skills/competences during the school year.

Cette étude s'inscrit dans l'effort de réduction des nuisances sonores des avions au décollage. Une des principales composantes est le bruit de jet, dont la partie à basse fréquence peut notamment être imputée au rayonnement acoustique directif des structures cohérentes de grande échelle engendrées par les instabilités dans la couche de mélange du jet. L'évolution de ces ondes d'instabilité peut être décrite au moyen des équations de Stabilité Parabolisées (PSE). Un premier objectif a été de déterminer si dans le cas d'un jet turbulent naturel, les interactions non linéaires entre les ondes d'instabilité ont un impact significatif sur sa dynamique et sur son rayonnement acoustique. À cet effet, une modélisation PSE non linéaire a été développée et appliquée à une configuration réaliste. La possibilité de manipuler ces ondes d'instabilité par non linéarité a ensuite été étudiée en vue d'une réduction du rayonnement acoustique. Pour cela, une analyse PSE a été menée pour déterminer l'effet sur le bruit de jet de l'excitation d'un ou plusieurs modes instables. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis de montrer, d'une part, que les non linéarités semblent avoir un impact mineur sur la dynamique des ondes d'instabilité dans le cas des jets turbulents naturels, et d'autre part, qu'il est possible de réduire le rayonnement acoustique des modes dominants par interactions non linéaires. / This study is part of the effort to reduce aircraft noise during take-off. Jet noise is oneof the main contributors, of which lower frequency component can be attributed to thedirective acoustic field generated by the large-scale coherent structures arising from jetmixing-layer instabilities. The development of these instability waves can be describedusing Parabolized Stability Equations (PSE). A first objective was to determine if inthe case of a natural turbulent jet, nonlinear interactions between instability waveshave a significant impact on its dynamic and acoustic behaviour. For this purpose,a nonlinear PSE model has been developed and applied to a realistic configuration.Then, the possibility to manipulate these instability waves by means of nonlinearity wasinvestigated with a view to reduce noise. To this end, a PSE analysis has been carried outto assess the impact on jet noise of exciting one or more unstable modes. The findingsof this doctoral work demonstrate a minor impact of nonlinearities on the dynamics ofinstability waves for natural turbulent jets on the one hand, and the possibility to makethe initially dominant instability acoustically ineffective using nonlinear interactions onthe other hand.

Dans ce mémoire, on s'est intéressé aux problèmes d'estimation, de filtrage $H_{\infty}$ et de la commande basée observateur des systèmes de grande dimension. L'étude porte sur les systèmes linéaires standards mais aussi sur les systèmes algèbro-différentiels appelés aussi systèmes singuliers pour couvrir la classe la plus large possible des systèmes de grande dimension. Ainsi, on a commencé notre travail en proposant des méthodes de synthèse d'observateurs décentralisés à interconnexions inconnues pour des systèmes de grande dimension standards et singuliers. On a cherché à éliminer l'effet des interconnections inconnues sur la dynamique de l'erreur d'observation. La synthèse de l'observateur est basée sur des LMIs permettant de déterminer la matrice de gain paramétrant toutes les matrices de l'observateur. La formulation LMI est basée sur l'approche Lyapunov et déduite des différents lemmes bornés. Ensuite, on a proposé des filtres décentralisés qui permettent d'assurer, en plus de la stabilité, un critère de performance $H_{\infty}$, c'est à dire qu'on a cherché à atténuer l'effet des perturbations, supposées être inconnues mais à énergie bornée, sur la dynamique de l'erreur d'estimation. On a abordé après l'étude des observateurs interconnectés pour les systèmes de grande dimension, où on a proposé une nouvelle méthode permettant de synthétiser une nouvelle forme d'observateurs interconnectés connectivement stable. On s'est intéressé à la capacité d'un tel observateur à être stable de manière robuste vis-a-vis des incertitudes sur les interconnexions entre les sous observateurs qui les forment. Enfin, on s'est intéressé à l'application des méthodes d'estimation proposées dans le cadre de la commande. En effet, dans un premier temps, on a proposé une commande décentralisée basée sur un filtre $H_{\infty}$ pour une classe de systèmes de grande dimension standards à interconnections non-linéaires. L'approche est une extension des travaux de Kalsi et al. aux cas des systèmes perturbés standards. En effet, on a commencé par le calcul du gain de retour d'état qui satisfait les spécifications du système bouclé. Puis, on a synthétisé un filtre qui a pour but de fournir en sortie une estimée de ce retour d'état. L'approche a été validée sur un exemple de système composé de trois machines électriques interconnectées. Dans le second volet du chapitre, on a considéré le problème de la commande via un filtre $H_{\infty}$ pour une classe de système singulier de grande dimension soumis à des perturbations à énergie bornée. L'approche est une extension des travaux de Kalsi et al. au cas des systèmes singuliers perturbés. L'un des principaux apports de nos travaux, a été de proposer une nouvelle méthode de synthèse de commande basée sur un filtre $H_{\infty}$ qui générée par des conditions de solvabilité moins restrictives que celles introduites dans les travaux de Kalsi et al. Ainsi, on a relaxé les contraintes qui portait sur la distance entre la paire de matrices formée par la matrice d'état et la matrice d'entrée d'une part et l'ensemble de paires de matrices incontrôlables d'autre part. De plus, on tient compte de la maximisation des bornes de l'interconnexion, ce qui est très important en pratique / In this dissertation, we investigated the problems of the estimation, $H_{\infty}$ filtering and the controller based-observer design for standard large scale systems and for algebro-differentials ones called also singular large scale systems. So, we began to propose methods for decentralized observer design with unknown interconnections for standard and singular systems. We search here to decouple the unknown interconnections and the dynamics of the observation error. The method is based on LMIs approach to find the gain matrix implemented in the observer matrices. The LMI formulation is based on Lyapunov approach and deduced from various bounded lemmas. We propose then, filters that permits to ensure, in addition to the stability, an $H_{\infty}$ performance criteria; we search to attenuate the perturbations effect, supposed unknown but of bounded energy, on the dynamics of the estimation error. We discussed after the study of interconnected observers for large systems, we have proposed a new method to design a new form of interconnected observers connectively stable. We are interested in the ability of a such observer to be robustly stable towards uncertainties in the interconnections between sub-observers. Finally, we are interested to the application of the proposed estimation methods to the control purpose. Indeed, in a first step, we propose a decentralized control based on a filter $H_{\infty}$ for a class of large scale standard systems with nonlinear interconnections. Then, Then, we focus our attention on the observer based control for singular systems to search for a control law which ensures an $H_{\infty}$ performance criteria. The approach is an extension of recent works of Kalsi and al. to the case of disturbed large scale systems. One of the main contributions of our work was to propose a new method of control design based on a filter $H_ {\infty} $ which generated by using less restrictive conditions than those introduced in the work of Kalsi and al. Thus, we have relaxed the constraint on the distance between the pair of matrices formed by the state matrix and input matrix and the set of pairs of matrices uncontrollable. In addition, we consider the maximization of the bound of the interconnection, which is very important in practice. Our approach is obtained into two steps. The first one consist on calculating the gain state feedback that meets the specifications of the closed loop system. The second one , then we reconstruct this control law using our previous results on the $H_{\infty}$ filtering. The approach has been validated on an example of a system composed of three interconnected electrical machines

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet européen PAPYRUS (7th FWP (Seventh Framework Program) et concerne le développement de modèles et d'outils permettant l'analyse d'un procédé industriel en interaction avec les indicateurs des performances du système. Ainsi que la synthèse d'algorithmes "Plug & Play" de diagnostic de défauts. Plus précisément, le premier objectif de la thèse est de proposer des modèles et des critères qui permettent, pour un procédé complexe de grande dimension, de savoir si des objectifs, exprimés en termes de performances (coût, de sûreté de fonctionnement, etc.), sont atteignables. Dans le cadre de la modélisation de causalité du système, une méthode, basée sur le transfert entropie, est proposée afin d'identifier le modèle de causalité du système à partir des données. On s'intéressera aussi à l'influence de divers défauts sur cette atteignabilité. Les outils utilisés sont principalement basés sur l'analyse par approche graphique (graphe de causalité) conjointement avec des outils statistiques. Le second objectif concerne la mise en oeuvre d'algorithmes de diagnostic de défauts. Une procédure hiérarchique de diagnostic de défauts s'appuyant sur les modèles de causalité du système est mise en oeuvre. Cette étape a aussi pour objectif de permettre l'évaluation des performances du système. La cible est le procédé d'application du projet PAPYRUS (papeterie Stora Enso d'IMATRA en Finlande) / This thesis is part of the European project PAPYRUS (7th FWP (Seventh Framework Program) and it concern the developments of models and tools for the analysis of an industrial process in interaction with system performance indicators. Thus, the developments of Plug & play algorithms for fault diagnosis. More specifically, the first objective of the thesis is to propose models and criteria, which allow, for large complex systems, whether the objectives expressed in terms of performance (cost, dependability, etc.) are achievable. Within the causality modeling system, a transfer entropy based method is proposed to identify the causality model of a system from data. We also focused on the influence of different faults on system performance reachability. The tools used are mainly based on graphical approach analysis in parallel with statistical tools. The second objective concerns the implementation of algorithms for faults diagnosis. A hierarchical fault diagnosis process based on causality model of the system is implemented. This step also allows the evaluation of the system performance. We applied our methods on the PAPYRUS project plant (board machine Stora Enso IMATRA in Finland)

Cette thèse est le résultat de recherche effectuée à Longwy au sein du département CID « Contrôle Identification et Diagnostic» du Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN). Elle concerne, d’une part, la synthèse des observateurs dynamiques (d’ordre plein et d’ordre réduit) et la commande basée observateur d’une classe de systèmes linéaires incertains, d’autre part, l’application de ces résultats aux systèmes de grande dimension. Dans une première partie, une nouvelle forme d’observateurs dynamiques H-infini est conçue pour les systèmes linéaires en présence d’entrées inconnues et de perturbations, pour les systèmes continus et discrets. L’observateur proposé généralise ceux existants tels que les observateurs proportionnels et proportionnels-intégrales. La conception d’observateur est fondée sur la résolution des inégalités matricielles linéaires (LMI). Ensuite, ces observateurs ont été utilisés dans la synthèse de contrôleurs basés observateur pour les systèmes incertains en présence de perturbations. Cette synthèse est basée sur le paramétrage des solutions des contraintes algébriques obtenues à partir des erreurs d’estimation. La solution est obtenue à partir de la résolution des inégalités matricielles bilinéaires en utilisant un algorithme à 2 étapes.Dans la dernière partie, les résultats obtenus ont été étendus aux systèmes de grande dimension. Dans ce cadre, les systèmes considérés sont décomposés en plusieurs sous-systèmes interconnectés de faible dimension, où les interconnections sont supposées non linéaires et satisfaire des contraintes quadratiques. Une commande décentralisée basée observateur dynamique est proposée pour les systèmes interconnectés incertains en présence de perturbations / The present thesis is the result of research conducted in Longwy, within the department Control, Identification, Diagnosis (CID) of Research Center for Automatic Control of Nancy (CRAN). This thesis investigates the problem of dynamic observer (full- and reduced-order) and observer-based control design and their applications to large-scale systems. Firstly, a new form of H-infinity dynamic observer is designed for linear systems in the presence of unknown inputs and disturbances. The proposed observer generalizes the existing results on proportional observer and proportional integral observer. The observer design is based on the solution of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). Both continuous-time and discrete-time systems are considered. Thereafter, by inserting the proposed observer into a closed-loop, an observer-based control is presented for uncertain systems in the presence of disturbances. Based on the parameterization of algebraic constraints obtained from the analysis of the estimation error, the control design is derived from the solution of bilinear matrix inequality, by using a two-steps algorithm. Finally, the obtained results have been extended to large-scale systems. A decentralized observer-based control is proposed for large-scale uncertain systems in the presence of disturbances. These systems are composed of several interconnected subsystems of low dimensions, where the interconnections are assumed to be nonlinear and satisfy quadratic constraints

Nesta tese exploramos uma classe de modelos de N-sítios que foram desenvolvidos para produzir grandes hierarquias de escalas. Usando a abordagem de desconstrução dimensional e correspondências apropriadas, esses modelos puramente quadridimensionais coincidem com modelos AdS5 no limite do contínuo, que corresponde ao limite com um grande núumero de grupos de gauge. Por outro lado, no limite em que há poucos grupos de gauge, tais teorias possuem os acoplamentos entre estados excitados e modos zero dos campos muito distintos dos acoplamentos em construções AdS5, resultando em uma rica fenomenologia a ser explorada no Large Hadron Collider (LHC). O problema da hierarquia do Modelo Padrão (MP) é resolvido se o campo de Higgs estão localizado no infravermelho, assim como nas teorias Randall-Sundrum. A hierarquia de massa dos férmions do MP e misturas são obtidas pelas diferentes localizações dos modos zero dos férmions no espaço dos sítios. Essa estrutura é empregada para abordar o problema da hierarquia sob uma nova perspectiva. Nós mostramos que uma descrição efetiva com poucos sítios de uma dimensão extra curva pode implementar os recentemente introduzidos modelos de relaxion, que são uma nova alternativa para explicar a estabilidade radiativa do setor escalar do MP através do mecanismo de relaxação cosmológico. Esses modelos requerem que o campo experimente grandes variações, que s~ao difíceis de serem geradas em um modelo ultravioleta consistente e de serem compatíveis com o espaço compacto do relaxion. Nós propomos um modelo de N-sítios que gera naturalmente essa grande constante de decaimento necessária para abordar esses problemas. No nosso modelo, a matriz de massa dos pseudo Bósons de Nambu-Goldstone (pBNGs), cujo modo zero faz o papel do relaxion, é idêntica à matriz obtida para uma linha de Wilson pBNG na desconstrução de AdS5. / this thesis we explore a class of N-site models that were developed to generate large-scale hierarchies. Using the dimensional deconstruction approach and appropriate matchings, these purely four-dimensional theories coincide with AdS5 models in the continuum limit, which corresponds to the limit with a large number of gauge groups. On the other hand, in the coarse lattice limit such theories have very distinct couplings of the excited states to zero mode fields compared with AdS5 constructions, resulting in a rich phenomenology to be explored at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Standard Model (SM) hierarchy problem is solved if the Higgs field is infrared-localized as in Randall-Sundrum scenarios. The SM fermion mass hierarchy and mixings are obtained by different localizations of zero mode fermions in the theory space. This framework is employed to tackle the electroweak hierarchy problem from a new perspective. We show that an effective few site description of a warped extra dimension can implement the recently introduced relaxion models, which are a new alternative to explain the radiative stability of the SM scalar sector through the cosmological relaxation mechanism. These models require very large field excursions, which are difficult to generate in a consistent ultraviolet completion and to reconcile with the compact field space of the relaxion. We propose an N-site model that naturally generates the large decay constant needed to address these problems. In our model, the mass matrix of the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone Bosons (pNGBs), whose zero mode plays the role of the relaxion field, is identical to the one obtained for a pNGBWilson line in the deconstruction of AdS5.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-10-04T13:38:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GEISA PERAL GIMENES MARTINS.pdf: 1580175 bytes, checksum: 8f822a47410e0626bff8ea2311ea33fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T13:38:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEISA PERAL GIMENES MARTINS.pdf: 1580175 bytes, checksum: 8f822a47410e0626bff8ea2311ea33fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / In this dissertation we present the results of the research on the initiative of the State Department of Education of S?o Paulo that, using the results of school performance in SARESP and data of school dropout, categorized or ranked schools in the colors blue, green, yellow, orange or red, in order to understand the trajectory, the operation and the reactions triggered by this governmental initiative in the educational scenario. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, we carried out a bibliographic research and established the state of the art in the academic-scientific literature regarding the categorization or ranking of schools by color, empirical research in order to understand the operation, implementation and extinction of this initiative in the light of perceptions of the school directors and regional directorates of education managers and, finally, documentary research, to study the repercussion of the implementation from the news reports published in the mainstream press, in the trade union press and in data on legal proceedings instituted against the Education of the State of S?o Paulo. The research pointed out that in the academic-scientific literature, in the mainstream press and in the legal media, there is a tendency to value the awards received by schools that obtained high performance in SARESP, with predominantly negative-biased speeches on schools ranking by color, focusing on the resistance of the teachers' union and teachers' dissatisfaction with the neoliberal logic that would be present in the government policies of the PSDB, with a reduced emphasis on positive aspects related to the actions of the State Department of Education. School principals and regional directories of education managers pointed out several positive points related to the categorization or ranking of schools by color, such as the motivation of the school teams that wanted to improve their results, the reflection of the pedagogical practice regarding the results obtained, the secretariat's investments in training courses, funds for underperforming schools, the simplicity of the quality indicator, and the fact that the results of ranking schools took teachers out of a comfort zone. However, the negative points, such as the stigmatization of poor-performing school-based school teams, motivated parents to transfer their children to better-performing schools, as well as the lack of clarity regarding the criteria used in schools ranking, accentuated the dissatisfaction and discomfort of many teachers with the actions that subsidized the categorization or ranking of color schools and raised the level of tension between teachers and the state secretariat of education, pressing the state government to extinguish the initiative in 2002, soon after its implementation. / Por meio da presente disserta??o apresentamos os resultados da pesquisa sobre a iniciativa da Secretaria de Educa??o do Estado de S?o Paulo que, utilizando-se dos resultados do desempenho escolar no SARESP e dados da evas?o escolar, categorizava ou classificava as escolas nas cores azul, verde, amarelo, laranja ou vermelho, com vistas a compreender a trajet?ria, o funcionamento e as rea??es desencadeadas por essa iniciativa governamental no cen?rio educacional. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, realizamos pesquisa bibliogr?fica e estabelecemos o estado da quest?o na literatura acad?mico-cient?fica referente a categoriza??o ou classifica??o das escolas por cores, pesquisa emp?rica com vistas a compreender o funcionamento, a implementa??o e a extin??o dessa iniciativa ? luz das percep??es dos diretores de escola e de gestores das diretorias regionais de ensino e, por fim, pesquisa documental, para estudar a repercuss?o da implementa??o a partir das not?cias veiculadas na grande imprensa, na imprensa sindical e em informa??es constantes de processos judiciais instaurados contra a Secretaria de Educa??o do Estado de S?o Paulo. A pesquisa apontou que na literatura acad?mico-cient?fica, na grande imprensa e nos meios legais h? uma tend?ncia de se valorizar as premia??es recebidas pelas escolas que obtiveram alto desempenho no SARESP, com predomin?ncia de discursos com vi?s negativo sobre a classifica??o das escolas por cores, focados na resist?ncia do sindicato dos professores e na insatisfa??o de professores com a l?gica neoliberal que estaria presente nas pol?ticas governamentais do PSDB, havendo reduzida ?nfase em aspectos positivos relacionados ?s a??es da secretaria estadual de educa??o. Os diretores de escola e gestores das diretorias regionais de ensino apontaram diversos pontos positivos relacionados ? categoriza??o ou classifica??o das escolas por cores, como por exemplo, a motiva??o das equipes escolares que desejavam melhorar seus resultados, a reflex?o da pr?tica pedag?gica diante dos resultados obtidos, os investimentos da secretaria em cursos de capacita??o, as verbas para as escolas com baixo desempenho, a simplicidade do indicador de qualidade e o fato de que os resultados da classifica??o das escolas tiraram os professores de uma zona de conforto. Entretanto, os pontos negativos, como por exemplo a estigmatiza??o das equipes escolares com o r?tulo de ruins que as escolas de baixo desempenho ficaram motivavam pais a transferir seus filhos para escolas com melhor desempenho, e, ainda, a falta de clareza quanto aos crit?rios utilizados na classifica??o das escolas, acentuaram a insatisfa??o e o desconforto de muitos professores com as a??es que subsidiavam a categoriza??o ou classifica??o das escolas por cores e elevaram o n?vel de tens?o entre os professores e a secretaria estadual de educa??o, pressionando o governo estadual a extinguir a iniciativa no ano de 2002, logo ap?s a sua implementa??o.

Early Universe physics leaves distinct imprints on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and Large-Scale Structure (LSS). The current cosmological paradigm to explain the origin of the structures we see in the Universe today (CMB and LSS), named Inflation, says that the Universe went through a period of accelerated expansion. Density fluctuations that eventually have grown into the temperature fluctuations of the CMB and the galaxies and other structures we see in the LSS come from the quantization of the scalar field (inflaton) which provokes the accelerated expansion. The most simple inflationary model, which contains only one slowly-rolling scalar field with canonical kinetic term in the action, produces a power-spectrum (Fourier transform of the two-point correlation function) approximately scale invariant and an almost null bispectrum (Fourier transform of the three-point correlation function). This characteristic is called Gaussianity, once random fields that follow a normal distribution have all the odd moments null. Yet, more complex inflationary models (with more scalar fields and/or non-trivial kinetic terms in the action, etc) and possible alternatives to inflation have a non-vanishing bispectrum which can be parametrized by a non-linearity parameter f_NL, whose value differs from model to model. In this work we studied the basic ingredients to understand such statements and focused on the observational evidences of this parameters and how the current and upcoming galaxy surveys are able to impose constraints to the value of f_NL with a better accuracy, through the multi-tracer technique, than those obtained by means of CMB measurements. / A física do Universo primordial deixa sinais distintos na Radiação Cósmica de Fundo (CMB) e Estrutura em Larga Escala (LSS). O paradigma atual da cosmologia explica a origem das estruturas que vemos hoje (CMB e LSS) através da inflação, teoria que diz que o Universo passou por um período de expansão acelerada. As flutuações de densidade que eventualmente crescem, dando origem às flutuações de temperatura da CMB, às galáxias e outras estruturas que vemos na LSS, provém da quantização do campo escalar (inflaton) que provoca a tal expansão acelerada. O modelo inflacionário mais simples, o qual contém um único campo escalar nas condições de rolamento lento e termo cinético canônico da ação, possui o espectro de potências (transformada de Fourier da função de correlação de dois pontos) aproximadamente invariante de escala e o bispectro (transformada de Fourier da função de correlação de três pontos) aproximadamente nulo. Tal característica é conhecida por Gaussianidade, uma vez que campos aleatórios cuja distribuição é uma normal tem todas as funções de correlação de ordem ímpar nulas. Contudo, modelos inflacionários mais complexos (mais campos escalares, termos cinéticos não-triviais na ação, etc) e alternativas possíveis à inflação possuem um bispectro não nulo, o qual pode ser parametrizado através do parâmetro de não-linearidade f_NL, cujo valor difere de modelo para modelo. Neste trabalho estudamos os ingredientes básicos para entender tais afirmações e focamos nas evidências observacionais desse parâmetro e como os levantamentos de galáxias atuais e futuros podem impor restrições ao valor de f_NL com uma precisão maior, através da técnica de múltiplos traçadores, do que aquelas obtidas com medidas da CMB.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adauto Marin Molck.pdf: 1439815 bytes, checksum: 33e91e2bb8c43c99c331f8edfb1ba655 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / This research belongs the Education Rating, mainly on studies about large scale rating, focused on Exame Nacional de Desempenho de Estudantes (ENADE). Based on the consensus about the importance of continuous improvement of rating programs sustained for Brazilian Federal Government with the goal of improving optimized educational policies, we intent to study the impacts of ENADE on the undergraduate courses, even as strategies to optimize the performance adopted by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The ENADE, implemented in 2004 during the government of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2006 and 2007-2010) is part of National System of Rating for Higher Education (SINAES) Law 10861 of April 14, 2004. Because the rating is also focused on students performance, ENADE can be considered equal of Courses National Rating (Exame Nacional de Cursos ENC), also called like Provao , created during Fernando Henrique Cardoso government (1994-1997 and 1998-2002), which differentiates because fit itself into a emancipatory perspective, trying measure the value of the graduation courses and their contribution on the students development, neutralized the ranking, eliminate the punishes based on academic performance, and others proposals. This is the clear rupture with the ENC principles, which are based on regulatory vision and focused on results control. At this project, we want realize a State of Art study about ENADE, using how reference master s and doctoral theses done in Brazil between 2004 and 2010, adopting, for this, three objectives parameters: (a) study ENADE inside the large scale evaluation implanted in Brazil on Higher Education; (b) Map the Brazilian scientific production printed on master?s and doctoral theses and projects since ENAD have been implanted; (c) Identify the impacts of ENADE on the graduation courses, as well as the strategies improve the institutional performance adopted by the Higher Education Institutions. This is a qualitative and quantitative research, essentially bibliographic type, which use how references techniques for Content Documental Analyze and Cases about the collected material. / A presente pesquisa se insere no campo da Avalia??o Educacional, especificamente nos estudos sobre avalia??o em larga escala, com foco no Exame Nacional de Desempenho de Estudantes (ENADE). Partindo do consenso no ?mbito governamental a respeito da import?ncia e da necessidade do aprimoramento cont?nuo dos programas de avalia??o, com o objetivo de aperfei?oamento das pol?ticas educacionais, pretende-se estudar os impactos do referido exame nos cursos de gradua??o e as estrat?gias para a melhoria do desempenho institucional adotadas pelas Institui??es de Educa??o Superior (IES). O ENADE, implantado em 2004, durante o governo de Luiz In?cio Lula da Silva (2003-2006 e 2007-2010), ? parte integrante do Sistema Nacional de Avalia??o da Educa??o Superior (SINAES), Lei 10.861, de 14 de abril de 2004. Na medida em que tamb?m se concentra na avalia??o do desempenho dos estudantes, pode ser considerado equivalente ao Exame Nacional de Cursos (ENC), o chamado Prov?o , criado durante o governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1994-1997 e 1998-2002), diferenciando-se deste por enquadrar-se em uma vis?o emancipat?ria, na medida em que tenta mensurar o valor agregado dos cursos de gradua??o ? forma??o do aluno, neutralizar o ranqueamento, eliminar as puni??es a partir do desempenho, entre outras finalidades. Trata-se de uma evidente ruptura com os princ?pios que sustentam o ENC, baseado numa vis?o regulat?ria e voltado para o controle de resultados. Neste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo do tipo Estado da Arte em torno do ENADE tendo como refer?ncias as disserta??es de mestrado e teses de doutorado produzidas no Brasil, no per?odo de 2004 a 2010, adotando como par?metros tr?s objetivos espec?ficos: (a) estudar o ENADE no contexto das Avalia??es em Larga Escala implantadas no Brasil na ?rea da Educa??o Superior; (b) mapear a produ??o cient?fica brasileira, expressa nas disserta??es de mestrado e teses de doutorado, produzidas desde a implanta??o do ENADE; (c) identificar os impactos do ENADE nos cursos de gradua??o, bem como as estrat?gias para a melhoria do desempenho institucional adotadas pelas Institui??es de Educa??o Superior. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, essencialmente de cunho bibliogr?fico, utilizando como refer?ncia as t?cnicas de An?lise Documental do Conte?do coletado.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:33:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania Aparecida Ferreira.pdf: 1581685 bytes, checksum: c9ee28eaf07f0e25e50fca300833d338 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-11 / In 1996, was established by the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002), the National Course Examination (ENC), a tool for large-scale assessment which lasted until 2003, when it was replaced by the National Examination of Student Performance (ENADE) as part of the National System of Higher Education Assessment (SINAES) established government Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). As a general goal, this dissertation meets identify and characterize the scientific production around the ENC in the form of doctoral theses and dissertations defended in the period 1999-2010, in order to outline the main thematic trends, focusing the impacts on the IES, specifically in undergraduate, and their strategies for institutional improvement. Employing the literature in order to undertake a study of the state of the art type, specific objectives focused on understanding the ENC in the context of large-scale assessments in the Brazilian higher education map the national scientific production in terms of timeline, areas of knowledge, methods of post- graduate studies, regional distribution and addressed themes as well as identify impacts on HEIs and their strategies for improving institutional performance, beyond the perception of the authors on the ENC. The analysis of theses and dissertations pointed out that the perception of the authors about the ENC can be characterized by a confrontation between the paradigm of consensus and conflict paradigm, detecting the existence of an epistemic community that strives for questioning the policies and refraction FHC, especially the forward and the associated ranking, classifying them as aligned to neoliberalism and referring their conduct to the interference of transnational bodies such as the World Bank. However, despite the unremitting critique of academia, the conclusion of this study is that the forward effectively produced impacts on HEIs from the threat of disqualification for poor performance, reflected in the areas of teaching and pedagogical organization, structure physical, scientific, faculty, student body, academic management and market relations. These impacts, in turn, led to the development of strategies in these areas, seeking institutional and course offerings improvement. Thus, it appears the effect of the external evaluation and its association to induce the ranking quality. / Em 1996, foi implantado pelo governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995 a 2002), o Exame Nacional de Cursos (ENC), um instrumento de avalia??o em larga escala que vigorou at? 2003, quando foi substitu?do pelo Exame Nacional de Desempenho do Estudante (ENADE), como parte do Sistema Nacional de Avalia??o do Ensino Superior (SINAES), instaurado no governo Luiz In?cio Lula da Silva (2003 a 2010). Como objetivo geral, esta disserta??o de mestrado cumpre identificar e caracterizar a produ??o cient?fica em torno do ENC, na forma de teses de doutorado e disserta??es de mestrado defendidas no per?odo de 1999 a 2010, com o intuito de delinear as principais tend?ncias tem?ticas, com foco nos impactos provocados nas IES, especificamente nos cursos de gradua??o, e em suas estrat?gias de aprimoramento institucional. Empregando a pesquisa bibliogr?fica, a fim de empreender um estudo do tipo estado da arte, os objetivos espec?ficos centraram-se em compreender o ENC no contexto das avalia??es em larga escala na educa??o superior brasileira, mapear a produ??o cient?fica nacional em termos de linha do tempo, ?reas do conhecimento, modalidades de p?s-gradua??o stricto sensu, distribui??o regional e eixos tem?ticos abordados, assim como identificar os impactos nas IES e suas estrat?gias de melhoria do desempenho institucional, al?m da percep??o de seus autores sobre o ENC. A an?lise das teses e disserta??es apontou que a percep??o de seus autores acerca do ENC pode ser caracterizada por um confronto entre o paradigma do consenso e o paradigma do conflito, detectando-se a exist?ncia de uma comunidade epist?mica que prima pelo questionamento e refra??o ?s pol?ticas de FHC, sobretudo, o ENC e o ranqueamento a ele associado, classificando-as como alinhadas ao neoliberalismo e remetendo sua condu??o ? interfer?ncia de organismos transnacionais, como o Banco Mundial. Entretanto, apesar da renitente cr?tica da academia, a conclus?o deste estudo ? a de que o ENC, efetivamente, produziu impactos sobre as IES, a partir da amea?a de descredenciamento por baixo desempenho, refletindo-se nas ?reas da organiza??o did?tico-pedag?gica, estrutura f?sica, produ??o cient?fica, corpo docente, corpo discente, gest?o acad?mica e rela??es com o mercado. Esses impactos, por sua vez, levaram ao desenvolvimento de estrat?gias nessas ?reas, buscando a melhoria institucional e das ofertas de curso. Dessa forma, constata-se o efeito da avalia??o externa e sua associa??o ao ranqueamento como indutores de qualidade