This thesis aims to evaluate the Turkish Labour Law on the basis of a new approach to legal studies that follow the internal tendency of legal science to resolve its own problem, which is that of convincingly defining the point of contact between norm and fact (form and content), materially connecting the juridical organisation of power with the social structuring of power, while avoiding both formalist and positivist deviations. Against this background, the thesis aims to assess the correlation between the recent changes in the international division of labour and the structural forms, on the axis of which the Turkish legal system functions. This endeavour includes an attempt to view law in its location as a component to a general and persistent process of social regulation that secures general patterns of social domination. This study argues that the role of the collective labour law over the stabilisation of wage relations is increasingly deteriorated by the changing nature of the state and of work, including the new institutionality and the increasing influence of business over labour politics. After the &lsquo / discovery&rsquo / of the importance of the universal principle of the freedom of contract in labour law, the regulatory powers of individual labour law have extended to the realm of capital-labour relations having an impact over the social division of labour and have acquired a relative dominance.

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Two relatively new EPA policies encourage the inclusion of pollution prevention in regulatory enforcement settlements. The advantages to a firm include reduction or elimination of environmental problems at the source (thus decreasing reliance on end-of-pipe controls), enhanced prospects for future compliance, and a potential for a reduction in the assessed penalty. We discuss the factors that influence both EPA and firms to include pollution prevention in enforcement settlements, characterize the process in a few exemplary cases, and recommend ways to enhance and expand these activities. The research presented focused on case study analysis of 10 recent EPA-negotiated enforcement settlements that included chemical substitutions, process changes, or closed-loop recycling

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No description available.

The explosion of the global financial crisis in 2007-08 reignited the urgency to reflect on the origins and causes of financial collapses. As the above events kick-started an economic meltdown that is still ongoing, comparisons with the Great Crash of 1929 started to abound. In particular, the externalities that a broad spectrum of societal groups had to bear as a consequence of various banking failures highlighted the necessity of a more inclusive and balanced regulation of firms whose activities impact on a wide range of stakeholders.The thesis is centred on the proposal of a paradigm, the “enlightened sovereign control”, that provides a theoretical, institutional and substantive framework as a response to the legal issues analysed in the thesis. These stem primarily from the analysis of two sequences of events (the 2001-03 wave of “accounting frauds” and the 2007-08 global crisis) which represent the background upon which modern financial scandals are explained. This is done by highlighting a number of common denominators emerging from the case studies (Enron and Parmalat, Northern Rock and Lehman Brothers) which caused financial instability and scandals. The research is grounded on the initial recognition of theoretical themes in the field of corporate and financial law, which eventually link with the more practical events examined. This parallel enquiry leads to the investigation of two heavily interrelated spheres of law and finally highlights more practical legal issues that emerge from the analysis.Through this multifaceted approach, the thesis contends that the occurrence of financial crises during the last decade is essentially rooted in two main problems: a corporate governance one, represented by the lack of effective control systems within large public firms; and a corporate finance one identified with the excesses of financial innovation and related abuses of capital market finance. Research conducted in this thesis ultimately seeks to contribute to current debates in the areas of corporate and financial law, through the proposals of the “enlightened sovereign control” paradigm.

This thesis discusses the evolution of the role of the pharmacist in U.S. health care delivery from its early origins to modern day practice. Public policy, education and licensing requirements, and technological advances have substantially shaped the role of the pharmacist and what health care services they provide. Where pharmacists once provided direct patient care when formal modes of pharmacist professionalization did not exist, post-WWII mass production of pharmaceuticals confined pharmacists to dispensing and distribution duties that did not fully utilize their drug knowledge. Consequently, pharmacy educators and leaders have pushed pharmacy practice into an era of “pharmaceutical care,” emphasizing direct patient care activities and the employment of pharmacists’ drug expertise. Pharmacists today have moved back into clinical roles, participating in patient care activities alongside other health care professionals—sometimes even providing primary care services. Due to the U.S.’s growing dependence of prescription drugs and the American public’s continuous demands for high quality care, greater access to health care services, and containment of health care costs, pharmacists will likely acquire greater responsibilities in direct patient care.

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After the initial excitement about the Internet as a space outside of governmental control has evaporated and courts in several states have applied national laws to ‘Cyberspace’, there is now a consensus among scholars that regulators have in principle the authority and capacity to regulate the Internet. Nevertheless, the application of the established tools of regulation - legislation and adjudication - to the current challenges to copyright regulation posed by the Internet has proven to be ineffective and produced undesirable side effects. Although market self-regulation has been suggested as a more efficacious approach to regulating the Internet and has proven effective in content regulation and Internet governance, the market has so far been unsuccessful in providing an effective and efficient remedy to the challenges to copyright regulation. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a novel approach to regulation and analyse its benefits and limitations. The novel approach defies the conceptualisation as co- and self-regulation, but introduces the solution from outside the regulated environment through entrepreneurship and innovation, and relies on the forces of the market to become effective. In this thesis, I analyse the regulatory systems implemented by two private organisations, Noank Media and Creative Commons, in China’s reportedly ineffective copyright law environment and find that their market-based and innovative approach to regulation can be understood as a form of social entrepreneurship. Social enterprises have been claimed to deliver social goods more effectively and efficiently than governmental intervention, because they are said to rely on local knowledge, to be driven by the demand of the stakeholders, and to be focused on social value creation. Based on quantitative and qualitative fieldwork with Noank Media’s and Creative Common’s stakeholders in China I analyse to what extent these two enterprises managed to successfully leverage the assets of social entrepreneurship. I conclude that while the novel approach has demonstrated the potential to produce more effective and more efficient regulation, it does not automatically result in Better Regulation. Further efforts are required to ensure participation, transparency, and public accountability, and to avoid regulatory fragmentation.

A adoção da modelagem institucional de governança do processo de avaliação ambiental norte-americano, centrada na figura da agência líder, deverá demandar a edição de uma lei formal, prevendo o referido arranjo jurídico-institucional, na forma de uma moldura (framework) adaptável às necessidades especificas e peculiaridades de cada setor da Administração. Dessa forma, a referida lei formal funcionaria como uma norma geral, e como tal poderia ser complementada pela legislação infralegal, que viria a estabelecer as disposições especificas para dar efetividade ao instituo da agência líder nos setores em que seja desejável e oportuna a implantação do mesmo, a critério da Administração. Destarte, a atuação do Poder Legislativo estaria restrita à introdução ao sistema jurídico doméstico do instituto estrangeiro, estabelecendo apenas seus contornos básicos, cabendo à Administração a avaliação da oportunidade e conveniência da escolha dos setores específicos, do estabelecimento dos contornos normativos e do momento da efetiva regulamentação concreta do instituto. / O trabalho foi aprovado e publicado em cumprimento a Norma Interna NP- 40.001.00 / Submitted by Romilson de Almeida Volotão (romilsonvolotao@terra.com.br) on 2016-03-28T21:06:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ULTIMA VERSÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2567378 bytes, checksum: a714072d0ee77f369be1901d8193e7fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-03-30T18:46:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ULTIMA VERSÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2567378 bytes, checksum: a714072d0ee77f369be1901d8193e7fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-03-31T18:02:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ULTIMA VERSÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2567378 bytes, checksum: a714072d0ee77f369be1901d8193e7fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T18:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ULTIMA VERSÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2567378 bytes, checksum: a714072d0ee77f369be1901d8193e7fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / The issue of staggered performance of the Brazilian public administration, indeed evident in some cases is extremely worrying from the point of administrative efficiency of decision-making systems and processes of the various sectors that make up its structure. In this line, the general objective of this study is to analyze the dysfunctions caused by the lack of coordination in the exercise of administrative activity by the Brazilian state. However, because the topic is too broad to fit in the narrow confines of a dissertation, choose a specific institutional arrangement to serve the north of this study: the administrative and environmental licensing process for infrastructure projects. The infrastructure projects require a range of permits and licenses issued by numerous agencies or government entity, have jurisdiction to rule, each within their respective area of expertise, and on the basis of various laws. Therefore, the uncoordinated activities of these actors causes considerable economic losses, mainly due to the delay in decision-making, the exaggerated strictness of the requirements and environmental conditions and excessive legalization sector disputes. Thus, the theme-problem of this dissertation is to seek the best legal response to the propositional problem related to the inefficiency of the licensing process for infrastructure projects in Brazil. In this goal, the economic rationale was chosen as theoretical framework. With this expected to formulate proposal that the licensing process for infrastructure projects in Brazil could become a new institutional governance modeling formulated based on the study compared to the US legal system more efficient if it were adopted, whose environmental assessment process is based on interagency coordination and central figure in the so-called lead agency. / A problemática da atuação desconcertada da Administração pública brasileira é deveras evidente em alguns casos, e extremamente preocupante sob o aspecto da eficiência administrativa dos sistemas e processos decisórios dos diversos setores que compõem sua estrutura. Nessa toada, o objetivo geral do presente estudo é analisar as disfunções geradas pela falta de coordenação no exercício da atividade administrativa pela Estado brasileiro. Entretanto, como o tema é abrangente demais para caber nos estreitos limites de uma dissertação de mestrado, escolhemos um arranjo institucional específico para servir de norte deste estudo: o processo de licenciamento administrativo e ambiental de empreendimentos de infraestrutura. Os empreendimentos de infraestrutura demandam uma gama de autorizações e licenças emanadas de inúmeros órgãos ou entidade do poder público, igualmente competentes para decidir, cada qual dentro de sua respectiva área de atuação, e com fundamento em legislações diversas. Por conseguinte, a atuação descoordenada desses atores causa consideráveis prejuízos econômicos, mormente em decorrência da demora na tomada de decisões, do rigorismo exacerbado dos requisitos e condicionantes ambientais e do excesso de judicialização de controvérsias do setor. Destarte, o tema-problema da presente dissertação consiste em buscar a melhor resposta jurídica para o problema propositivo relacionado à ineficiência do processo de licenciamento de empreendimentos de infraestrutura no Brasil. Nesse desiderato, foi escolhida a racionalidade econômica como referencial teórico. Com isso espera-se formular proposta no sentido de que o processo de licenciamento de empreendimentos de infraestrutura no Brasil poderia tornar-se mais eficiente caso fosse adotada uma nova modelagem de governança institucional formulada com base no estudo comparado com o sistema jurídico norte-americano, cujo processo de avaliação ambiental está baseado na coordenação interagências e na figura central da chamada agência líder.