Les élèves dyslexiques éprouvent de grandes difficultés à lire et à écrire. Leurs difficultés en production orthographique sont reconnues pour être persistantes. Elles peuvent être expliquées par un déficit des procédures phonologiques. Or, pour orthographier une langue alphabétique comme le français, il est indispensable de développer des connaissances phonologiques puisque l’entrée dans l’écrit repose en grande partie sur la mise en correspondance de la langue orale et de sa réalisation à l’écrit. En plus des connaissances phonologiques, le système orthographique du français exige du scripteur d’acquérir des connaissances visuo-orthographiques et morphologiques. Les recherches menées sur la compétence orthographique des élèves dyslexiques se rapportent majoritairement à l’anglais et sur la compétence en lecture. La présente étude a pour objectif général de décrire, dans une visée explicative, la compétence orthographique de 26 élèves dyslexiques québécois âgés de 9 à 13 ans. Les objectifs spécifiques sont de décrire les performances de ces élèves en contexte de productions libres et de les comparer à celles de 26 élèves normo-lecteurs de même âge chronologique (CA) et à celles de 29 normo-lecteurs plus jeunes mais de même niveau en lecture (CL). Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé les erreurs en prenant en compte les propriétés phonologiques, visuo-orthographiques et morphologiques des mots écrits. Les résultats indiquent que les élèves dyslexiques ont des performances inférieures à celles des CA, mais aussi, dans certains cas, à celles des CL. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction des connaissances que doivent développer les scripteurs dyslexiques et des pistes orthodidactiques à envisager. / Learning to spell is very difficult for dyslexic children. Their difficulties to spell are known to be persistent. It can be explained by a deficit in processing phonological information. However, in order to spell correctly in an alphabetic language as French, phonological knowledge is required, as spelling is based on the connections between oral and written language. In addition to phonological knowledge, the orthographical system of French demands from the speller to acquire visual-orthographic and morphological knowledge. The majority of studies aimed at describing dyslexic children’s spelling abilities refers to English and to reading. The general goal of this study is to describe the spelling performance, in an explanatory viewpoint, of 26 dyslexic children, French-Canadian and aged 9 to 12 years old. The specific goals are to describe the spelling performances of these pupils in context of free productions and to compare them to those of 26 normally achieving children matched on age (AC) and to those of 29 younger normally achieving children matched on reading-level (RC). To do so, errors were classified according to phonological, visuo-orthographic and morphological properties of French written words. The results indicate that the dyslexic pupils made performances lower than those of the CA, but sometimes also than those of the CL. The results are discussed according to the types of knowledge required to spell correctly in French and to special-education intervention avenues.

Introdução: Pouco se conhece sobre Transtorno Específico de Aprendizagem (TEA), principalmente em países de baixa e média renda (PBMR) e muito menos em amostras representativas de escolas de cidades pequenas fora de grandes centros urbanos. Poucos estudos enfatizaram os novos critérios do DSM-5 para TEA. Investigamos a prevalência do Transtorno Específico de Aprendizagem de acordo com a nova classificação do DSM-5, suas comorbidades e correlatos em amostras escolares de alunos do 2º ao 6º ano que moram em cidades de tamanho médio de quatro regiões geográficas do Brasil (norte, nordeste, centro-oeste e sudeste). Métodos: O rendimento acadêmico foi medido pelo Teste de Desempenho Escolar. Os diagnósticos psiquiátricos foram avaliados pelo K-SADS-PL com informações obtidas do cuidador primário e o QI foi estimado por subtestes do WISC-III. Resultados: Um total de 1.618 crianças e adolescentes foram incluídas no estudo. As taxas de prevalência encontradas de Transtorno Específico de Aprendizagem foram: 7,6% para comprometimento global, 5,4% para comprometimento na escrita, 6,0% para comprometimento na área da aritmética, e 7,5% para comprometimento na leitura. Diferenças significativas foram detectadas nas taxas de prevalência entre as cidades (p < 0,001). O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) foi o único transtorno mental comórbido com associação significativa com TEA com comprometimento global (8,2%; p=0,031). Transtornos de ansiedade, TDAH e o grupo Qualquer Transtorno Mental foram associados com TEA com comprometimento na aritmética (13,8% com p=0,008; 12,4% com p < 0,001; 25,6% com p < 0,001, respectivamente). Inúmeros correlatos sóciodemográficos (idade (p=0,018), cidade (p=0,004), status sócio-econômico (p=0,007), gênero (p=0,011), e QI (p < 0,001)) foram associados com Transtorno Específico de Aprendizagem com comprometimento global na amostra. Conclusões: A validação e normatização de instrumentos que avaliem o desempenho acadêmico é ainda um grande problema em inúmeros países, mas principalmente naqueles de baixa e média renda (PBMR). Como esperado, foi encontrado uma significativa heterogeneidade nas taxas de prevalência de TEA entre as diferentes regiões geográficas do Brasil, sendo esse um país com forte diversidade. TEA com comprometimento global e em aritmética foram significativamente associados com comorbidades psiquiátricas. Todos correlatos avaliados (idade, cidade, status sócioeconômico, gênero, e QI) foram significativamente associados com TEA com comprometimento global / Introduction: Little is known about Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs), and even less from representative school samples in small size cities outside huge urban centers. Few studies addressed the new DSM-5 criteria for SLDs. We investigated the prevalence of DSM-5 SLDs, their comorbidities and correlates in school samples of students from the 2nd to 6th grades living in median cities from 4 different geographic regions in Brazil (north, northeast, central and southeast). Methods: A national test for academic performance (TDE) covering reading, writing and mathematical abilities was applied. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the K-SADS-PL applied to the primary caregiver, and IQ was estimated by WISC-III subtests. Results: A total of 1,618 children and adolescents were included in the study. The following prevalence rates of SLDs were found: 7.6% for global impairment, 5.4% for writing, 6.0% for arithmetic and 7.5% for reading impairment. Significant differences were detected in prevalence rates among cities (p < 0.001). Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was the only comorbidity significantly associated with SLD with global impairment (8.2%; p=0.031). Anxiety Disorders, ADHD and the group Any Mental Disorder (13.8% with p=0.008; 12.4% with p < 0.001; 25.6% with p < 0.001, respectively) were associated with SLD with arithmetic impairment. Several socio-demographic correlates (age (p=0.018), city (p=0.004), socioeconomic status (p=0.007), gender (p=0.011), and IQ (p < 0.001)) were significantly associated with SLD with global impairment in our sample. Conclusions: Careful validation and normatization of instruments to assess academic performance is a major problem in LMICs. As expected, we found a significant heterogeneity in prevalence rates of SLD according to geographic regions considering that Brazil is a country with a robust diversity. SLD with global and arithmetic impairment were significantly associated with psychiatric comorbidities. All correlates investigated (age, city, socioeconomic status, gender, and IQ) were significantly associated with SLD with global impairment

Objetivo. Avaliar a função aritmética em crianças com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção / Hiperatividade (TDAH) e determinar se o tratamento com psicoestimulante afeta seu desempenho (braço clínico), além de verificar o padrão de ativação neural em um subgrupo desta amostra durante tarefas de cálculos aritméticos (braço neuroimagem). Métodos. Quarenta e duas crianças (de 9 a 12 anos) participaram do braço clínico: 20 com TDAH segundo os critérios do DSM-IV e 22 controles. Estas crianças foram classificados com ou sem dificuldades aritméticas com base em seu desempenho em três testes aritméticos utilizados no Brasil. Todos os participantes do braço clínico foram avaliados em dois momentos: tempo 1 e no tempo 2 quando as crianças com TDAH estavam em uso de metilfenidato (MTF) a uma dose de 0,3-0,5 mg/kg. Foi avaliado o desempenho global em aritmética e, especificamente, exploramos a subtração nos dois tempos. Foram também estudadas 10 crianças com TDAH (seis das quais participaram do braço clínico) que participaram com uso de metilfenidato e 10 crianças saudáveis (oito das quais participaram do braço clínico) que realizaram exame de ressonância magnética funcional (RMf) em duas tarefas (cálculos exatos e aproximados ) utilizando paradigma com desenho em bloco em aparelho de 3.0 Teslas. Resultados. O grupo TDAH, quando não medicado (tempo 1) cometeu mais erros aritméticos que os controles (p < 0,001). No entanto, quando em uso de MTF, o grupo TDAH (tempo 2) fez significativamente menos erros quando comparado com a sua linha de base (tempo 1) e quando comparados aos seus controles (tempo 2). Em exercícios de subtração que requerem procedimentos de empréstimos (subtração complexo), o grupo de TDAH (tempo 1) cometeu mais erros do que nos controles, melhorando significativamente quando em uso da medicação (p = 0,039). Em relação à RMf não houve diferenças específicas entre os grupos em cada tarefa isoladamente. Entretanto, houve interação entre o tipo de cálculo (aproximado vs. exato) e grupo (controle vs. TDAH): as crianças com TDAH mostraram atividade diferente do grupo controle na região do cíngulo posterior e pré-cúneo, considerando as duas formas de cálculo. Conclusões. O uso de vários testes aritméticos validados permite uma avaliação abrangente e eficaz de crianças em risco de dificuldades de aprendizagem. Assim, fomos capazes de mostrar que o nosso grupo de crianças com TDAH tinha dificuldades aritméticas significativas, mas o tratamento com MTF trouxe melhoras substanciais. A melhora observada foi no desempenho geral e, especificamente, para o desempenho em subtração complexa. Esta melhora pode ter sido devido ao aumento de habilidades de memória de trabalho, gerando menos erros involuntários. Em relação aos resultados de RMf mostramos um resultado ainda não descrito na literatura: a alteração na região posterior do giro do cíngulo e pré-cúneo que possivelmente se deve a alteração funcional intrínseca do TDAH na vigência de medicação com metilfenidato, uma área que já foi descrita na literatura sobre TDAH porém não nessa condição / Objective. To evaluate arithmetic function in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to determine whether stimulant treatment affects their performance (clinical arm), besides verifying the patterns of neural activation on a subgroup from this sample during trials testing arithmetical calculation (neuroimaging arm). Methods. Forty-two kids (from 9 to 12 years old) took part in the clinical arm: 20 with ADHD diagnosed according DSM-IV criteria and 22 from control group. These children were classified with or without arithmetic difficulties based on their performance on three arithmetic tests used in Brazil. All participants from the clinical arm were evaluated at 2 time points: time 1 and time 2 when ADHD children were on methylphenidate (MPH) at a dose of 0,3/0,5 mg/kg. Global performance in arithmetic, and specifically, subtraction in these two times was explored. We also evaluate 10 ADHD children (6 of these from the clinical arm) on MPH and 10 healthy control children (8 of these from the clinical arm) using fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) during two trials testing approximate and exact arithmetical calculation using a block design paradigm in a 3.0 Teslas device. Results. The ADHD group, when unmedicated (time 1) made more arithmetic errors than controls (p < 0,001). However, when on MPH, ADHD group (time 2) made significantly fewer errors when compared to their baseline (time 1) and when compared to their controls (time 2). On subtraction exercises that require borrowing procedures (complex subtraction), the ADHD group (time 1) committed more errors than controls, while significantly improvement in the medicated state (p = 0,039). Regarding the fMRI there was no specific difference between groups on each task isolated. However, there was an interaction between the type of calculation (approximate vs. exact) and group (control vs. ADHD): children with ADHD showed different activity from the control group in the posterior cingulate and precuneus, considering both forms of calculation. Conclusions. The use of multiple validated arithmetic tests enables a comprehensive and effective assessment of children at a risk for learning difficulties. Thus, the study was able to show that the ADHD group had significant arithmetic difficulties; on the other side MPH treatment brought substantial improvement. This mentioned improvement was observed in general development, and specifically on complex subtraction performance, what could have been caused by the increase of working memory skills, generating less involuntary errors. Regarding the fMRI, it brought up results not yet described by literature: the alterations of the posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus what is possibly due to the intrinsic functional alteration of ADHD on MPH, an area that has already been described by ADHD literature nevertheless not on under this condition

This thesis deals with the topic "Utilization of a support program Maxik for preschool children in the prevention of learning disabilities. " The aim of this thesis is theoretical definition of specific learning disorders, deficits of partial functions and relatively new trend of dynamic diagnostics. The object of the actual research is to assess the individual displacement of each of preschool children in response to the intervention by the stimulus program MAXIK and to assess the effectiveness of this program with each child in terms of prevention of specific learning disabilities. The problematic of specific learning disabilities in terms of etiology, occurrence and their manifestations is defined in the theoretical part. A big part of the theoretical part involves a chapter dealing with partial functions, their diagnosis, prevention and suggestions for development. Last but not least, the topics of dynamic diagnostics and stimulus programs are covered in the theoretical part. The empirical part contains qualitative research, which focuses on discovering the use and effectiveness of the stimulus program MAXIK with seven preschool children and particularly studying individual shifts within these children. The results are presented in the form of casuistry. Keywords: specific learning disorders,...

The work was reflecting the effect of basic swimming training and the water environment on the fine motor skills of the upper limbs in a group of pupils with specific learning disabilities. Part of the work is a comparison with a group of pupils of the same age with specific learning disabilities without said swimming training. The main goal of the work is to observe a group of pupils from a Prague based private elementary school with focus on education of children with specific learning disabilities and evaluation of potential changes in fine motor skills of the upper limbs. The selected group of pupils consisted of children diagnosed with one or more specific learning disability, such as developmental dysphasia, dyspraxia, dysgraphia, dyslexia, ADHD syndrome and Asperger's syndrome in ages 8 to 10. The training was a mandatory basic swimming training in third grade and happened during the school year 2018/2019 with total of 15 participants. Input testing for fine motor skills and test of level of swimming abilities were organised in the beginning of the training. Output testing was organised in February of 2019 after completion of 20 hours of swimming training. This was then compared to level of fine motor skills of a group of pupils of same age without basic swimming training. Key words swimming...

This work is focused on the evaluation and verification of the criteria of success foster care on the basis of their own experience. Affects the overall trend of the development of the child in the context of the family and the wider society. The key theme of this study is, above all, approach the importance and advantages of foster care, or clarify so much discussed questions of education of children in substitute family environment in terms of celospolečenského scale. To achieve the desired outcome here were used not only to their own knowledge and experience, which are processed in the individual kasuistikách, but also the conclusions of the expert examination of pedagogical-psychological counseling and specially-educational centre. The thesis has been processed on the basis of personal long- standing observation and study the behaviour of children in foster care, which are pursued and carried out directly in the family of the author thesis. Total of pattern 8 children, which over time have been adopted into the family of the author, and this was how the children of different sexes, different ethnic origin, different state of health and, not least, of the individual and the sibling group. For all of these children have been possible directly in practice to monitor their development and progress,...