<p>Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (SEVT) calls for motivation researchers to treat learning and motivation as inseparable from context. Previous research has examined students’ expectancies and values in specific disciplines, showing dynamic changes over time. Limited research has examined students’ processes of change, considered the influence of students’ disciplinary identities, or solicited characteristics of the disciplinary environment that influence change. Additionally, current frontiers of the field aim to race-reimage motivational constructs. By situating motivation research in the race and gender experiences of historically marginalized students (i.e., Black, Latinx, Hispanic, Indigenous, women), the field can expand motivation theories to support a diversifying population, instead of relying on theories primarily based on the experiences of White individuals. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the processes of motivational and identity change and situate students' identity and motivation negotiations in their disciplines, race, and gender. Using a qualitative, single case study design, eight undergraduate students of color majoring in science or engineering and who were on academic probation were interviewed. Results identified three processes of negotiating their identity and motivation that students employed in response to being on probation. Students reported challenges to their identity and motivation negotiations situated in their race and gender experiences. However, they also shared cultural assets that supported their continued identification with, expectancies for success in, and valuing of their science and engineering disciplines. Findings propose theoretical and methodological implications considering communal values in the SEVT model. Practical implications are discussed for instructors and student success personnel to integrate students’ social identities and communal motivations into their</p> <p>disciplinary engagement.</p>

本研究旨在探討國軍人員參與「碩士專班及碩士學分班」在職進修動機與自我效能及工作績效之關係，根據文獻回顧與推論，本研究主張國軍人員參與在職進修的動機會影響到個人的自我效能，並進一步影響其工作績效。根據此一概念，本研究共提出五個假說並進行實證的分析驗證。 研究方法主要是以問卷調查法為主，問卷的編制是以文獻探討與研究假說所形成之研究架構為依據。以便利抽樣之方式針對北區國軍在職進修人員寄發問卷，總共發出200份，回收有效問卷151份，回收率為79.50%。 研究結果顯示，國軍人員參與在職進修之動機會影響進修者之自我效能與工作績效。其中進修動機為「追求成就」、「成長認知」、「專業發展」、「社交關係」及「外界期望」等五個層面得分愈高者，其學習自我效能及工作績效表現也愈高，另外，本研究亦發現在職進修的動機具有多元取向且動機取向間互有關係。 由於目前國內針對國軍人員參與在職進修的動機、學習自我效能與個人工作績效之相關研究尚屬少見，因此本研究結果除了可以提供國軍推動終身學習政策的實務參考外，對自我效能與學習動機的理論發展，也提供了具體之建樹。 關鍵字：國軍人員、在職進修、進修動機、自我效能、工作績效 / The purpose of this research is to probe the relationship among learning motivation, self-efficiency and job performance for military officers who participate in the in-service learning program of master degree or related credit class. Based on the literature review and theoretical inference, this research argues that learning motives of participant will influence learning self- efficiency and, further more, his or her job performance. Accordingly, this research proposes and tests five hypotheses by way of field data. The research methodology is mainly the survey approach and the design of questionnaire is according to the research framework based on the literature and hypotheses. By convenience sampling approach, 200 questionnaire mails were sent to the military officers in northern part of Taiwan and 151 effective questionnaires were received with the valid response rate of 79.50%. The result shows that the learning motivation of program participant has significant impact on self-efficiency and job performance. Among these motivations, the higher of ‘pursuing achievements’, ‘growing recognition’, ‘professional development’, ‘social relationship’, and ‘external expectation’, the higher of self-efficiency and the better of job performance. Furthermore, the study also finds that the learning motivations are multifaceted and correlated with each other. At present, it is rare to study the relationships among learning motivation, self-efficiency, and job performance about military officers. The result of this study, therefore, offers a meaningful mirror for military department to consider the improvement of life-learning program. In addition, this study makes a great contribution in terms of the theories about learning motivation and self-efficiency. Key word: military officers, in-service learning, learning motivation, self-efficacy, job performance

Admissions processes for health professions programs result in students entering these programs academically homogeneous. Yet some students have great difficulty with the programs. Research has shown a limited ability of traditional academic indicators to predict successful outcomes for health professions education. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between learning motivation and academic outcomes for students in health professions programs. The Modified Archer Health Professions Motivation Scale (MAHPMS) and a demographic survey were administered at orientation to 131 medical and 29 physician assistant students at the University of North Texas Health Science Center in the fall of 2005. At the end of the semester, the same version of the MAHPMS was administered, and final course grades and semester averages were collected. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for all the study variables. Analysis of variance was utilized to examine within subjects and between subjects differences for the learning motivation scores among programs and demographic categories. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between learning motivation scores and end-of-semester grades. And finally, logistic regression was performed to explore the ability of the motivation scores to predict academically high-risk students. Approximately three-fourths of the students indicated a preference for mastery learning and an internal locus of control. For the PA students, alienation to learning and performance goal scores statistically related to semester grades, and alienation to learning scores predicted high-risk academic performance almost 90% of the time. For the medical students, mastery goal scores statistically related to semester grades, but no motivation score predicted high-risk performance. External locus of control scores predicted high-risk performance 81% of the time for the total group of students at the end of the semester. Students in this study exhibited learning motivation preferences similar to those of other health professions students reported in the literature. The findings of this study agreed with the literature on achievement motivation theory and raised questions regarding the effect of health professions curricula on student learning goals. Similar studies, measuring larger samples longitudinally need to be conducted in order to further validate or elucidate the results of this study.

A presente pesquisa tem por objeto o estudo dos aspectos motivacionais que atuam na relação professor-aluno nas aulas de Física do Ensino Médio em escolas públicas do estado de São Paulo, e foi guiada pela seguinte questão: Por que em relação aos estudos algumas pessoas gostam, querem e se esforçam, enquanto outras ou são claramente apáticas, ou simplesmente desistem? A busca por respostas a esta questão foi empreendida através da análise do conteúdo de uma série de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, realizadas junto a cinco (05) professores e onze (11) alunos, todos voluntários. Esta análise se deu de tal forma que os aspectos motivacionais modelaram um instrumento específico de estudo, convenientemente desenhado para este trabalho. Da análise dos dados emergiram dimensões que evidenciam um importante papel motivacional, positivo e negativo, dos conteúdos e das interações, tanto para alunos quanto para professores. Já para os professores, além destas duas dimensões, o exercício profissional impôs-se com bastante importância. Por fim, a interpretação dos dados, das categorias e das dimensões revelou-nos encontros e desencontros importantes entre professores e alunos. Dentre eles destacam-se a prática inconsciente (os professores motivam e desmotivam seus alunos e nem sequer se dão conta disso) e a percepção da variedade motivacional (grande diferença na variedade de situações motivacionais quando vistas por professores ou alunos). / The subject of this research is to study the motivational aspects that play a role in the relationship between teachers and students during Physics classes on High School in public schools of São Paulo. It was conducted by the following question: why, in relation to the act of studying, some people like it and made efforts in order to learn, while others are clearly apathetic or simply give up? The search for answers to this question was made by analysing the content of many semi-structured interviews with five (05) teachers and eleven (11) students, all volunteers. This analysis was done in such a way that the motivational aspects modelled an specific tool of study, specifically designed for this work. From the analysis of the data arose dimensions that show an important motivational role (positive and negative) of the content, even to students as for teachers. To teachers, beyond this two dimensions, the professional experience is very important. And finally, the interpretation of data, category and dimensions revealed to us significant matches and mismatches between students and teachers. Some of them would be the unconsious practice (teaches motivate their pupils whitout even noticing they are doing it) and the perceptions of motivational variety (great diference in the variety of motivational situations when faced by teachers or students).

本研究旨在探討運用點讀筆是否具有提升國中生之英語學習動機、英語朗讀流暢度及學習滿意度效益。此外，本研究亦探討場地獨立型與場地依賴型不同認知風格學生應用點讀筆進行英語學習，在提升英語學習動機、英語朗讀流暢度上是否具有差異。 本研究以桃園縣某公立國中兩班共62位七年級學生為研究對象，分為實驗組與控制組，實驗組以教師搭配點讀筆進行英語教學，控制組則以教師施予傳統教學方式進行。量化資料分析來自一分鐘口語流暢度之前後測、學習動機與滿意度問卷。所得資料以描述性統計、t考驗、單因子共變數分析與Pearson積差相關進行資料分析與研究結果歸納，質化資料分析包含學生訪談問卷之開放問題與教師教學省思。 本研究之主要發現如下： 1.相較於施予傳統英語教學的控制組，教師應用點讀筆輔助英語教學的實驗組，整體學習動機明顯優於控制組； 2.無論是施予傳統英語教學的控制組或是教師應用點讀筆輔助英語教學的實驗組，兩組的英語朗讀流暢度表現無顯著差異，但在口語朗讀字數進步幅度上實驗組明顯優於控制組；3. 教師應用點讀筆輔助英語教學能顯著提升不同認知風格的學生之英語學習動機； 4.教師應用點讀筆輔助英語教學對不同認知風格的學生英語朗讀流暢度表現無顯著差異，但能顯著提升不同認知風格的學生的口語朗讀字數進步幅度，研究結果顯示實驗組場地獨立與場地依賴學生的英語朗讀字數進步幅度明顯優於控制組； 5.實驗組學生使用點讀筆的次數與口語流暢度具有顯著正相關；6.實驗組學生的學習滿意度顯著優於控制組，實驗組學生自覺應用點讀筆輔以英語教學使他們更勇於開口朗讀英文、會注意發音與語調，對英語學習更有自信、上課更專心，也更積極參與課堂活動。 總結而論，本研究結果顯示教師應用點讀筆輔助英語教學，為一種有助於提升國中學生的英語學習動機、學習滿意度及英語朗讀能力的有效教學模式。國中英語教師可參考此結果，善加運用多元的數位資源融合於英語學習的教學活動之中，以觸發更有效的英語學習效果。最後，根據研究結果，本研究亦提出教師應用點讀筆輔助英語教學在教學、教材設計及教育行政單位配合之建議，希望能作為國中英語教學設計與實務教學上的參考。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the intelligent pen on EFL junior high school students’ oral reading fluency, learning motivation and learning satisfaction. It also attempts to compare the performance among students of different congnitive style on learning motivation and oral reading fluency. The pretest-posttest nonequivalent group design was adopted. The subjects were two groups of the junior high school students, one as the experimental group instructed by the application of intelligent pen and the other, as the control group, instructed by the traditional lecture method. At first, a pretest was conducted to measure the students’ English oral reading fluency and learning motivation. At last, English oral reading fluency, English learning motivation and satisfaction were also measured as parts of posttests. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANCOVA,and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. As for the data collected from the students’ responses to the questionnaires, they are analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The following were the main findings of this study. 1. The experimental group’s posttest learning motivation score was higher than the control group’s. Compared the experimental group’s pretest and posttest learning motivation scores, the posttest levels were significantly higher than the pretest ones. For the control group, there was no significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores. 2. The experimental group’s posttest English oral reading fluency score was not significantly higher than the control group’s. However, the experimental group made progress more significantly than the control group. For the experimental group and the control group, there were significant difference between their own pretest and posttest scores, because the control group was still offered more chances to read English aloud than before. 3.Not only field-independent (FI) students but also field-dependent (FD) ones were superior in the learning motivation. 4.Both the Field-independent (FI) and field-dependent (FD) students of the experimental group made progress in a gain of WCPM more significantly than the control group. 5. A student’s oral reading fluency score was positive correlation with the frequency of using the intelligent pen. 6. The experimental group’s posttest learning satisfaction scores were significantly higher than the control group’s.The findings suggest that the students of the experimental group’s learning satisfaction toward English had improved significantly after the proposed instruction. Most students reported that not only their pronunciation and intonation had become better but also they had become more concentrative in class and more active in participating in the classroom learning owing to the intelligent pen. In conclusion, compared with the traditional lecture method, applying intelligent pen to English teaching had significantly positive effect on promoting junior high school students’ English oral reading proficiency, learning motivation, and learning satisfaction. Furthermore, the students held positive attitudes towards the proposed instruction. Designing teaching curriculum, the English teachers in junior high schools may take the effects and differences into consideration.Meanwhile, the teachers can apply the digital resource in the English teaching activities to achieve more effective learning results. Hence, pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research are provided in the end.

本研究旨在探討影響台灣非英語系大學生英語學習動機之因素，並建構動機模式。透過文獻探討，此動機模型包含以下五種動機成分：「融合取向」(Integrativeness)」、「工具取向(Instrumentality)」、「內在取向(Intrinsic Orientation)」、「外在取向(Extrinsic orientation)」及「動機行為(Motivational Behaviors) 」。本研究之研究對象為302位來自台北市8所大學的非英語系大一生。研究工具為包含「融合取向」(Integrativeness)」、「工具取向(Instrumentality)」、「內在取向(Intrinsic Orientation)」、「外在取向(Extrinsic orientation)」及「動機行為(Motivational Behaviors) 」五個量表的動機問卷。資料分析方法為結構方程模式(Structural Equation Modeling)。首先探討初始假設模型與樣本的適配情形，其次根據修正指標及相關理論進行模式修正，修正後之模式與資料適配。修正後的模式中，「融合取向」(Integrativeness)」、「工具取向(Instrumentality)」、「內在取向(Intrinsic Orientation)」、「外在取向(Extrinsic orientation)」彼此相關。然而，在此四變項中，僅「融合取向」(Integrativeness)」對於「動機行為(Motivational Behaviors) 」有顯著影響。此結果顯示「融合取向」(Integrativeness)」之定義可能已有所轉變。而研究對象之背景、變項之間的相互抵銷作用以及中介變項可能是其餘三變項對於「動機行為(Motivational Behaviors) 」無顯著影響之因。文末進一步提出相關建議，以期能作為台灣英語教師及未來研究參考。 / The purpose of this study was to investigate what kinds of motivational component influence motivational behaviors of Taiwanese non-English majors, and to propose an empirically grounded model of English learning motivation which presented the relationship among these components. The components in the model are Integrativeness, Instrumentality, Intrinsic Orientation, Extrinsic orientation and Motivational Behaviors. The participants in the study were 302 freshmen studying in Taipei City. The instrument was an adapted questionnaire composed scales of Integrativeness, Instrumentality, Intrinsic Orientation, Extrinsic orientation and Motivational Behaviors. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the data. The hypothesized model was tested and modified using the 302 samples of the participants. In the final model, the four components, Integrativeness, Instrumentality, Intrinsic Orientation, and Extrinsic Orientation were found to correlate with one another. However, among the hypothesized influences on Motivational Behaviors, namely, the influences from Integrativeness, Instrumentality, Intrinsic Orientation, and Extrinsic Orientation on Motivational Behaviors, only the path between Integrativeness and Motivational Behaviors was left in the modified model. The result may indicate the transfer of the definition of Integrativeness, and the two removed paths and one no significant path may be explained by the background of the participants, the compensatory effects, and the existence of mediating variables. Finally, it is expected that the results of the present study offer a new perspective to understand Taiwanese EFL learners’ English learning motivation, and provide pedagogical implications for English instructors in Taiwan and future studies.

This study investigated the effects of grade level and gender on elementary school students&rsquo / motivation towards science learning. This study was carried out during 2007-2008 fall semester at 12 public elementary schools in Yenimahalle districts of Ankara. A total of 2231 students (1121 boys, 1093 girls, 17 did not report their gender) participated in the study. In terms of grade level, 1164 were enrolled in 6th grade level and 1055 in 8th grade (12 did not report their grade level). Data were collected through Students&rsquo / Motivation Towards Science Learning Questionnaire (SMTSL). Two-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted in order to identify the effects of grade level and gender on six dimensions of motivation (i.e. self efficacy, active learning strategies, learning environment stimulation, science learning value, achievement goal and performance goal) towards science learning. Two-way MANOVA results showed that grade level and gender had a significant effect on the collective dependent variables. Follow-up univariate analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between 6th and 8th grade students&rsquo / motivation towards science learning regarding mean scores on each motivational variable. In addition, mean scores on each motivational variable, except leaning environment stimulation, were significantly different for boys and girls, in favors of girls. Result demonstrated that students&rsquo / motivation towards science learning declined as the grade level increased and girls had a higher motivation towards science learning than boys.

Lietuvai atkūrus nepriklausomybę, staiga keitėsi gyvenimo būdas, atsirado naujų gyvenimo iššūkių - atviresnių tarpusavio santykiai, vis atsinaujinančios technologijos, įvairios reformos, reorganizacijos ir pan. Daug ką kopijuojame ar tiesiog perimame iš kitų šalių, nes mąstymas, sąmonė, tradicijos, įpročiai nespėja keistis. Mokykla pasuko vakarietiško demokratėjimo kryptimi. Todėl keičiasi mokyklos klimatas, kartu keičiasi ir mokyklos bendruomenės narių tarpusavio santykiai, kuriamos sąlygos asmenybės ugdymui. Visuomenė mokyklai iškelia dvejopą vaidmenį: mokyklą turi suteikti mokiniams kokybišką išsilavinimą ir ugdyti laisvai bei kritiškai mąstančius asmenis, gebančius priimti savarankiškus sprendimus ir mokančius prisitaikyti kintančiame pasaulyje. Kiekvienam vaikui įgimtas noras eiti į mokyklą, kur įgyjama pirmoji patirtis. Šalia esantys žmonės mokykloje sukuria sąlygas vaikams, kad šie „judėtų reikiama kryptimi“. Mokinių pasiekimų tyrimai rodo, kad prastėja mokymosi kokybė, dažniau mokiniai paliekami kurso kartoti, daugiau mokinių praleidžia pamokas be pateisinamos priežasties ar iš vis nustoja lankyti mokyklą. Pirmuosius sunkumus mokiniai patiria jau III-IV klasėje ar anksčiau. Vadinasi, ugdymo proceso organizavime yra trūkumų. Todėl tyrimo objektas - mokyklos vadovų ir mokytojų pradinių klasių mokinių mokymosi motyvacijos skatinimas, o tikslas - išsiaiškinti pradinės mokyklos ugdymo organizavimo ir valdymo galimybes bei įtaką pradinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / After Lithuanian going independence our may of life changed, we met have more open relationship, new technologies, different reforms, reorganization and etc. Our way of thinking, consciousness, traditions and habits are slowly changing that’s way a lot of things we just copy from other countries. School has turned to western democracy. With this turn school’s climate is changing together with school’s community member’s relationship and growing conditions for personality development. Society raises dual task for school. Firstly school has to give qualified education, then develop free and critical thinking, also persons who can take independent decisions and adopt in changing world. Every child has innate desire go to school, where he gets his first experience. School’s personal create circumstances, which lead children. Pupil’s achievements research shows that studying quality is decreasing; more children miss classes without just fictive reasons or stop attending school at all. Every child has innate desire so know and learn, but already in 3rd and 4th forms they experience first studying difficulties. It means that there are some defects of development process management. The object of this survey is learning of the motivation school’s heads, teachers and pupils of primary school. To reach the purpose these methods were chosen theoretical (pedagogical, psychological, social, philosophical) literature, educational system documents studies; comparative conception and... [to full text]

英語字彙的知識和能力是學好英語的關鍵因素之一，同時亦是影響閱讀流暢度的主要原因。但英語字彙教學常受限於時間及語言學習環境的限制，致使學習成效有限。隨著資訊科技的進步，許多研究著手於發展科技輔助英語字彙學習系統來輔助學習者進行英語字彙學習，希望能將英語字彙學習擴展到課程之外的時間。過去閱讀標註系統已被成功應用在提升學生的閱讀及字彙能力，然而相關的研究大都以使用文字、圖片和影片單一標註功能為主，鮮少研究探討多媒體閱讀標註對於字彙學習的研究。此外，閱讀標註部份也以教師的標註輔助學習為主，未有透過學生合作標註輔以英語字彙學習的研究。鑒於多媒體標註功能對教學的助益，本研究探討以具多媒體標註功能的數位閱讀標註系統來輔助英語字彙學習，不同多媒體標註組合對於英語字彙學習的影響差異。 據此，本研究探討在英文閱讀文本上讓國小學童採用文字及聲音(學生錄音)、圖片及聲音(學生錄音)與文字、圖片及聲音(學生錄音)等三種不同多媒體閱讀標註輔以英語字彙學習，對於兒童英語字彙學習成效、英語學習動機、學習滿意度以及記憶保留的影響差異。此外，也進一步探討採用上述三種不同多媒體閱讀標註輔以英語字彙學習，對於不同認知風格、不同英語能力及不同性別學童的英語字彙學習成效、英語學習動機、學習滿意度，以及記憶保留的影響差異，希望能發展出最有助於兒童基於多媒體閱讀標註輔以英語字彙學習的有效閱讀標註輔助學習模式。 研究結果發現：（1）採用語音標註搭配文字及圖片標註的學童在英語字彙學習的成效上，顯著優於採用語音標註搭配圖片標註的學童，而採用語音標註搭配圖片標註的學童之成效又顯著優於採用與語音標註搭配文字標註的學童；（2）採用語音標註搭配文字及圖片標註以及採用語音標註搭配圖片標註的學童在英語字彙記憶保留的成效上顯著優於採用語音標註搭配文字標註的學童；（3）採用三種不同多媒體搭配進行合作式閱讀標註的學童，其英語學習動機除了使用語音標註搭配文字標註的學童在「動機強度」向度的表現顯著優於使用語音標註搭配圖片標註的學童外，其餘向度未達顯著差異；而學習滿意度均無顯著差異；（4）採用語音標註搭配文字及圖片標註的圖像型學童，在英語字彙學習成效顯著高於採用語音標註搭配文字標註的圖像型學童；（5）採用語音標註搭配文字及圖片標註進行英語字彙學習的圖像型學童之英語字彙學習保留成效，顯著優於採用語音標註搭配文字標註的圖像型學童；（6）採用語音標註搭配文字及圖片標註的高分組學童之英語字彙學習成效，顯著高於採用語音標註搭配文字標註以及採用語音標註搭配圖片標註的高分組學童；（7）採用語音標註搭配文字及圖片標註的高分組學童之英語字彙學習保留成效，顯著優於採用語音標註搭配文字標註的高分組學童；（8）學童採用語音標註搭配文字、語音標註搭配圖片標註、語音標註搭配文字及圖片標註三種模式進行合作式閱讀標註，其英語字彙學習成效與英語字彙記憶保留程度，以及英語學習動機與學習滿意度之間具顯著相關性。最後，本研究亦提出應用多媒體標註於英語教學以及未來研究方向上的建議。 / English vocabulary knowledge and capability are the key factors in well learning English as well as the major factor in reading fluency. Nonetheless, English vocabulary teaching is often restricted to time and language learning environments to further restrict the learning achievement. With the advance of information technology, a lot of research focuses on developing technology-assisted English vocabulary learning systems to help learners’ English vocabulary learning, expecting to expand English vocabulary learning to the time beyond lessons. Past reading annotation systems were successfully applied to enhance students’ reading and vocabulary capabilities. However, most relevant research stressed on single annotation function of text, picture, and video, but seldom on multimedia reading annotation towards vocabulary learning. Moreover, reading annotation also concentrated on teacher annotation-assist learning, but not on student cooperative annotation assisted English vocabulary learning. In consideration of the assistance of multimedia annotation in teaching, a digital reading annotation system with multimedia annotation functions is utilized for English vocabulary learning to discuss the effects of different multimedia annotation combination on English vocabulary learning. Accordingly, English vocabulary learning assisted with different multimedia reading annotation of text & voice (student recording), picture & voice (student recording), and text, picture & voice (student recording) in English reading texts for elementary pupils is investigated the effects on children’s English vocabulary learning achievement, English learning motivation, learning satisfaction, and memory retention. Furthermore, the above multimedia reading annotation assisted English vocabulary learning are also discussed the effects on English vocabulary learning achievement, English learning motivation, learning satisfaction, and memory retention of pupils with different cognitive styles, English capabilities, and genders, expecting to develop the most effective reading annotation assisted learning model based on multimedia reading annotation assisted English vocabulary learning. The research findings are summarized as below. (1) Pupils applying voice annotation with text & picture annotation significantly outperform the ones with voice annotation and picture annotation on English vocabulary learning achievement, while the ones with voice annotation with picture annotation remarkably outperform those voice annotation and text annotation. (2) Pupils applying voice annotation with text & picture annotation and the ones applying voice annotation with picture annotation notably outperform the others with voice annotation and text annotation on the achievement of English vocabulary memory retention. (3) Among pupils applying different multimedia with cooperative reading annotation, the ones with voice annotation and text annotation present significantly better performance than those with voice annotation and picture annotation on Motive Strength in English learning motivation, but not on the rest dimensions. Besides, the learning satisfaction does not appear remarkable difference. (4) Pictorial pupils applying voice annotation with text & picture annotation notably present higher English vocabulary learning achievement than those pictorial pupils with text annotation. (5) Pictorial pupils applying voice annotation with text & picture annotation significantly outperform the other pictorial pupils with voice annotation and text annotation on the achievement of English vocabulary learning retention. (6) High-score pupils applying voice annotation with text & picture annotation remarkably outperform the other high-score pupils applying voice annotation with text annotation and voice annotation with picture annotation on English vocabulary learning achievement. (7) High-score pupils applying voice annotation with text & picture annotation notably outperform the other high-score pupils with voice annotation and text annotation on the achievement of English vocabulary learning retention. (8) Pupils applying different cooperative reading annotation of voice annotation with text annotation, voice annotation with picture annotation, and voice annotation with text & picture annotation show significant correlations between English vocabulary learning achievement and English vocabulary memory retention as well as English learning motivation and learning satisfaction. Finally, suggestions for applying multimedia annotation to English teaching and for future research directions are also proposed in this study.

本研究主要目的是以文獻分析、問卷調查、潛在成長模式等方法探討數學焦慮、數學學習動機與數學學業成就等三個變項的縱貫模式及因果結構模式。根據五百二十九位國三學生所填的五波調查問卷資料，進行兩部分研究。 研究一乃在估算數學焦慮、數學學習動機、數學學業成就的潛在改變量模式及 數學焦慮、數學學習動機、數學學業成就兩兩之間的因果結構模式。結果發現1.數學焦慮縱貫模式上，符合「焦慮遞增理論」；2.數學學習動機縱貫模式上，符合「動機先升後降理論」；3.數學學業成就縱貫模式上，符合「成就先升後降理論」； 4.數學焦慮與數學學習動機因果結構模式上，符合「動機焦慮交互激發效果理論」；5.數學焦慮與數學學業成就因果結構模式上，符合「焦慮成就交互抑制效果理論」；6.數學學習動機與數學學業成就因果結構模式上，符合「動機成就交互激發效果理論」。 研究二則依據研究一二變項因果結構統計驗證成立的三套理論，建構出三變項因果結構六模式，並驗證有無中介效果。結果顯示，1.前焦慮、中動機、後學業成就因果模式上，符合「動機未完全中介前焦慮、後學業成就理論」；2. 前動機、中焦慮、後學業成就因果模式上，符合「焦慮未完全中介前動機、後學業成就理論」；3.前焦慮、中學業成就、後動機因果模式上，符合「學業成就未完全中介前焦慮、後動機理論」；4.前學業成就、中焦慮、後動機因果模式上，符合「焦慮未完全中介前學業成就、後動機理論」；5. 前動機、中學業成就、後焦慮因果模式上，符合「學業成就未完全中介前動機、後焦慮理論」；6.前學業成就、中動機、後焦慮因果模式上，符合「動機未完全中介前學業成就、後焦慮理論」。 除了上述結果外，研究也對數學焦慮、數學學習動機與數學學業成就縱貫模式的趨勢與時間效果量，國三學生轉折點界定，數學焦慮、數學學習動機與數學學業成就適當模式產出及個別中介角色剖析有深入探討。 / This study, using literature review, questionnaire survey, and latent growth model, investigated the longitudinal model and causal model among math anxiety, learning motivation, and academic achievement. After collecting 529 students with 5 waves, I conducted two studies. The purpose of study 1 was to estimate the latent change model and the causal model of math anxiety, learning motivation, and academic achievement. Results showed that 1. The anxiety increasing theory was supported by the math anxiety longitudinal model. 2. The first increasing then decreasing theory was supported by the math learning motivation longitudinal model. 3. The first increasing then decreasing theory was supported by the math academic achievement longitudinal model. 4. The reciprocal activated effect theory was supported by the math anxiety and learning motivation causal models. 5. The reciprocal inhibitive effect theory was supported by the math anxiety and academic achievement causal models. 6. The reciprocal activated effect theory was supported by the math learning motivation and academic achievement causal models. According to the final three theories stated above and proved by study 1, I constructed the six causal models in order to verify the mediated effects of math anxiety, math learning motivation, and math academic achievement. I found that 1. Math learning motivation did not mediate fully the effects on early math anxiety and late math academic achievement. 2. Math anxiety did not mediate fully the effects on early math learning motivation and late math academic achievement. 3. Math academic achievement did not mediate fully the effects on early math anxiety and late math learning motivation. 4. Math anxiety did not mediate fully the effects on early math academic achievement and late math learning motivation. 5. Math academic achievement did not mediate fully the effects on early math learning motivation math and late math anxiety. 6. Math learning motivation did not mediate fully the effects on early math academic achievement and late math anxiety. In addition, the research also explored the longitudinal model trend and effect, the key period for 3rd year junior high school students, the proper models, and the mediated roles among math anxiety, learning motivation, and academic achievement.