This research investigates the education of entrepreneurship to learners with learning difficulties. It is important to keep in mind the rights and possibilities of a learner with learning difficulties. Two entrepreneurship programmes were presented to two different groups of learners at Oom Paul School. Learners with learning disabilities can be categorised as poor performers, learners with behavioural and emotional problems, development problems (for example a language deficit), as well as learners with permanent disabilities- physically, intellectual and sensorial. An important part of this research will focus on the discussion on the causes of learning difficulties and problems of learners. One of the most important aims in education, especially in teaching learners with learning difficulties, is to guide learners to become a part of adulthood and the business world as a responsible and active member of society. Unfortunately, there are many learners who- after a successful school career seems to get "lost" along the way, because of society's discrimination. Several entrepreneurial programmes have been developed and have been implemented with great success at various schools, with reference in particular to the programmes "Business Ventures" and "Entrepreneurskap: jou eie besigheid". Above mentioned programmes are developed for main stream education and are not necessarily suitable for learners with learning difficulties. According to literary studies on education on entrepreneurship, this study field is relatively new in RSA and that no research regarding entrepreneurship education for learners with learning difficulties has been done. This research has pointed out that the teaching and education of entrepreneurship to learners with learning difficulties can be successful with a few adjustments. The new outcomes-based curriculum for general education and training for further education is Curriculum 2005. This curriculum is learner centred and is beneficiary for the learner with disabilities and difficulties. The principles of outcomes-based curriculum (Curriculum 2005) contribute to the accommodation of all learners in their diversity and needs. The society is looking forward to the implementation of this new curriculum, due to the fact that discrimination against learners with learning disabilities/difficulties will no longer be part of our education. Awareness of entrepreneurship and teaching of entrepreneurship is part of the eight learning areas and also one of the critical outcomes of Curriculum 2005. Entrepreneurial awareness can offer a meaningful contribution to solve an essential problem in the RSA. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

This research investigates the education of entrepreneurship to learners with learning difficulties. It is important to keep in mind the rights and possibilities of a learner with learning difficulties. Two entrepreneurship programmes were presented to two different groups of learners at Oom Paul School. Learners with learning disabilities can be categorised as poor performers, learners with behavioural and emotional problems, development problems (for example a language deficit), as well as learners with permanent disabilities- physically, intellectual and sensorial. An important part of this research will focus on the discussion on the causes of learning difficulties and problems of learners. One of the most important aims in education, especially in teaching learners with learning difficulties, is to guide learners to become a part of adulthood and the business world as a responsible and active member of society. Unfortunately, there are many learners who- after a successful school career seems to get "lost" along the way, because of society's discrimination. Several entrepreneurial programmes have been developed and have been implemented with great success at various schools, with reference in particular to the programmes "Business Ventures" and "Entrepreneurskap: jou eie besigheid". Above mentioned programmes are developed for main stream education and are not necessarily suitable for learners with learning difficulties. According to literary studies on education on entrepreneurship, this study field is relatively new in RSA and that no research regarding entrepreneurship education for learners with learning difficulties has been done. This research has pointed out that the teaching and education of entrepreneurship to learners with learning difficulties can be successful with a few adjustments. The new outcomes-based curriculum for general education and training for further education is Curriculum 2005. This curriculum is learner centred and is beneficiary for the learner with disabilities and difficulties. The principles of outcomes-based curriculum (Curriculum 2005) contribute to the accommodation of all learners in their diversity and needs. The society is looking forward to the implementation of this new curriculum, due to the fact that discrimination against learners with learning disabilities/difficulties will no longer be part of our education. Awareness of entrepreneurship and teaching of entrepreneurship is part of the eight learning areas and also one of the critical outcomes of Curriculum 2005. Entrepreneurial awareness can offer a meaningful contribution to solve an essential problem in the RSA. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4133.pdf: 1078786 bytes, checksum: e629f59a5c280933ae0d5eb842ba7394 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-10 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The intention of this research was to analyze and clarify the conceptual foundations of the Historical-Cultural Theory, based on the Historical-Dialectical Materialism by Marx, and their direct implications for the pedagogical practices, specifically on the processes of teaching and learning, in order to contribute to the Brazilian Basic Education, in the search to understand and overcome the problems related to the difficulties of teaching and student learning. The Historical-Cultural Theory is based on the Historical-Dialectical Materialism by Marx and has its methodological foundation founded in the microgenetic analysis. The Marxist theoretical presumptions assists Vigotsky s analysis with the discussion of humans being not only a biological structure, but rather a consequence of the historical-cultural relation, having work as the main mediator. Vigotsky and collaborators present important theoretical and practical contributions to the understanding of the dialectical relations between Teaching and Learning. Vigotsky s microgenetic analysis shows us how to overcome this dilemma between the processes of teaching and learning. From Vigotsky s point of view, the pedagogical processes are intentional, deliberate, and the school is the place where the intentional pedagogical intervention triggers the learning and quality teaching processes. The research is of a bibliographic nature and uses two sources: the primary ones, pieces of work of authors from the Historical-Cultural Theory, and the secondary ones, pieces of work of authors who interpret the primary pieces of work. The question that guided the research was: What are the core concepts of the Historical-Cultural Theory, based on the Marxist theory and its implications for the pedagogical practices? The objectives outlined to answer this theme were: to analyze, in the writings of the Marxist philosophy, the major theoretical points of the Historical-Dialectical Materialism that assist the Historical-Cultural Theory; to clarify the contributions to the Historical- Cultural Theory to the understanding of the dialectical relations in the processes developed in the pedagogical practices. The results clearly show the necessity of overcoming the biological paradigm of Education and presenting an educative model oriented around the viewpoint of society, of human being and of knowledge as highly social, as well as the conceptions of teaching and learning as processes of human activity mediated by human relations and of nature itself. An educative model oriented around the teacher s mediated activity in students zone of proximal development. The work intended to contribute to the advancement of pedagogical practices and in-depth academic discussion about the mediated activity and the zone of proximal development, as focuses of teachers performance, towards school teaching and learning problems. / A intenção desta pesquisa foi analisar e explicitar as bases conceituais da Teoria Histórico-Cultural, fundamentadas no Materialismo Histórico-Dialético de Marx, e suas implicações diretas nas práticas pedagógicas, especificamente sobre os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem, com o intuito de colaborar com a Educação Básica brasileira, na busca de compreender e superar a problemática relacionada às dificuldades de ensino e de aprendizagem dos alunos. A Teoria Histórico-Cultural baseia-se no Materialismo Histórico-Dialético de Marx e tem sua fundamentação metodológica alicerçada na análise microgenética. Os pressupostos teóricos marxistas subsidiam as análises de Vigotsky na discussão de que o ser humano não é só estrutura biológica, mas, sim, consequência da relação histórico-cultural, tendo o trabalho como mediador principal. Vigotsky e colaboradores apresentam importantes contribuições teórico-práticas para a compreensão das relações dialéticas entre Ensino e Aprendizagem. A análise microgenética de Vigotsky nos mostra como superar esse dilema entre os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem. Para Vigotsky os processos pedagógicos são intencionais, deliberados e a escola é o lugar onde a intervenção pedagógica intencional desencadeia os processos de aprendizagem e de ensino de qualidade. A pesquisa tem natureza bibliográfica, usando duas fontes: as primárias, obras dos autores de Teoria Histórico- Cultural e, secundárias, obras de autores que interpretam as obras primárias. A questão que orientou a pesquisa foi: Quais os conceitos centrais da Teoria Histórico-Cultural, fundamentados na teoria marxista e suas implicações nas práticas pedagógicas? Os objetivos delineados para responder esta temática foram: analisar nos escritos da filosofia marxista os principais pontos teóricos do Materialismo Histórico-Dialético que subsidiam a Teoria Histórico-Cultural; explicitar os aportes da Teoria Histórico- Cultural para a compreensão das relações dialéticas nos processos desenvolvidos nas práticas pedagógicas. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de superação do paradigma biologicista da Educação e de apresentar um modelo educativo pautado na visão de sociedade, de homem e de conhecimento como eminentemente social, bem como as concepções de ensino e de aprendizagem como processos da atividade humana mediados pelas relações humanas e da própria natureza. Um modelo educativo pautado na atividade mediada do professor na zona de desenvolvimento proximal dos alunos. O trabalho pretendeu contribuir para o avanço das práticas pedagógicas e discussão acadêmica aprofundada sobre a atividade mediada e a zona de desenvolvimento proximal, como focos da atuação docente, frente aos problemas de ensino e aprendizagem escolares.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:44:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3206.pdf: 4866995 bytes, checksum: ed007ae3e8fdfce0d7dd9ac6cb05a012 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-30 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Literature highlights family and school as important agents to the infant development, having special influence on child‟s learning. In this perspective, partnership between scholar and familiar systems has been seen as one of the alternatives to prevent and/or to attenuate difficulties in learning and behavioral problems presented by children at the school. Based on these assumptions and on the theoretical framework of the Bioecological Perspective on Human Development, the present study shows the need to train teachers to work with children with learning difficulties. The goal of this study was to elaborate, implement and assess an intervention program for high school teachers working with students with learning difficulties. This program enables the teachers to work with families and to increase the parental involvement in the academic activities, creating better conditions for the children to learn. In order to control the variables investigated, it was used a quasiexperimental design composed by two groups (Experimental Group GE and Control Group GC). We provided measurement of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Overall, the study involved 180 participants. The 60 teachers, 60 parents and 60 children were divided in GE and GC groups. The program entitled Intervention Program for Teachers as Agents of Promoting Parental Involvement (PROAPEP) was consisted of 1 lecture per week during 10 weeks. The goal of PROAPEP was to provide information to teachers about the strategies to involve parental in the learning process of their children, mainly through their homework. Teachers developed practical and theoretical activities focused on the involvement of the families with their students. The instruments used to collect data from teachers, children and families were: Questionnaire (pre-test, post-test and follow-up situations, Criterion of Brazil Economic Classification, Protocol of Session Evaluation of the Intervention Program, Protocol of Final Evaluation of the Intervention Program, Parental Involvement Scale Teacher´s Perception, Parental Involvement Scale Teacher´s Practice, Home Environment Resources Scale, Rutter A2 Parent Scale, Parental Involvement Scale Practices of Families and Test of School Performance. The results were analyzed through qualitative criteria, descriptive statistics and ANOVA and MANOVA tests. The scope was to verify differences between the participants of GE and GC. We also used the pair-t test to investigate differences in the teachers‟ repertoire of the GE group between the post-test and follow-up phases. The results indicated: a) the teachers of GE group gave more importance to the parental involvement and implemented more activities than the teachers of GC group; b) the families of GE group practiced more activities related to the learning process of the children than those in GC group; c) the children of GE group had better academic performance and fewer behavioral problems compared to children of GC group; d) there was a major difference between pre-test grades and post-test grades for both groups, which indicated the improvement of the GE teachers‟ repertoire at the end of PROAPEP; and e) there was a significant differences between two of the three questions that were answered by GE teachers in the post-test and follow-up, which pointed to an increase in the repertoire of teachers even after six months elapsed from the end of PROAPEP. This way, it is possible to conclude that PROAPEP program was effective to train teachers as agents of the parental involvement in the learning process of children with difficulties. For future research, we suggest the development of studies with the randomization of participants, the monitoring the effects of long-term program and the selection of stratified samples for possible comparisons. / A literatura destaca a família e a escola como importantes contextos de desenvolvimento infantil, que exercem especial influência sobre a aprendizagem da criança. Nessa perspectiva a parceria entre os sistemas escolar e familiar tem sido vista como uma das alternativas para a prevenção e/ou atenuação das dificuldades de aprendizagem e problemas comportamentais apresentados pelas crianças no âmbito escolar. Embasado nesses pressupostos e ancorado no arcabouço teórico oriundo da Perspectiva Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano, o presente estudo visou investir na formação de professores que atuam com crianças que apresentam dificuldades de aprendizagem. O objetivo do estudo foi elaborar, implementar e avaliar um programa de intervenção dirigido aos professores do ensino regular que lecionassem para alunos com dificuldade de aprendizagem. A meta foi instrumentalizá-los a trabalhar junto às famílias de seus alunos para aumentar as possibilidades de envolvimento parental nas atividades acadêmicas e conseqüentemente favorecer a aprendizagem das crianças. Para um maior controle das variáveis investigadas optou-se pelo emprego de um delineamento quase-experimental composto por dois grupos (Grupo Experimental - GE e Grupo Controle - GC), prevendo medidas de pré, pós-teste e follow-up. Participaram do estudo 180 participantes, sendo 60 professores, 60 familiares e 60 crianças distribuídos entre GE e GC. O programa intitulado Programa de Intervenção para Professores como Agentes de Promoção do Envolvimento Parental - PROAPEP foi ofertado em situação presencial por meio de 10 sessões semanais. O PROAPEP teve como meta fornecer suporte informativo aos professores sobre as estratégias para favorecer o envolvimento parental na aprendizagem de seus filhos por meio principalmente de atividades desenvolvidas em seus lares. Os professores desenvolveram atividades teóricas e práticas voltadas ao envolvimento das famílias de seus alunos. Para a coleta de dados com os professores, crianças e famílias foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário (situação de pré, pós-teste e follow-up, Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil, Protocolo de avaliação das sessões do programa de intervenção, Protocolo de avaliação final do programa de intervenção, Escala de Envolvimento Parental Percepção do Professor, Escala do Envolvimento Parental Prática do Professor, Inventário de Recursos do Ambiente Familiar, Escala Comportamental A2 de Rutter, Escala de Envolvimento Parental Prática das Famílias e Teste de Desempenho Escolar. A análise dos resultados envolveu o uso da análise qualitativa, estatística descritiva e dos testes estatísticos ANOVA e MANOVA para verificar diferenças entre os escores dos participantes do GE e do GC e do TESTE T PAREADO para verificar diferenças no repertório dos professores de GE entre os momentos de pós-teste e follow-up. Os resultados indicam: a) os professores do GE atribuíram maior importância e implementaram atividades de envolvimento parental com freqüência maior do que os professores do GC; b) as famílias do GE praticaram atividades relacionadas a escolarização das crianças em maior proporção do que as famílias do GC; c) que as crianças do GE apresentam melhor desempenho acadêmico e menos problemas comportamentais quando comparadas as crianças do GC; d) a existência de diferença significativa entre as médias do pré e do pós-teste implementados junto aos professores do GE e do GC, o que indica o aumento do repertório dos professores do GE após a participação no PROAPEP; e e) a existência de diferença significativa entre duas das três questões que foram respondidas pelos professores do GE no pós-teste e no follow-up, o que apontou para um aumento no repertório dos professores mesmo após transcorrido seis meses do término do PROAPEP. Desta forma é possível concluir que o PROAPEP se mostrou eficaz na capacitação dos professores como agentes de promoção do envolvimento parental na escolarização das crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem. Para futuras pesquisas sugere-se o desenvolvimento de estudos com distribuição randômica de participantes, a monitoração dos efeitos do programa a longo prazo e a seleção de amostras estratificadas para possíveis comparações dos resultados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2324.pdf: 598527 bytes, checksum: 5324acdd4d792095a004d7e15fc41932 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The interaction between students and teacher-student are considered a basic aspect of the education-learning process. The nature and the quality of this interaction will play a decisive role on this process s characteristics and on the products of the school. The present study intends to verify in a larger sample based on the System of Educative Social Skills, which classes and subclasses teachers have in the interactions with their students and demands observed; characterize possible patterns of behaviors teachers and check the influence of sociodemographic characteristics in issuing these standards and to analyze the frequency and the quality of teacher interaction and students with low academic performance and students with good academic performance. In this research, the sample was twenty teachers from Elementary School in interaction with its pupils. The pupils were selected by Protocol of teacher evaluation and formed a group with four learning difficult students and four good academic performance students. The correlational method was used to check the relations between variables. The study was conducted in classrooms of three basic education municipal schools of a town from São Paulo state. The instruments were: 1) Instrument of socioeconomic status evaluation ( Critério Brazil ); 2) a Protocol for teacher s characterization; 3) a Protocol of evaluation by the teacher and 4) Educative Social Skill s System (ESS). There was a pilot study to define aspects as adaptation time, demands to be made, the length of videotaping and the positioning of equipments in the classroom. Data collection was registered in thirds of 30 minutes each. The first part of time was adaptation and the other two were the videotaping of demands (Portuguese and Mathematic classes).The filming analysis was done through systematic observation and the frequencies was registered in a protocol based in ESCS. For reliability of observation data, three judges of prior knowledge of Social Skills were trained to analyze 20% of data collected. Descriptives and inferential analysis were used (Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test). The results indicated: (a) the existence of a stable pattern, because the participants showed little flexibility and variability of behavior; (b) the influence of variables such as age, degree and range in issuing behavior considered ESS, (d) was not statistically significant difference between groups of students, but it was observed that the teachers the most positive responses from students with good academic performance of students. These results led to a characterization of the teachers repertoire and showed the need for implementation of programs of intervention in social skills for these teachers. / A interação tanto entre alunos como entre professor e aluno são considerados aspectos fundamentais para a compreensão do processo de ensino-aprendizagem A natureza e a qualidade da interação entre professor e estudante será decisiva sobre características desse processo e dos produtos da escola. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivos verificar em uma amostra ampliada com base no Sistema de Habilidades Sociais Educativas, quais classes e subclasses os professores apresentam com maior e menor frequência na interação com seus alunos e nas demandas observadas; caracterizar possíveis padrões de comportamento dos professores e verificar a influência de características sociodemográficas na emissão desses padrões e analisar a frequência e a qualidade da interação professor e alunos com baixo desempenho acadêmico e alunos com bom desempenho acadêmico. Foram participantes 22 professores do Ensino Fundamental I em interação com seus alunos. Os estudantes foram selecionados a partir do Protocolo de Avaliação para o professor e formouse em cada sala de aula um grupo com quatro alunos com baixo desempenho e outro com quatro alunos com bom desempenho acadêmico. Foi utilizado o método correlacional para se verificar as relações existentes entre as variáveis. O estudo foi realizado em salas de aulas, de três escolas municipais de Ensino Fundamental I de uma cidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizados como instrumentos: (1) Protocolo de caracterização dos professores; (2) Instrumento de avaliação socioeconômica (Critério Brasil); (3) Protocolo de avaliação para o professor; (4) Ficha de Localização do Aluno em Sala de Aula; (5) Sistema de Habilidades Sociais Educativas (SHSE). Realizou-se um estudo piloto para definir aspectos como tempo de adaptação, demandas a serem utilizadas, tempo de filmagem e posicionamento dos equipamentos em sala de aula. Para a coleta de dados foram filmados três períodos de 30 minutos cada. O primeiro período foi de adaptação e os outros dois de filmagem das demandas (português e matemática). As análises das filmagens foram feitas por meio de observação sistemática e as frequências registradas em um protocolo de registro de frequência do SHSE. Para obter fidedignidade dos dados de observação três juízes com conhecimento prévio na área de Habilidades Sociais foram treinados para analisar 20% da amostra coletada. Na análise estatística dos dados foram realizados testes descritivos e inferenciais (Teste de Mann-Whitney e teste ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis). Os resultados indicaram: (a) pouca flexibilidade e variabilidade de comportamentos pelos professores; (b) os comportamentos dos professores não estavam sob controle das características das demandas observadas; (c) a influência de variáveis como idade, curso superior e série na emissão de alguns comportamentos considerados HSE; (d) não foi observada diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos de alunos, mas foi observado que os professores consequenciam mais positivamente as respostas dos alunos com bom desempenho acadêmico do que as dos alunos com baixo desempenho. Esses resultados permitiram realizar uma caracterização do repertório de HSE dos professores e mostraram a necessidade de realização de programas de intervenção em habilidades sociais para esses professores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JairoRPFerreira-Dissertacao.pdf: 707030 bytes, checksum: ca90a70ec781c59e9c427f2e3005ad4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the biopsychosocial aspects of children with learning difficulties. The research is characterized as descriptive and analytical, with a general sample of students of both genders, between the ages of 7 and 10 years. In addition, these students were enrolled and repeating the first year of fundamental education in San Jose city of State of Santa Catarina, in 2006. The sample selection was planned (n=52) among three educational establishment of the urban perimeter. A psychology form was used to collect the data (pre-, peri-, and postnatal information), further than social-economic characteristics and familiar instruction); analysis of the reading and writing form TALE; physical capacity tests following the protocol PROESP-BR and motor capacity tests through motor development scale (ROSA NETO, 2002). The statistical data had been stored in the database of Excel program; the nutritional condition was identified through IMC from the growth and percentiles curves tables of NCHS (2000). To verify the additional components of physical capacity, descriptive statistics were used, such as the frequency distribution, percentage, standard deviation, mean and median. To verify significative differences between groups, statistical analyses were done using Student s tests as independent samples. In the motor capacity evaluation, the motor age variable relative data and the motor quotient for each one of the evaluated areas had been calculated and stored in the informatics program Motor Development Scale EDM (ROSA NETO, 2002) to obtain tables and graphs of the analyzed sample. The data was analyzed later through GraphPad Instat software complemented by GraphPad Prism 3.0 version by means of the distribution analysis of simple and percentile frequencies, mean, variation, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum value. To compare motor capacity between two groups (G1 and G2), the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of data. The t-test for independent samples were used and the differences were considered to be significant when p<0.05. The results showed that the psychological characteristics agree with the aspects pointed out in the literature relative to children who experience learning difficulties. The school performance demonstrated a cycle in which the children that failed that year persisted in a weak knowledge, with more than 90% of difficulty; the physical capacity in the company of the nutritional state, presented a eutrophic profile of IMC and more than a half of the group with a good aerobic and flexibility resistance. However, the quickness and the explosive power of inferior members had been under of the satisfactory zone. In the evaluation of the motor capacity, the group was classified like normal-low , with negative age of 12 months, and high difficulties in the chronological and space organization. When comparing the motor quotients aspects between repeaters (G1) and recidivists (G2) groups, relative to the motor quotients, there were statistically significative differences higher for the G1 group in the general motor quotient, global motricity, physical system and chronological organization. The cross laterality of G2 group revealed a proportionality to the set, or better, evidencing its relation with alphabet problems. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar aspectos biopsicossociais de crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem. Pesquisa caracterizada como descritiva diagnóstica, de campo; tendo como população os escolares de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 e 10 anos, matriculados e repetindo a 1ª série do ensino fundamental na rede municipal de São José/SC, em 2006. A seleção da amostra foi do tipo intencional (n=52) entre três estabelecimentos de ensino do perímetro urbano. Para coletar os dados foi utilizado um formulário psicossocial iinformações pré, peri e pós-natais; além de características sócio-econômicas e de instrução familiar); um formulário para análise da leitura e escrita - TALE; testes de aptidão física seguindo o protocolo PROESP-BR e testes de aptidão motora através da escala de desenvolvimento motor (ROSA NETO, 2002). Os dados foram armazenados na planilha de dados Excel; o estado nutricional foi identificado através do IMC pelas tabelas de curvas de crescimento e percentis do NCHS (2000). Para verificar os demais componentes da aptidão física, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva, por meio de distribuição de freqüência, percentual, desvio padrão, média e mediana. Para verificar diferenças estatisticamente significativas, fez-se a análise inferencial através do teste "t" de student para amostras independentes. Na avaliação da Aptidão Motora, os dados referentes às variáveis das idades motoras e dos quocientes motores para cada uma das áreas avaliadas foram calculados e armazenados no programa informático "Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor" - EDM (ROSA NETO, 2002) para a obtenção de gráficos e tabelas da amostra analisada. Estes dados foram analisados posteriormente através do software GraphPad InStat complementados pelo GraphPad Prism versão 3.1, mediante a análise de distribuição de freqüências simples e percentuais, média, variância, desvio padrão, mediana, valor mínimo e máximo. Para a comparação da Aptidão Motora entre os dois grupos (G 1 e G 2), utilizou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para testar a normalidade dos dados. O teste t para amostras independentes foi utilizado, com nível de significância p<0,05. Os resultados mostraram que as características psicossociais corroboraram com aspectos apontados na literatura em relação às crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem. O desempenho escolar demonstrou um ciclo onde os repetentes continuam a não aprender, com mais de 90% de dificuldades; a aptidão física englobando o estado nutricional, apresentou um perfil eutrófico de IMC e mais da metade do grupo com boa resistência aeróbica e flexibilidade. Porém, agilidade e a força explosiva de membros inferiores ficaram abaixo da zona satisfatória. Na avaliação da aptidão motora, o grupo foi classificado como "normal-baixo", com idade negativa de 12 meses, e maiores dificuldades na organização espacial e temporal.. Ao comparar os aspectos motores entre os grupos de repetentes (G1) e de reincidentes (G2), quanto aos quocientes motores, ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significativas superiores para o G1 no quociente motor geral, na motricidade global, no esquema corporal e na organização temporal. A lateralidade cruzada do grupo G2 mostrou-se proporcional ao conjunto, ou melhor, evidenciando sua relação com problemas de alfabetização.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:42:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 916020 bytes, checksum: 179d66fbbcb2c3a215acb2a1ae9f8edc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research study focuses on student-student interaction in the context of Portuguese Language classes. We want to know if the interactive process, consisting of a mediator - the student most competent - by directing a mediated learner - less competent - favors those who have difficulty learning in school grammatical contests. Whereas, in the classroom we find the existence of "gaps" in knowledge internalized and accumulated, resulting in an uneven learning. For the theoretical foundation in Interactional Sociolinguistics, We base in JJ Gumperz and Jenny Cook-Gumperz, Erwing Goffman and Stella Maris Bortoni-Ricardo. In Conversation Analysis Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, beyond the dimensions of learning and Zone of Proximal Development, Lev Vygotsky Semenovitch, among others. The research environment it is a state educational institution in João Pessoa. The analysis methodology is based on the Ethnography of Communication, essentially interpretive, which focuses on investigating the problems in schools, such as learning difficulties of the students. The data analysis confirms the learning difficulties of students in school grammatical contests, because they consist of minute details to be recognized. It was evident that the orientation of a student more competent can beneficially influence a student less competent in the construction of meaningful learning, to a lesser or greater degrees, making them also come to the resolution of school activities. / A presente investigação centraliza o estudo na interação entre aluno-aluno em contexto de Língua Portuguesa. Pretendemos saber se o processo interativo, constituído de um mediador - aluno mais competente - orientando um mediado - aluno menos competente - favorece os que possuem dificuldade de aprendizagem em conteúdos escolares gramaticais. Consideramos que em sala de aula encontramos a existência de lacunas em saberes escolares internalizados, resultando, assim, em desnivelamentos de aprendizagens. Para a fundamentação teórica, nos pautamos na Sociolinguística Interacional, de J. Gumperz e Jenny Cook-Gumperz, Erwing Goffman e Stella Maris Bortoni-Ricardo; na Análise da Conversação, de Catherine Kerbrat- Orecchioni; e, nas noções de Dimensões do aprendizado e Zona de desenvolvimento Proximal, de Lev Semenovitch Vygotsky, entre outros. O ambiente de pesquisa trata-se de uma instituição escolar estadual, em João Pessoa - PB. A análise metodológica é fundamentada em uma perspectiva interpretativista, que permite uma investigação sobre os problemas educacionais, como as dificuldades de aprendizagem de alunos. A análise de dados confirma as referidas dificuldades de alunos em conteúdos escolares gramaticais, por se constituírem de detalhes minuciosos a serem reconhecidos. Evidenciou-se que a orientação de um aluno mais competente - o mediador - pode influenciar beneficamente um aluno menos competente - o mediado - na construção de saberes escolares de modo significativo, em menor ou maior grau, fazendo-os também chegarem à resolução de atividades escolares.

This diploma thesis deals with influence of Feuerstein's method of Instrumental Enrichment on didactics of elementary school teacher. The Instrumental Enrichment method is a very sophisticated strategy for developing individual cognitive structures. A person who helps develop cognitive structures acts as a mediator. These mediators are most often parents or teachers. So, according to Feuerstein, the teacher is not merely a knowledge builder, but he tries to develop his / her thinking and teaching potential. The aim of my work is to deepen the general knowledge of the influence of this method on teachers' didactics from the perspective of those teachers who work with it. To clarify in which areas didactics teachers perceive the impact of this method and how concrete changes are reflected. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces the author of the method, Professor Reuven Feuerstein, and the theoretical starting points from which his method is based. In addition, Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment Program is introduced, which is an application of mediated learning to pedagogical practice. It further defines the concept of didactics. The last part deals with available research on the influence of the method on teachers' didactics. In the empirical part, which is based on qualitative research...

Esta investigação tem como propósito, por um lado, revisar as principais teorias que analisam a aquisição e a aprendizagem de língua estrangeira (LE) e os principais conceitos e modelos que abordam especificamente a aquisição e a aprendizagem dos sons em LE os conceitos de surdez fonológica de Polivanov (1931) e de crivo fonológico de Trubetskoy (1939); o Modelo de Aprendizagem da Fala (SLM, Speech Learning Model de Flege (1981, 1991, 1995); o Modelo de Assimilação Perceptiva (PAM, Perceptual Assimilation Model de Best (1993, 1994, 1995); e o Modelo do Imã da Língua Materna (NLM, Native Language Magnet de Kuhl e Iverson (1995) , no marco da interrelação entre a fonética, a fonologia e as várias disciplinas linguísticas, desde princípios do século XX; época em que são formuladas as teorias estruturalistas, até as últimas décadas, quando se incorporou a contribuição da neurolinguística. Por outro lado, tem como objeto de estudo refletir sobre as dificuldades dos estudantes brasileiros de E/LE, com base em toda a argumentação teórica dos autores acima nomeados. Tal reflexão compreende desde uma visão genérica dessas dificuldades, apresentadas em uma tipologia, a uma mais específica, privilegiando a análise das características acústico-articulatórias da produção dos sons aproximantes [, ð, ] e nasais [m, n, ] da língua espanhola, por estudantes universitários brasileiros de E/LE do centro da cidade de São Paulo. Considera-se semelhante investigação relevante para os estudos das dificuldades dos estudantes brasileiros de E/LE no aspecto fônico, sobretudo por versar sobre as dificuldades não somente do ponto de vista contrastivo. Contempla sobremaneira os vários elementos implícitos no referido processo como as estratégias cognitivas próprias do período de interlíngua dos estudantes bem como a análise das características acústicas e articulatórias dos sons aproximantes e nasais, permitindo identificar, compreender e apresentar estratégias de correção no âmbito da produção dos sons em E/LE. / This paper aims at two goals: reviewing mainstream theories which analyze both foreign language learning and acquisition and chief concepts and models that specifically approach the learning and acquisition of Spanish soundsthe concepts of phonologic deafness (POLIVANOV, 1931), phonological sieve (TRUBETSKOY, 1939), SLM - Speech Learning Model (FLEGE, 1981, 1991, 1995), PAM - Perceptual Assimilation Model (BEST, 1993, 1994, 1995), and the NLM - Native Language Magnet (KUHL & IVERSON, 1995)interrelating phonetics, phonology and areas of linguistics from the beginning of the 20th century until current views, such as neurolinguistics; reflecting upon the learning difficulties faced by Brazilian students of Spanish. This reflection will range from a more generic view of these challenges, following a given typology, to a more detailed examination, emphasizing the analysis of acoustic-articulatory characteristics of Spanish approximants [, ð, ] and nasals [m, n, ] uttered by Brazilians who are university students of Spanish, from downtown Sao Paulo City. The investigation and its results are considered highly relevant to Brazilian learners of Spanish as it approaches common pronunciation problems through different aspects besides contrastive analysis. It contemplates several elements such as typical interlanguage cognitive strategies and the acoustic and articulatory analysis mentioned above in order to identify and understand mispronunciation phenomena as well as present (self-)correction strategies to reach standard production of Spanish sounds.