Leadership in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has remained an under-researched area in the management literature, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. SME owner-managers in Nigeria lacked in-depth understanding of their leadership style to objectively evaluate its implication on long-term performance and growth of their enterprise. The purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore the experiences of SME owner-managers in Nigeria to gain an in-depth understanding of their leadership style and its implication for long-term performance and growth of their enterprise. The conceptual framework for this study was anchored in two key concepts; leadership styles and leadership in SMEs, with the full range leadership model as the theoretical foundation. The research question sought to explore the role of SMEs owners and managers leadership styles in the long-term success of their enterprise. Interview data were collected from 6 SME owner-managers who employ less than 200 employees within the manufacturing, education, and trading sectors. The cross-case synthesis technique was used for data analysis which allowed for within-case analysis and cross-case comparisons. Findings from this study showed that Nigerian SME owner-managers do not follow any specific leadership style. They exhibited few characteristics of transformational and transactional leadership behaviors, leaning more to transactional leadership. This study has significance for positive social change by providing insights on how leadership styles can improve the performance and sustainability of Nigerian SMEs, thus increasing their capacity to create employment.

Virtual team leaders in health care must have the right resources available to help them effectively perform their jobs. Better performance from the leader may lead to greater employee satisfaction. The problem addressed by this study was the impact of leadership style on employee satisfaction of virtual nurses. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to investigate the relationship between the leadership styles of virtual nursing environment leaders as perceived by virtual employee nurses and the nurses' satisfaction as measured by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire-short form. Building on the theoretical foundation of Bass's 1990 work, this study examined the relationship between full range leadership and three measures linked to team success, work effort, perceived leader effectiveness, and employee satisfaction, for virtual teams. Populations came from national organizations that hire registered nurses to work remotely. The sampling strategy was a nonprobability convenience sample of 131 registered nurses. Data analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistics. Correlations were used to predict the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. There were strong positive correlations with transformational leadership and transactional leadership contingent reward with employee satisfaction, while passive/avoidant leadership correlations were negative with employee satisfaction. The potential significance of this study is a better understanding of how leadership in a virtual nursing environment can affect employee satisfaction, which can have a positive effect on job performance and employee retention, potentially leading to improved health care services and reduced health care costs.

Leadership can improve the quality of work through motivation or degrade work through pressure. Leadership effectiveness depends on style and work environment. Differences in work environment may create challenges for leaders transitioning from private to public organizations. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between leadership styles and ease of transition from private to public organizations. The study included the full-range leadership model as the theoretical foundation. Seventy-seven public sector employees in Ontario, Canada, participated in a survey to measure leadership style and effectiveness of transition from private to public sector. Results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that only the transactional leadership style had a significant positive relationship with the ease of transition from private to public sector. The study indicated that ease of transition of leaders moving from the private to the public sector would be higher for leaders who practice the transactional style of leadership more frequently. The results of this study might effect positive social change for public sector organizations in improving their hiring, orientation, and training of leaders transitioning from the private sector, resulting in better led and more effective public organizations. The result of this study could also positively affect leaders by providing a better understanding about how their styles might help or hinder their transition from the private sector, and enable them to succeed after their transition to the public sector.

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna undersökning är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer skapa en ökad förståelse för, och belysa skillnader och likheter inom, ledarskap i tjänste- och tillverkningsföretag. Syftet är också att fastställa om eventuella skillnader beror på verksamhetens inriktning eller om det finns andra skäl till skillnaderna.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>I min studie har jag använt mig av det kvalitativa angreppssättet, det har jag gjort eftersom jag försöker att sätta mig in i hur olika ledare tänker och agerar i olika situationer, jag försöker även komma underfund med vilken ledarskapsstil de använder sig av. Jag har utfört sex intervjuer av semistandardiserad karaktär, intervjuerna har genomförts på plats hos respektive respondent. Utfallet av dessa intervjuer redovisas i empiriavsnittet och kopplas sedan samman med teorier i analysavsnittet. Resultatet av min undersökning redovisas slutligen i avsnittet slutsats.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats: </strong>Min slutsats är att jag inte kan hitta några betydande skillnader på ledarskapets inriktning och ledarens ledarskapsstil som beror på om ledarens företag är ett tjänsteföretag eller ett tillverkande företag. Däremot kan jag hitta flera likheter där den största är att samtliga ledare som jag intervjuat i denna uppsats har en i grunden demokratisk ledarskapsstil. Sett ur ett större perspektiv tycker jag att ledarskap och ledarskapsstil inom de två olika verksamhetstyperna tjänste- och tillverkningsföretag utgår från samma grunder.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Förslag till fortsatt forskning:</strong> Att studera den demokratiska ledarskapsstilen på djupet för att försöka hitta olika nyanser och inriktningar av demokratiskt ledarskap skulle vara intressant. Att kvantitativt studera vilken ledarskapsstil ledare inom tjänsteföretag jämfört med tillverkningsföretag har, för att statistiskt bevisa vilka ledarskapsstilar som används skulle också vara intressant. Eller att jämföra unga oerfarna ledare med äldre erfarna ledare. Ett ytterligare förslag till fortsatt forskning är att jämföra kvinnliga ledare med manliga.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag: </strong>Denna uppsats har bidragit med att ge en ökad förståelse för hur ledarskap och ledarskapsstilar ser ut hos olika ledare, på olika position, i olika typer av företag. Uppsatsen tydliggör också skillnader och likheter mellan ledare i tjänsteföretag och tillverkningsföretag.</p> / <p><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this study is that through qualitative interviews provide a greater understanding, and highlight the differences and similarities within, leadership in service and manufacturing companies. It also aims to establish whether any differences due to the focus of activity or if there are other reasons for the differences.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method:</strong> In my study I have used the qualitative approach; I've done because I try to put me into how various leaders think and act in different situations, I am also trying to figure out what leadership style they use. I've done six interviews of semi-standard nature; the interviews have been conducted on the premises of each respondent. The outcome of these interviews are reported in the empirical section and then connected to the theories in the analysis section. The results of my study will be presented finally in the section conclusions.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions: </strong>My conclusion is that I cannot find any significant differences in leadership orientation and leader's leadership style that depends on whether the leader's business is a service or manufacturing company. However, I can find many similarities with the biggest being that all the leaders whom I interviewed in this essay have a fundamentally democratic leadership style. From a larger perspective, I think that leadership and management style within the two different types of business, Service Company and Manufacturing Company is based on the same grounds.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research: </strong>To study the democratic leadership style deeper and try to find different nuances and approaches of the democratic leadership would be interesting. To quantitatively examine the leadership style of leaders in service compared to manufacturing companies, in order to statistically prove the leadership styles used would also be interesting. Or to compare young inexperienced leader with more experienced leaders. A further proposal for continued research is to compare female to male leaders.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis: </strong>This paper has contributed to a better understanding of how leadership and leadership styles, looks at different leaders, different positions, in different types of businesses. The essay also makes clear the differences and similarities between leaders in service and manufacturing companies.</p>

<p> </p><p>The purpose of this case study was to view if there were any differences and similarities between Swedish and American female leaders, with focus on the Swedish female leaders. We also wanted to find out if the American female leaders had problem whit the classcelling.</p><p>Our case study is a quality method, because we wanted to reach the dep't that quality methods can reach. We interviewed four Swedish female leaders and tried to get in touch whit American female leaders but whit out any success. So instead we analyzed already existing research about the American female leadership. </p><p>Our result showed that there were some differences between the two countries; in the same time we also found similarities. The classcelling tends to exist more in Sweden than in the US. </p><p> </p><p> </p>

The aim of this study was to examine if transformational leadership, transactional leadership, gender, educational level, income and age predict work motivation, referring to Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. According to past research the factors above increase work motivation. The study was brought about with a survey based on the Multi Factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory and demographic items. The result showed that transformational leadership and age predicted the motivation factors. Transformational leadership also predicted the hygiene factors, nevertheless with minor correlation. Age, gender, income and educational level had no influence on the motivation- and hygiene factors. An interpretation of the result might be that transformational leadership contains factors that easily motivate employees while age has a greater importance when it comes to satisfaction and motivation than it has to dissatisfaction. / Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om faktorerna transformational ledarskap, transactional ledarskap, kön, utbildningsnivå, inkomst och ålder predicerar arbetsmotivation, utifrån Herzbergs motivations- och hygienfaktorer. Enligt tidigare forskning leder ovan nämnda faktorer till högre arbetsmotivation. Studien genomfördes med en enkät baserad på ledarskapsformuläret Multi Factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), Herzbergs motivations- och hygienfaktorer samt demografiska frågor. Resultatet visade att transformational ledarskap och ålder predicerade motivationsfaktorerna. Även hygienfaktorerna predicerades av transformational ledarskap men dock svagare. Ålder, kön, inkomst och utbildning hade ingen inverkan på vare sig motivations- eller hygienfaktorerna. En tolkning till resultatet kan vara att transformational ledarskap innehåller faktorer som ger goda förutsättningar att motivera medarbetarna medan ålder har en större betydelse för trivsel och motivation än vad den har för vantrivsel.

The purpose of this case study was to view if there were any differences and similarities between Swedish and American female leaders, with focus on the Swedish female leaders. We also wanted to find out if the American female leaders had problem whit the classcelling. Our case study is a quality method, because we wanted to reach the dep't that quality methods can reach. We interviewed four Swedish female leaders and tried to get in touch whit American female leaders but whit out any success. So instead we analyzed already existing research about the American female leadership.  Our result showed that there were some differences between the two countries; in the same time we also found similarities. The classcelling tends to exist more in Sweden than in the US.

Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer skapa en ökad förståelse för, och belysa skillnader och likheter inom, ledarskap i tjänste- och tillverkningsföretag. Syftet är också att fastställa om eventuella skillnader beror på verksamhetens inriktning eller om det finns andra skäl till skillnaderna.   Metod: I min studie har jag använt mig av det kvalitativa angreppssättet, det har jag gjort eftersom jag försöker att sätta mig in i hur olika ledare tänker och agerar i olika situationer, jag försöker även komma underfund med vilken ledarskapsstil de använder sig av. Jag har utfört sex intervjuer av semistandardiserad karaktär, intervjuerna har genomförts på plats hos respektive respondent. Utfallet av dessa intervjuer redovisas i empiriavsnittet och kopplas sedan samman med teorier i analysavsnittet. Resultatet av min undersökning redovisas slutligen i avsnittet slutsats.   Resultat &amp; slutsats: Min slutsats är att jag inte kan hitta några betydande skillnader på ledarskapets inriktning och ledarens ledarskapsstil som beror på om ledarens företag är ett tjänsteföretag eller ett tillverkande företag. Däremot kan jag hitta flera likheter där den största är att samtliga ledare som jag intervjuat i denna uppsats har en i grunden demokratisk ledarskapsstil. Sett ur ett större perspektiv tycker jag att ledarskap och ledarskapsstil inom de två olika verksamhetstyperna tjänste- och tillverkningsföretag utgår från samma grunder.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Att studera den demokratiska ledarskapsstilen på djupet för att försöka hitta olika nyanser och inriktningar av demokratiskt ledarskap skulle vara intressant. Att kvantitativt studera vilken ledarskapsstil ledare inom tjänsteföretag jämfört med tillverkningsföretag har, för att statistiskt bevisa vilka ledarskapsstilar som används skulle också vara intressant. Eller att jämföra unga oerfarna ledare med äldre erfarna ledare. Ett ytterligare förslag till fortsatt forskning är att jämföra kvinnliga ledare med manliga.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna uppsats har bidragit med att ge en ökad förståelse för hur ledarskap och ledarskapsstilar ser ut hos olika ledare, på olika position, i olika typer av företag. Uppsatsen tydliggör också skillnader och likheter mellan ledare i tjänsteföretag och tillverkningsföretag. / Aim: The aim of this study is that through qualitative interviews provide a greater understanding, and highlight the differences and similarities within, leadership in service and manufacturing companies. It also aims to establish whether any differences due to the focus of activity or if there are other reasons for the differences.   Method: In my study I have used the qualitative approach; I've done because I try to put me into how various leaders think and act in different situations, I am also trying to figure out what leadership style they use. I've done six interviews of semi-standard nature; the interviews have been conducted on the premises of each respondent. The outcome of these interviews are reported in the empirical section and then connected to the theories in the analysis section. The results of my study will be presented finally in the section conclusions.   Result &amp; Conclusions: My conclusion is that I cannot find any significant differences in leadership orientation and leader's leadership style that depends on whether the leader's business is a service or manufacturing company. However, I can find many similarities with the biggest being that all the leaders whom I interviewed in this essay have a fundamentally democratic leadership style. From a larger perspective, I think that leadership and management style within the two different types of business, Service Company and Manufacturing Company is based on the same grounds.   Suggestions for future research: To study the democratic leadership style deeper and try to find different nuances and approaches of the democratic leadership would be interesting. To quantitatively examine the leadership style of leaders in service compared to manufacturing companies, in order to statistically prove the leadership styles used would also be interesting. Or to compare young inexperienced leader with more experienced leaders. A further proposal for continued research is to compare female to male leaders.   Contribution of the thesis: This paper has contributed to a better understanding of how leadership and leadership styles, looks at different leaders, different positions, in different types of businesses. The essay also makes clear the differences and similarities between leaders in service and manufacturing companies.

Today, computers and communications have changed the relationship among firms, the structure of some existing companies, the advancement of information technology (IT), and increased competition among enterprises. IT plays an important role in enterprise. IT Managers face global competition, and therefore, must be prepared to respond to abrupt changes. They need to ensure their capabilities and resources are sufficient to cope with the environmental challenges that arise. Therefore, this research will concentrate on investigating the relationships among empowerment, leadership style, personality of IT manager and IT department performance. The moderating effects of organizational culture and organizational structure on the relationship between IT manager characteristics and IT department performance are also considered in the study. The result shows four major findings. First, empowerment of IT manager has a significant positive effect on IT department performance. Second, the presence of a transformational leadership style of IT manager has positive effects on IT department performance. Third, IT managers classified as Internal LOC have significantly higher departmental performance than IT managers classified as External LOC. Finally, organizational culture and organizational structure were shown to have no moderating effect between empowerment of IT manager and IT department performance. The findings of this research can serve as a reference for organizations to improve selection of managers with potential for improving department performance.

<p>The aim of this study was to examine if transformational leadership, transactional leadership, gender, educational level, income and age predict work motivation, referring to Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. According to past research the factors above increase work motivation. The study was brought about with a survey based on the Multi Factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory and demographic items. The result showed that transformational leadership and age predicted the motivation factors. Transformational leadership also predicted the hygiene factors, nevertheless with minor correlation. Age, gender, income and educational level had no influence on the motivation- and hygiene factors. An interpretation of the result might be that transformational leadership contains factors that easily motivate employees while age has a greater importance when it comes to satisfaction and motivation than it has to dissatisfaction.</p> / <p>Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om faktorerna transformational ledarskap, transactional ledarskap, kön, utbildningsnivå, inkomst och ålder predicerar arbetsmotivation, utifrån Herzbergs motivations- och hygienfaktorer. Enligt tidigare forskning leder ovan nämnda faktorer till högre arbetsmotivation. Studien genomfördes med en enkät baserad på ledarskapsformuläret Multi Factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), Herzbergs motivations- och hygienfaktorer samt demografiska frågor. Resultatet visade att transformational ledarskap och ålder predicerade motivationsfaktorerna. Även hygienfaktorerna predicerades av transformational ledarskap men dock svagare. Ålder, kön, inkomst och utbildning hade ingen inverkan på vare sig motivations- eller hygienfaktorerna. En tolkning till resultatet kan vara att transformational ledarskap innehåller faktorer som ger goda förutsättningar att motivera medarbetarna medan ålder har en större betydelse för trivsel och motivation än vad den har för vantrivsel.</p>