A literatura mostra que a presença de uma criança com deficiência intelectual pode ocasionar distúrbios no ciclo normal da família, como o estresse parental, apontando o apoio social como um dos mais importantes recursos para proteção dos efeitos de estressores e promotor da recuperação da crise. O modelo Duplo ABCX tem sido utilizado na compreensão da adaptação pós-crise. Os problemas de comportamento de crianças com deficiência intelectual ou com dificuldades de aprendizagem são apontados como significativos estressores parentais. A percepção que os membros da família têm do impacto da presença de uma criança, com deficiência ou não, também se constitui numa variável relevante no ajustamento familiar. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o estresse materno e sua associação com componentes do modelo Duplo ABCX de adaptação familiar, em grupos de famílias de crianças com deficiência intelectual, com dificuldades de aprendizagem e com desenvolvimento típico. Pretendeu-se 1) comparar o estresse materno, a percepção de apoio social familiar, a percepção do impacto causado pela presença de uma criança na família e os problemas de comportamento das crianças, entre os grupos; 2) identificar associações entre estresse materno e as variáveis do ajustamento familiar nos grupos; 3) investigar a estabilidade dessas variáveis nos grupos com medidas de follow-up. Participaram três grupos: Grupo DI, famílias de crianças com deficiência intelectual (n=30); Grupo DA, famílias de crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem (n=30), e Grupo DT, com famílias de crianças com desenvolvimento típico (n=30). As mães responderam aos instrumentos de medida do estresse, apoio social, recursos e apoio à maternidade, problemas de comportamento das crianças e percepção do impacto da presença de uma criança com necessidades especiais. Tais instrumentos foram aplicados em duas ocasiões, com intervalo de 8 a 12 meses. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de comparação de grupos e correlação. Os resultados não indicaram diferenças entre os grupos quanto ao estresse materno, e a maioria das mães nos três grupos apresentou elevado nível de estresse, com predominância de sintomas psicológicos. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto ao escore total das escalas de apoio social, mas observaram-se algumas diferenças entre os grupos nas subescalas; o grupo DT apresentou maiores níveis de apoio para desabafos, percebendo a presença de seus filhos como menos impactante para outros membros da família. Ao avaliarem os filhos, mães de crianças com deficiência intelectual relataram maiores níveis de problemas com colegas, perceberam maiores dificuldades de comunicação ou comportamentais e perceberam as limitações físicas e de habilidades de auto-cuidados das crianças como mais impactantes. As crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem foram indicadas pelas mães como mais hiperativas, com maior pessimismo sobre o futuro. A análise da associação entre o estresse e as variáveis do ajustamento indicou algumas correlações. As comparações entre desistentes e não-desistentes apontaram diferenças quanto ao apoio social, comportamento da criança e percepção do impacto. O modelo Duplo ABCX foi útil na análise do ajustamento familiar. Quanto à estabilidade das variáveis, observou-se alta correlação entre a 1ª e a 2ª aplicação. O estudo apresenta relevância científica no que concerne à inclusão de grupos de famílias de crianças com necessidades distintas e homogêneas. As implicações práticas e as limitações do estudo são discutidas. / The literature shows that the presence of an intellectually disabled child can cause disturbances to the family life cycle, like the parental stress, pointing to the social support as one of the most important resources for protection against the effects of stressors and promotion of recovering from crisis. The Double ABCX Model has been used in the understanding of the adaptation after crises. The problems of children\'s behavior with intellectual disability or with learning difficulties are pointed like significant parental stressor. The perception family members have of the impact of a disabled or nondisabled child is also an important variable affecting the family adjustment. So, the purpose of the present research was to investigate mother stress and its association with components of the Double ABCX Model of familiar adaptation, in groups of families of children with intellectual disability, with typical development and with learning difficulties. The goals were 1) to compare groups with respect to mother stress, perception of family social support, perception of the child\'s impact on the family, and child behavior problems; 2) to identify associations between mother stress and the variables of family adjustment in the groups; 3) to investigate the stability of these variables in the groups with follow-up measures. Mothers in three groups participated: Group DI, families of children with an intellectual disability (n=30); Group DA, families of children with learning difficulties (n=30); Group DT, families of children with typical development (n=30). The mothers answered the instruments evaluating stress, social support, resources and support to parenting, behavior problems and perception of the impact of a child with intellectual disabilities. Such instruments were applied in two opportunities, with interval from 8 to 12 months. Statistical analysis comprised group comparisons and correlations. The results did not indicate differences between the groups as for mother stress, and most of the mothers in three groups presented elevated stress level, with predominance of psychological symptoms. There were no significant differences for the total score of the scales of social support, but some differences were observed between the groups in the subscales; the group DT presented higher levels of support for confessions, perceiving less impact of the presence of his children for other members of the family. Mothers of children with intellectual disability reported higher levels of problems with peers, perceived more child communication/behavioral difficulties, and evaluated the physical limitations and self-care skills of their children as more impacting. Mothers of children with learning difficulties indicated them as more hyperactive, and presented more pessimism on the future. The analysis of the association between the stress and the variables of the adjustment indicated some correlations. The comparisons between mothers that gave up and mothers that not gave up pointed to differences for the social support, children\'s behavior and perception of the impact. The model Double ABCX was useful in the analysis of the familiar adjustment. The results of the stability of the variables indicated high correlation between the 1st one and the 2nd application. The study presents scientific relevance due to the inclusion of family groups of children with different and homogeneous difficulties. The practical implications and the limitations of the study are discussed

[pt] O presente estudo pretende através de um processo reflexivo, investigar o impacto da violência física e psicológica contra crianças e adolescentes no contexto intrafamiliar; identificando as causas que levam os pais a agredir seus filhos e suas consequências na estrutura física, psicológica e emocional da criança e do adolescente, a partir da dinâmica familiar. Nesse sentido, foi desenvolvido um levantamento documental, através de formulários de Roteiro de Anamnese, do Centro de Atenção à Criança e ao Adolescente – CAIC, no período de janeiro à dezembro de 2010, foram preenchidos por pais e/ou responsáveis que procuraram ajuda profissional para seus filhos que apresentavam problemas como: dificuldades de aprendizagem escolar, comportamento agressivo e comportamento de rebeldia, mentira e roubo. Foram selecionados 60 Roteiros de Anamnese, destes foram sorteados apenas 10 por cento da amostra, incluindo crianças e adolescentes entre 07 e 13 anos, fazendo uma análise da situação. Caracterizando a violência em seus aspectos físicos, psicológicos e por negligência. Conceituando a família nuclear, a família monoparental e a família patriarcal. Embasados em teóricos como Minayo, Guerra, Azevedo, Prado, Silva entre outros. Pretende-se com este trabalho levar ao conhecimento da sociedade em geral as causas e conseqüências da violência física e psicológica. Formulando propostas que possam ser pólos norteadores para programas sociais direcionados à família, propostas preventivas, construindo redes sociais capaz de acolher a família com necessidades especiais. / [en] This study aims through a reflective process, investigate the impact of physical and psychological violence against children and adolescents within the family context by identifying the causes that lead parents to beat their children and their consequences in the physical structure, psychological and emotional child and adolescent from the family dynamics. In this sense, a documentary survey was developed through forms Roadmap History, the Center for Care of Children and Adolescents - CAIC, from January to December 2010, were completed by parents / guardians who sought professional help for their children who had problems such as learning difficulties at school, aggressive and rebellious behavior, lying and theft. We selected 60 routes, History, these were drawn only 10 percent of the sample, including children and adolescents between 07 and 13 years, making an analysis of the situation. Featuring the violence in their physical, psychological and neglect. Conceptualizing the nuclear family, single parent family and the patriarchal family. Grounded in theoretical and Minayo, Guerra, Azevedo, Prado, Silva among others. The aim of this work was to inform society in general causes and consequences of physical and psychological violence against children and adolescents in the context of intrafamilial. The aim of this work was to inform society in general causes and consequences of physical and psychological violence. Formulating proposals that might be guiding poles for social programs targeted to the family, preventive proposals, building social networks capable of taking the family with special needs.

This diploma thesis deals with teaching English to children with specific learning disabilities and educational problems. The theoretical part describes the most frequent educational problems of children and adolescents. Further attention is paid to the problems of specific learning difficulties, the causes of their origin and their manifestations in teaching English at middle school. Finally, the thesis deals with the methodological principles for foreign language teaching of children with specific learning disabilities. The research part is based on the case studies of children placed in specialized facilities due to their educational problems. I participated in individual assistance to two concrete children and I worked out case studies based on our cooperation. The aim of the empirical part is to choose a suitable individual approach to two concrete children, realize it, and reflect it in depth.

The aim of the thesis is to present the roles of the pedagogical consultant at primary school and high school. The theoretical part is focused on term the educational consultant (regarding legislation, requirements for education). The thesis is occupied with history of educational consultancy, the content of the work of educational consultant, the cooperation with pedagogical and psychological counseling. The practical part is implemented by the qualitative research.The research consists of the dialogues with educational consultants from primary school and secondary school. It studies their job duties,the content of their job, the most common topics and educational difficulties and their solving.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-14T11:44:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Teixeira Rennó.pdf: 720998 bytes, checksum: 45ebe62796f539e3bb9a0dcb8640d543 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-14T11:44:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Teixeira Rennó.pdf: 720998 bytes, checksum: 45ebe62796f539e3bb9a0dcb8640d543 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-30 / Starting from the hypotheses that, from an early age, the individual may have difficulties in relation to the stages of learning, impediments to becoming sufficient in their school learning and presenting difficulties in their academic and/or professional development, this research verified what lies beneath non-learning under a psychoanalytic view. The theoretical-methodological approach used is that of listening research and investigation research (NAFFAH NETO; CINTRA, 2012). Three clinical cases, transcribed with reports and vignettes, and collected from unidentified collaborators served as a basis for seeking answers to the following research questions: Which factors in the initial bond prevent a person form interacting with knowing/learning? What causes a person not to relate well to the pursuit of knowledge? What would the reason for them not to develop in the academic and professional spheres be? The concepts that underlie this study are mainly those of intellectual inhibition (KLEIN, 1931) and those on the primitive aspects of development and also those present in A theory of thinking (BION, 1962c), presenting the concepts of alpha function, reverie, K and (-K) link and learning from experience. In conclusion, this research revealed that learning/knowing difficulties are related to how the baby‘s early experiences in parental bonding occur and that emotional factors significantly influence the way a person interacts whit his/her intellectual development / Partindo das hipóteses de que, desde a mais tenra idade, o indivíduo pode ter dificuldades em relação às etapas do aprender, impedimentos para tornar-se suficiente em seu aprendizado escolar e apresentar dificuldades em seu desenvolvimento acadêmico e/ou profissional, esta pesquisa verificou o que há por trás do não aprender, sob um olhar psicanalítico. O enfoque teórico-metodológico é o da pesquisa-investigação e pesquisa-escuta (NAFFAH NETO; CINTRA, 2012). Três casos clínicos, transcritos com relatos e vinhetas e colhidos de colaboradores não identificados, serviram de base para buscar respostas às seguintes questões de pesquisa: Quais fatores, no vínculo inicial, impedem uma pessoa de interagir com o conhecer/aprender? O que leva uma pessoa a não se relacionar bem com a busca do conhecimento? Qual seria o motivo de não se desenvolverem no âmbito acadêmico e profissional? Os conceitos que fundamentam este estudo são, principalmente, os de inibição intelectual (KLEIN, 1931), os relativos aos aspectos primitivos do desenvolvimento e também os presentes em Uma teoria sobre o pensar (BION, 1962c), a partir dos conceitos de função alfa, rêverie, vínculo K e (-K) e o aprender com a experiência. Concluída, esta pesquisa revelou que as dificuldades do aprender/conhecer estão relacionadas à forma como acontecem as experiências iniciais do bebê no vínculo parental e que os fatores emocionais influenciam significativamente na forma como a pessoa interage com o seu desenvolvimento intelectual

This research explored the factors that influence whether Learning Support Assistants (LSAs), who support the learning of pupils with very complex learning needs, are equipped with the necessary skills to help these students learn. A significant feature in the delivery of educational support to pupils with low incidence needs is that it is LSAs who provide the majority of educational instruction and, furthermore, these paraeducators work with only limited supervision from class teachers. It therefore follows that if high quality educational assistance is to be available to pupils, then those undertaking the majority of this support need to have appropriate pedagogical knowledge. I explored this complex subject by undertaking a workplace ethnography at a single special school over the course of an academic year. In my ethnography, I used a number of data collection methods, including semi-structured interviews with teachers, LSAs and therapists, as well as participant and non-participant observations. The limited literature on the topic of LSA learning concludes that they are not being provided with the learning opportunities they need for the demanding work they do. However, because of the scarcity of information in the literature pertaining to the development of this important group of the educational workforce, I needed to look to the literature on organisational learning more broadly to inform my work and relate it to my own area of interest. The lack of priority given to non-formal learning was a key theme across these texts, with opportunities for participative learning emerging as an important feature. However, this aspect alone could not explain the reasons why these paraeducators did not have access to learning provision appropriate to their needs and so I looked to other theories of workplace learning. The conceptual and analytical approach of the Working as Learning Framework (WALF) (Felstead, et al., 2009), with its incorporation of the concepts of systems of production, discretion, and learning environments and territories, offered me the opportunity to scrutinise the situation regarding the learning and development of LSAs from a wide perspective. Through my adoption of the WALF I have identified the influences that shaped the workplace learning environment of the LSAs at the special school. In doing so, I have added to the limited research on this important and yet inadequately understood group. Although my study focused on one special school this research can inform how the abilities of paraeducators in different educational settings can be developed, because of my adoption of the theoretical standpoint of the WALF. Furthermore, by applying the WALF, my thesis has utilised workplace learning theory to make an important intellectual contribution to the discussion about how high quality educational provision can be delivered. My thesis is also apposite, because the number of children with more complex learning difficulties is increasing and these individuals require specialist paraeducators to be appropriately equipped to meet their needs, whether they are being educated in special or mainstream schools.

Orientador: Sadao Omote / Banca: Léslie Piccolotto Ferreira / Banca: Ana Paula Berberian da Silva / Banca: Maria do Rosário Longo Mortatti / Banca: Dagoberto Buim Arena / Resumo: Numa abordagem constitutiva da linguagem, as dificuldades relativas aos aspectos notacionais são interpretadas como inerentes ao processo formal de aquisição da escrita e como indícios da elaboração de soluções para tais dificuldades. Portanto, não são consideradas como manifestações patológicas de distúrbios de aprendizagem. Tal abordagem pressupõe, numa época em que se preconiza uma escola acolhedora à diversidade de alunos e às singularidades de cada indivíduo, que tanto o professor quanto o fonoaudiólogo devem compreender a sua atuação com a escrita de modo mais cuidadoso, a fim de não patologizarem tais aspectos, a ponto de contribuírem para a "institucionalização invisível" e a evasão escolar. Com base em tais idéias, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de problematizar a compreensão de 21 professores de 1ª e 2ª séries, do ensino fundamental, a respeito dos aspectos notacionais da escrita, presentes nos textos dos seus alunos, sob o efeito da colaboração fonoaudiológica. A metodologia compreendeu, quanto a essa colaboração, a realização de atividades, em parceria com os professores, voltadas à reflexão e à modificação de práticas, cotidianamente utilizadas em sala de aula, relativas à forma como compreendem e atuam com a linguagem escrita. Tais atividades incluíram a realização de encontros teórico-reflexivos, a análise conjunta de textos e, ainda, a criação de um grupo de apoio aos alunos considerados, por seus professores, como sendo aqueles com distúrbios de aprendizagem. A fim de viabilizar tais atividades, recorreu-se à realização de entrevistas em grupo e individuais e à utilização de dois questionários. Também foi realizada a observação, em sala de aula, da conduta dos professores frente a tais aspectos, durante atividades de produção de textos. Com essa mesma finalidade, os professoress... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: When putting in focus the constitutive part of the language, the difficulties related to the diacritical marks are interpreted as inherent to the formal process of writing acquisition and as indications of the elaboration of solutions to such difficulties. Therefore, they are not considered as pathological manifestations of learning disorders. In such a time when it's expected of schools to act in a cordial manner to student's diversity and the singularities of each individual, such an approach assumes that teachers, and also speech therapists, must understand their role in writing in a more careful manner, in order not to treat such aspects as pathologies and to contribute to the "invisible institutionalization" and school evasion. Based on these ideas, this study was developed with the objective of checking the comprehension of 21 teachers of the first and second grades of the elementary education about the diacritical marks aspects of writing, present in their student's texts, under the effect of speech therapy collaboration. As for this collaboration, the methodology included activities in association with the teachers in order to make them meditate and modify their habitual doing in the classroom in relation to the way they understand and act with the written language. Such activities included theoretical-reflexive meetings and the analysis of texts and also the creation of support groups to help students that were considered by the teachers as the ones with learning difficulties. In order to make such activities viable, two questionnaires were used and there were group and individual interviews. There was also observation in the classroom of the teachers conduct when faced to such aspects during activities of text production. With the same purpose the teachers... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

Orientador: Simone Aparecida Capelline / Banca: Patrícia de Abreu Pinheiro Crenitte / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Teixeira do Prado / Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a eficácia do programa de remediação fonológica em crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem. Participaram deste estudo 40 escolares de 2ª a 4ª séries de ensino básico do município de Marília-SP, de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 8 a 12 anos de idade. Os participantes foram distribuídos nos seguintes grupos: GI: composto por 20 escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem e GII: composto por 20 escolares sem dificuldades de aprendizagem, ambos da rede municipal de ensino público. Neste estudo foi aplicada a adaptação brasileira do programa de remediação fonológica desenvolvido por Hatcher, Hulme, Ellis (1994) realizada por Capellini (2009). Em situação de pré-testagem todos os participantes foram submetidos à aplicação do Teste de Desempenho Cognitivo- Linguístico nas versões coletiva e individual seguido de leitura oral e compreensão de textos. Após a aplicação do pré-teste, os escolares do GI foram submetidos ao programa de remediação fonológica e tiveram seu desempenho medido ao longo de sua aplicação. Após a conclusão do programa de remediação, os escolares do GI e GII foram submetidos novamente à aplicação do Teste de Desempenho Cognitivo-Lingüístico nas versões coletiva e individual seguido de leitura oral e compreensão de textos para verificação da eficácia do programa. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando o Teste de Mann-Whitney, com o objetivo de verificar possíveis diferenças entre os grupos em situação de pré-testagem e póstestagem. Outro método de análise estatístico utilizado foi o Teste de Postos Sinalizados de Wilcoxon com o objetivo de verificar possíveis diferenças entre os dois momentos, pré e póstestagem, considerados na avaliação de cada grupo. Os resultados apontaram diferença de desempenho dos escolares do GI e GII em relação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to verify the efficacy of a phonological remediation program in students with learning difficulties. Forty students from 2nd to 4th grades, from both genders, ranging from 8 to 12 years old participated. They were distributed in two groups: GI: composed of twenty students with learning difficulties and GII: composed of twenty students without learning difficulties both of them from the municipal system of education. In this study, the Brazilian adaptation of the phonological remediation program created by Hatcher, Hulme, Ellis (1994) and realized by Capellini (2009) was used. The Cognitive-Linguistic Performance Test, collective and individual version, and the oral reading and comprehension were applied in the pre-test situation in all students. After the pre-test only the students from the experimental group were submitted to the phonological remediation program and their performance in the program was measured. After the conclusion of the remediation program, the students of the GI and GII were submitted again to The Cognitive-Linguistic Performance Test, collective and individual version, and the oral reading and comprehension. The results was statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney Test aiming to verify the possible differences between the groups in the pre-test and pos-test situation. Another statistical method of analysis used was the Sign-Station Wilcoxon Test, with the purpose of verifying the possible differences between the two moments, the pre-test and pos-test situation, considered in the evaluation of each group. The results revealed difference of performance for the students from GI and GII in relation to reading, writing, phonological awareness, auditory processing, visual processing and processing speed, once GII had better performances in these abilities. The students of GI showed phonological deficits demonstrated by inferior performance when compared... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Cette recherche se propose d’étudier l’effet d’un dispositif d’aide aux élèves en difficulté à l’école élémentaire dans le cadre des APC (activités pédagogiques complémentaires).L’hypothèse émise est qu’il est possible de passer d’un dispositif de soutien à un véritable dispositif d’aide aux élèves en difficulté par le truchement de la mise en mots par l’élève de sa propre activité, cette mise en mots permettant à l’élève de conscientiser les procédures efficaces afin de les réinvestir dans des activités de classe ordinaires.Le dispositif que nous proposons consiste à mettre en oeuvre des débats sociocognitifs entre les élèves, ces débats étant étayés par l’enseignant qui adopte une posture de médiateur. Ces débats concernent des élèves de cycle 3 et sont focalisés sur la résolution de problèmes mathématiques entrant dans le champ de la proportionnalité.Il s’agit d’une recherche-action dont la méthodologie s’appuie sur une démarche expérimentale. Cette démarche est complétée par une observation différée des séances mises en oeuvre par l’intermédiaire de vidéos et par des entretiens avec les enseignants des classes concernées.À l’issue de ces débats, outre les progrès observés chez les élèves, les résultats démontrent un renforcement de leur dynamique motivationnelle et un engagement plus important dans les activités de classe ordinaires. / This research will examine the effects of an aid scheme for pupils with learning difficulties in elementary school through a system called APC (complementary pedagogical activities).The hypothesis is that it is possible to switch from a support scheme to a real aid scheme to help pupils with learning difficulties, by enabling them to put into words the activities they carry on, with a view to allowing them to realize and reuse effective procedures in regular classroom activities.The scheme that we propose is to organize sociocognitive debates between pupils. The teacher scaffolds the debates by assuming the role of a mediator. These debates are aimed at pupils from grade 3 to grade 5 and focus on solving mathematical problems related to the notion of proportionality.The methodology of this action-research leans on an experimental approach. This approach will be completed with differed observations of the class sessions thanks to videos and with interviews with the teachers of the concerned classes.The debates having been held and besides the progress observed as far as the pupils are concerned, the results of the study demonstrate a strengthening of the pupils’ motivational dynamics and a more important commitment to ordinary classroom activities.

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur skisser och dokumentation kan integreras i undervisningen på frisörprogrammet, samt undersöka om kreativt skapande med hjälp av skissen kan överbrygga inlärnings- och förståelsesvårigheter i de praktiska momenten. En kvalitativ undersökning med hjälp av intervjuer gjordes. Två lärare och fyra elever deltog i studien och besvarade frågorna om kreativt skapande, skisser och dokumentationens betydelse för inlärning och i undervisning. I ett undervisningsförsök genomfört av mig, fick eleverna skapa frisyrer kreativt utifrån egna förutsättningar. Skissen användes av eleverna för att utveckla tankar och idéer. Dokumentationen användes medvetet för att eleverna ska kunna gå tillbaka i sina arbeten och reflektera över metoder och resultat vid ett senare tillfälle. I min litteraturgenomgång belyses exempel på hur inlärning sker i samspel med andra människor. Resultatet från intervjuer, undervisningsförsök och litteraturgenomgången visar att inlärningsoch förståelsesvårigheter ofta kan överbryggas med hjälp av skisser och dokumentation av kreativt skapande.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to examine how sketching and documentation can be integrated into the hairdressing programme. Besides this, the study explores whether developing creativity by means of sketching can bridge learning and understanding difficulties when working with practical items. A qualitative study based on interviews was carried out. Two teachers and four students participated in the study answering questions about creating with creativity, sketching and documentation and their importance for learning and overall in hairdressing education. In an educational trial set up by myself, the students developed creative hairstyles, from their own ideas. Sketching was used by the students to elaborate thoughts and ideas. Documentation was consciously used so that the students could have a retrospective look at their work and reflect over methods and results later on. In my literature study there are illustrative examples of how learning takes place through interaction with other people. The result of interviews, educational trial and exposition of literature shows that learning and understanding difficulties often can be bridged by means of sketching and documentation of creative work.</p>