Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse analyse la Correspondance de Jérôme comme une pratique sociale, dans sa forme littéraire et dans son contenu idéologique. Les lettres de Jérôme exposent et promeuvent l’idéal de vie ascétique qui repose sur l’expérimentation de divers types de souffrances. Le moine développe une pluralité de discours pour répondre aux besoins de la pluralité de son lectorat et des différents contextes sociaux et culturels auxquels il fait face.Les pensées philosophiques grecques et stoïciennes concevaient les pratiques ascétiques comme des entraînements à la vertu. Jérôme a dressé des parallèles entre disciplines et techniques ascétiques profanes et chrétiennes. L’ascèse hiéronymienne prend appui sur ces différentes traditions pour former un modèle de vie ascétique inédit.L’ascétisme promu par Jérôme change de forme et d’intensité entre sa jeunesse, son échec érémitique à Chalcis et sa rencontre avec le cercle de l’Aventin. Il se fait progressivement le chantre d’une ascèse présentée comme modérée et forge un nouvel ethnotype de l’ascète à partir de l’ethnotype du noble romain. Le moine tourne le dos au message évangélique et diffuse un ascétisme réservé aux nobles : dans une logique propagandiste, il produit un nouveau type de prestige spirituel qui transcende le prestige social.L’importance de la figure de l’ascète dans le discours hiéronymien pose la question de sa fonction sociale. Les grands ascètes se caractérisent par leur mépris pour les activités profanes et par leur patience face aux rigueurs et aux souffrances : ils sont indispensables à la société du IVème siècle pour susciter et préserver le dégoût des plaisirs faciles chez les fidèles. / This thesis analyzes Jerome's Correspondence as a social practice, in its literary form and in its ideological content. Jerome's letters expose and promote the ideal of ascetic life which is based on the experimentation of various types of suffering. The monk develops a plurality of discourses to meet the needs of the plurality of his readership and the different social and cultural contexts that he faces.The Greek and Stoic philosophical thoughts conceived ascetic practices as entrainments to virtue. Jerome has established parallels between philosophical and Christian ascetic disciplines and techniques. The monk’s asceticism based on these different traditions creates a new model of ascetic life.The form and the intensity of the asceticism promoted by Jerome change between his youth, his eremitical failure at Chalcis and his encounter with the circle of the Aventine. The monk progressively promotes an asceticism presented as moderate. He forges a new ethnotype of the ascetic from the ethnotype of the Roman noble. The monk turns his back on the gospel message and spreads an asceticism restricted to the nobles : his propaganda campaign produces a new type of spiritual prestige that transcends social prestige.The importance of the figure of the ascetic in Jerome’s discourse raises the question of its social function. The great ascetics are characterized by their contempt for secular activities and by their patience to face austerities and sufferings. They are essential to the society of the fourth century to arouse and preserve the disgust of easy pleasures among the faithful.

Cette recherche repose sur l’étude rythmique de l’hexamètre de la poésie de Catulle. Elle est utile, car cela n’a jamais été entrepris dans le cadre d’un travail de grande envergure. Le but est de fournir, enfin, une étude complète sur ce type de mètre utilisé par Catulle. On répertorie tous les éléments permettant de déterminer les caractéristiques propres à l’auteur, par exemple : les césures, les schémas métriques et les finales des vers. Une fois ces éléments notés, on explique davantage ceux dignes d’être mentionnés. Par l’analyse des données, on justifie que Catulle adapte son style rythmique aux différents sujets qu’il aborde dans ses poèmes. De plus, pour rendre ce travail encore plus complet, on indique les diverses innovations introduites par l’auteur. Pour ce faire, on analyse deux œuvres de poètes antérieurs. D’abord, on explore l’Aratea de Cicéron, un poème écrit une génération avant notre auteur. Cela présente une vision générale de l’écriture hexamétrique presque contemporaine à Catulle. Ensuite, on étudie une sélection suffisante de vers tirée des fragments des Annales d’Ennius, car il est le tout premier poète à avoir écrit en hexamètre dans la langue latine en l’adaptant de la langue grecque. Pour terminer, on présente une analyse de certains éléments de deux auteurs grecs, Homère et Callimaque, afin de démontrer les liens entre eux et Catulle. Ainsi, l’analyse de ces quatre auteurs permet d’avoir un portrait juste de l’écriture hexamétrique avant Catulle. On recense les éléments amenés par Catulle de ceux provenant soit de la mode de son époque ou soit venant d’une certaine tradition archaïque. Pour finir, on arrive à prouver que notre auteur réussit à innover, même s’il reste borné aux limites de son époque. / This research is a rhythmical study of the dactylic hexameter in Catullus. It has never been undertaken on such a large scale. The aim is to provide, at last, a complete study of this type of meter as used by Catullus. All elements that allow definition of the author's characteristics, for example, caesuras, metrical patterns and verse clausulae, are counted. Once these elements are noted, those worthy of mention are further explained. Through the analysis of the data, it is established that Catullus adapts his rhythmic style to the different subjects he addresses in his poems. In addition, to make this work even more complete, the various innovations introduced by the author are identified. To achieve this, two works by earlier poets are analysed. First, Cicero's Aratea, written a generation before the author under study, is explored. Thus is presented a general view of hexametric writing almost contemporary to Catullus. Next, a sufficient selection of verses from the fragments of Ennius' Annals is studied, as he was the very first poet to write hexameters in the Latin language, adapting the form from the Greek. Finally, an analysis of some elements of two Greek authors, Homer and Callimachus, is presented to demonstrate the links between them and Catullus. Thus, the analysis of these four authors allows an accurate portrait of hexametric writing before Catullus. Elements added by Catullus are distinguished from those coming either from the fashion of his time or from a certain archaic tradition. In the end, a picture emerges of an innovating author, even if he remains within the limits of his time.

This dissertation examines the ideological role and adaptation of the mythical British past (derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae) in chronicles of England written in Anglo-Norman, Latin, and English from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, in terms of the shaping of English history during this time. I argue that the past is an important lens through which we can read the imagined geographies (Albion, Britain and England) and ‘imagined communities’ (the British and English), to use Benedict Anderson’s term, constructed by historical texts. I consider how British history was carefully re-shaped and combined with chronologically conflicting accounts of early English history (derived from Bede) to create a continuous view of the English past, one in which the British kings are made English or ‘of England’. Specifically, I examine the connections between geography and genealogy, which I argue become inextricably linked in relation to mythical British history from the thirteenth century onwards. From that point on, British kings are increasingly shown to be the founders and builders of England, rather than Britain, and are integrated into genealogies of England’s contemporary kings. I argue that short chronicles written in Latin and Anglo-Norman during the thirteenth century evidence a confidence that the ancient Britons were perceived as English, and equally a strong sense of Englishness. These texts, I contend, anticipate the combination of British and English histories that scholars find in the lengthier and better-known Brut histories written in the early fourteenth century. For the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, my study takes account of the Albina myth, the story of the mothers of Albion’s giants (their arrival in Albion before Brutus’s legendary conquest of the land). There has been a surge of scholarship about the Albina myth in recent years. My analysis of hitherto unknown accounts of the tale, which appear in some fifteenth-century genealogical rolls, leads me to challenge current interpretations of the story as a myth of foundation and as apparently problematic for British and English history. My discussion culminates with an analysis of some copies of the prose Brut chronicle (c. 1300) – the most popular secular, vernacular text in later medieval England, but it is seldom studied – and of some fifteenth-century genealogies of England’s kings. In both cases, I am concerned with presentations of the passage of dominion from British to English rulership in the texts and manuscripts in question. My preliminary investigation of the genealogies aims to draw attention to this very under-explored genre. In all, my study shows that the mythical British past was a site of adaptation and change in historical and genealogical texts written in England throughout the high and later Middle Ages. It also reveals short chronicles, prose Brut texts and manuscripts, and royal genealogies to have great potential future research.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to explore Marcus Tullius Cicero's awareness and interpretation of contemporary political events as reflected in his private correspondence during the last years of both the Roman republic and his own life. Cicero's correspondence gives a detailed view of current political events in Rome and constitutes, with Caesar's own narrative, our major contemporary evidence for the circumstances of the civil war of 49 BC. The dissertation takes as Leitmotiv Cicero's own judgement of the state as 'sacrificial victim' to the ambitions of individual politicians, with as metaphor his examination of a 'dying' body politic in the manner of a haruspex inspecting the entrails of a sacrificial animal. It poses the question whether Cicero understood the message of political decline signalled by the 'entrails' of the 'carcass' of the res publica, and whether this ability in its turn enabled him to anticipate future political development in Rome. In what follows, the theoretical input of Cicero's predecessors, their perceptions of constitutional development, and of Roman politics in particular, as well as Cicero's own perception of their political theories will be considered in order to determine the extent of Cicero's awareness of a larger pattern of political events, and how consistent he was in his analyses of such patterns, that is, to what extent Cicero may be considered seriously as a political analyst. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oogmerk van die verhandeling is om vas te stel of Marcus Tullius Cicero met reg daaop kan aanspraak maak dat hy eietydse politieke gebeure sinvol kon interpreteer as die manifestering van 'n nuwe politieke stroming wat die voorkoms van die toekomstige Romeinse politieke toneel sou bepaal. Cicero se waarneming en begrip van eietydse politieke gebeure in die laaste paar jaar van die Romeinse Republiek en sy eie lewe word tekenend weerspieël in sy persoonlike briefwisseling uit die tydperk 51 tot 43 v.C. As historiese dokument bied hierdie korrespondensie, as primêre bronmateriaal, naas die behoue kontemporêre beriggewing van Julius Caesar, die enigste ander kontemporêre getuienis vir die uitbreek en nadraai van die burgeroorlog van 49 v.C. Die sentrale tema van die verhandeling is Cicero se persepsie van die Romeinse staat as die 'slagoffer' van magsugtige politieke rolspelers. Cicero se rol as waarnemer en politieke analis word uitgebeeld deur die metafoor van 'n haruspex (profeet) wat die 'ingewande' van die 'karkas' van die gestorwe Romeinse Republiek ondersoek. Die kernvraag wat gestel word is, of Cicero inderdaad daartoe in staat was om die boodskap van politieke verandering raak te lees, die implikasies daarvan te begryp en daarvolgens 'n beredeneerde toekomsprojeksie van die Romeinse politieke toneel te maak. Om te bepaal of Cicero meriete verdien as 'n politieke analis, word die volgende kriteria as toetsstene gebruik: die teoretiese insette van Cicero se voorgangers en sy beheersing van sodanige politieke teoretisering, die mate waarin hy konsekwent en objektief kon oordeel, en die mate waarin hy teorie en die praktiese werklikheid van die Romeinse politieke situasie kon integreer.

In Roman society, freed slaves were elevated to a citizen-like status, yet they never had the full rights of their free-born counterparts. Despite the inequality of the system, many freedmen appear to have found great success in the realm of business. This report endeavors to reveal why it was that this group prospered within the Roman economy using a pseudo-Darwinian perspective. Scholarship has, for the most part, tended to avoid Darwinian lines of thought in sociological studies but this report shows the power of this type of thinking. The first chapter clarifies the nature of slavery in the Roman world and the wide variety of experiences that slaves could have. Chapter two considers the different ways that slaves could be manumitted and how a freedman’s status could differ depending on the formality of his release from servitude. The third chapter examines the literary representations of freedmen in the genre of comedy and Petronius’ Satyricon. Chapter four turns to the archaeological evidence and provides a sense of how freedmen represented themselves to the wider community. Lastly, the fifth chapter, using a pseudo-Darwinian model, will show that the image of the successful freedman is not an anomaly of the archaeological record or a trope of Latin literature but an inevitable outcome of the intense selection that slaves underwent. / text

Cette thèse porte sur un corpus hagiographique de vingt-sept textes latins d’Afrique du Nord, daté du IIe au VIe siècle. Ce corpus n’avait jamais fait l’objet d’une synthèse depuis les travaux de P. Monceaux au début du XXe siècle. Dans une première partie, tous les textes latins ont été réunis, accompagnés d’une traduction personnelle et d’un apparat des sources exhaustif : plusieurs ont fait l’objet d’une nouvelle édition critique, et un nouveau texte, la recension longue de la Passion de Marciana, a ainsi été découvert. Ce corpus fait ensuite l’objet d’une étude historique. Les deux premières parties étudient ces textes comme témoignages de la christianisation de l’Afrique, vue à travers l’étude du phénomène complexe des persécutions et du martyre. La troisième partie illustre les multiples potentialités du discours hagiographique, qui concourt à faire du martyr un nouveau héros chrétien, héritier du héros païen et du thème judéo-hellénistique du Juste souffrant. La dernière aborde le corpus comme témoignage de la culture littéraire des élites africaines et apporte une contribution à l’histoire culturelle de l’Afrique du Nord et à celle de la circulation des idées et des oeuvres. Elle traite aussi de manière nouvelle la question de l’africitas, selon les méthodes du LASLA de l’Université de Liège auxquelles j’ai voulu soumettre trois passions de Maurétanie Césarienne. / This thesis focuses on a corpus of twenty-seven hagiographic texts from Roman North Africa, dated from the second to the sixth century. None synthesis on this corpus had been made since P. Monceaux’s work in the early twentieth century. In the first part, all the latin texts were collected, together with a translation and an exhaustive research of the sources : for many ofthem I gave a new critical edition, and a new text, the long recension of the Passion of Marciana, has been discovered. This corpus is then studied from an historical point of view. The first two sections examine these texts as evidence of the christianization of Africa, through the study of the complex phenomenon of persecutions and martyrdom. The third partillustrates the multiple potentialities of hagiographic discourse, which tends to make a new Christian hero, combination of pagan hero and of the theme of Judeo-Hellenistic Just suffering. The latter addresses the corpus as evidence of the literary culture of African elites and contributes to the cultural history of North Africa and of the circulation of ideas and works. It also discusses the question of the africitas, according to the methods of the LASLA of the University of Liège, methods applied to three passions of Caesarean Mauretania.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo traduzir e analisar o Liber Primus da obra Inscriptionum Libri Duo, do poeta neolatino francês Jean Visagier. Esse livro foi publicado em 1538, em Paris, na tipografia de Simon de Colines. O Liber Primus dessa obra possui noventa e três epigramas que foram traduzidos e, posteriormente, estudados quanto à imitação que fazem da antiguidade clássica. Encontramos vestígios, nesses epigramas, de autores latinos como Catulo, Marcial e Ovídio. Sendo um poeta renascentista, em alguns momentos foi necessário cotejar seu texto com a tradição posterior à clássica, sobretudo nos epigramas de cunho erótico. Inclui-se, ainda, um estudo introdutório sobre a inserção de Jean Visagier na cultura do século XVI, principalmente entre o grupo de poetas neolatinos. / The purpose of this research is to translate and to analyze the Liber Primus of the book Inscriptionum Libri Duo, by the French Neo-Latin poet Jean Visagier. This book was published in 1538, in Paris, in the typography of Simon de Colines. The Liber Primus has ninety-three epigrams that were translated and later studied regarding their imitation of Classical Antiquity. We found vestiges, in these epigrams, of Latin authors like Catulus, Martial and Ovid. As Visagier is a Renaissance poet, at times, it was necessary to compare his text with the post-Classical tradition, especially in the erotic epigrams. It also includes an introductory study on the insertion of Jean Visagier in the culture of the sixteenth century, mainly in the group of Neo-latin poets.

A presente pesquisa visa a traduzir e analisar os elementos escatológicos do texto latino do séc. XII, Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (\"Tratado do Purgatório de São Patrício\"), comparando-os àqueles encontrados em obras ou trechos representativos de mesma ou similar natureza, pertencentes tanto à Alta, quanto à Baixa Idade Média, ainda que não se excluam obrigatoriamente narrativas externas a tais períodos. Entre os textos a serem cotejados, citam-se os seguintes a título de exemplo: a versão latina longa da Visio Pauli (\"A Visão de Paulo\") editada por Hilhorst e Silverstein (1997), os relatos do pós-vida expostos no cap. XXXVI, livro IV, dos Libri Dialogorum, de Gregório Magno, assim como as visões dos cavaleiros Drythelm e Tnugdal, sendo a primeira delas descrita por Beda, no livro V, cap. XII, de sua História Eclesiástica do Povo Inglês (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum). / The purpose of this research is to translate the 12th century Latin text Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (\"The Treatise on St. Patrick\'s Purgatory\") and analyze the eschatological elements present in the text by comparing them to those found in works or excerpts of similar nature belonging mainly to the Early and High Middle Ages. Among these are the Long Latin version of the Visio Pauli (\"The Vision of Paul\") edited by Hilhorst and Silverstein (1997), the accounts of life after death described in chapter XXXVI, Book IV, of Gregory the Great\'s Libri Dialogorum (\"Dialogues\"), as well as the visions of the knights Drythelm and Tnugdal, the first of these rendered by Bede in chapter XII, Book V, of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum).

Texte remanié de : Thèse de doctorat : Lettres : Heidelberg : 1983. / Bibliogr. p. 243-252.