This thesis focuses on the legal adjustment of leave. Due to the novelization of the Code of work which is being heard by these times, leave is very topical issue. First pages of this thesis discourse the term "leave", its characteristics and its purpose, which is mainly the regeneration of labor force. Following are the sources of leave's legal regulations, which include mainly the international treaties, European labour act, constitutional law and valid domestic legal enactments. Significant portion of this thesis is dedicated to the analysis of leave's history since the beginnings of labour act, through the first anchorage of paid leave in legal enactments, till the release of the first labour code in 1965, including its comparison with the actual enactment. The most significant part of this thesis investigates in detail the present legal regulations and individual establishments of the ninth part of the labour code, called leave, considering practical problems with its actual application. Within thirteen assessments of the labour code is stated following: types of leave, origination of right for leave in calendar year and its variable part, legal measurement of leave, leave for worked days, supplementary leave, common regulations for leave, rules for leave draft, compensation of pay and salary during...

The aim of our study was to investigate how women in management positions experience the relationship between parenthood and their careers. We also wanted to study how these women experienced expectations from society on parenting in relation to their careers. The study's empirical data is based on semi-structured interviews with eight women in management positions. We analyzed the data from a gender perspective with the help of authors Connell's and Pearse's (2015) concepts of gender domain, gender regime, gender order and gender roles. We also used Elvin-Nowak's and Thomsson's (2001) discourses maintain separate spheres and availability and immunization. Magnusson's (2006) concepts of limitations and delimitations as well as West´s and Zimmerman's (1987) concept doing gender were also applied to the data analysis. The results from our study showed that female managers could be divided into two groups. One group where parenthood was valued higher than professional life and where the female managers had longer parental leave and more days of child care than their partners. The second group valued professional life higher than parenthood and the female managers in this group had shorter parental leave and fewer days of child care than their partners. However, all study participants, no matter the group, felt that parenting and professional life interacted with each other and that one sphere affected the other. Thus, the study participants could not at the same time be as involved in parenting as in their professional life or vice versa. Participants who chose to take greater responsibility for child care did not experience any views from society whilst participants who took less responsibility for child care did. The views were based on the expectations from society on motherhood in relation to a management position.

Background: Alcohol abuse among women on parental leave is a serious social problem. Scientific literature and research show motherhood is a risk factor for alcohol dependence. Women on parental leave can be considered a group at risk to addictive behavior. Aims: To investigate and understand the significance between the various drinking habits which exist amongst women who are on parental leave in Prague. To achieve this, the following research questions have been set: 1) Are there any characteristic activities, behaviours or experiences related to alcohol use that are repeated and have a ritual aspect? 2) What are the drinking rituals that occur amongst women on parental leave? 3) What do these rituals mean for the users? Methods: The data for the research aspect of the work was obtained using a qualitative approach. Information was collected from 25 respondents who had participated in the research via semi-structured interviews. The sample was formed by following a snowball sampling technique. Results: There were some stereotypes observed in the research group related to the consumption of alcohol. These are recurring situations and strategies. This research has shown that the most common use of alcohol is associated with the following: ritualized social drinking, socialising, but also serving...

Behavior of 84 parent-child dyads engaged in separation in preschool settings are presented. A factor analysis and correlation matrix revealed patterns of child-parent-teacher interaction, child-parent tactile-affiliative behavior, and child dependency-attachment behavior. The main pattern showed high parent-teacher gazing, smiling, and approaching interaction and high teacher smiling and gazing activity toward the child. A teacher-mediator theory in which the teacher's presence is important as an anxiety-lessening factor in child-parent leave-taking behavior is suggested and discussed to both interpret the findings and for further leave-taking research.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor har det grundläggande ansvaret för omvårdnadsarbetet inom hälso- och sjukvård och ska arbeta hälsofrämjande. I dagsläget råder en global brist på sjuksköterskor. Bristen beror bland annat på att befolkningen ökar och lever längre, vilket medför ett ökat vårdbehov. Det är även för få sjuksköterskor som tar examen och det är svårt att få sjuksköterskor att stanna kvar i yrket. Bristen på sjuksköterskor leder till konsekvenser för vården och gör bland annat att vårdkvalitén försämras.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva vad som får sjuksköterskor att vilja lämna yrket.Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar, varav 9 kvantitativa studier och 6 kvalitativa studier som inhämtades från databaserna PubMed och Cinahl.Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i sex huvudkategorier om vad som får sjuksköterskor att vilja lämna yrket: (1) Bristande arbetsmiljö, (2) Psykisk ohälsa, (3) Bristande stöd, (4) Bristande arbetsrelationer, (5) Sjuksköterskeyrket och (6) Demografiska egenskaper.Slutsats: Det finns flera olika anledningar som får sjuksköterskor att vilja lämna yrket. Hög arbetsbelastning, ogynnsamma arbetstider och brist på bekräftelse och belöningar var de mest framträdande skälen till att vilja lämna. Genom att identifiera vad som får sjuksköterskor att vilja lämna kan åtgärder vidtas för att få sjuksköterskor att stanna kvar i yrket. Detta kan eventuellt leda till att bristen på sjuksköterskor minskar och att vårdkvalitén förbättras. / Background: Nurses have the basic responsibility for the nursing work in health care and must work to promote health. There is currently a global shortage of nurses. The shortage is partly due to the population increasing and living longer, which leads to an increased need for care. There are also too few nurses who graduate and it is difficult to get nurses to stay in the profession. The lack of nurses leads to consequences and causes the quality of care to deteriorate.Aim: The purpose of the literature review was to describe what makes nurses want to leave the profession.Method: A literature review based on 15 scientific articles, of which 9 quantitative studies and 6 qualitative studies were obtained from the databases PubMed and Cinahl.Results: The results are presented in six main categories about what makes nurses want to leave the profession: (1) Poor work environment, (2) Mental ilness, (3) Lack of support, (4) Lack of working relationships, (5) The nursing profession and (6) Demographic characteristics.Conclusion: There are several different reasons why nurses want to leave the profession. High workload, unfavorable working hours and lack of confirmation and rewards were the most prominent reasons for wanting to leave. By identifying what makes nurses want to leave, measures can be taken to get nurses to stay in the profession. This may lead to a reduction in the shortage of nurses and an improvement in the quality of care.

The South African workforce has been transforming over centuries. Post -1994 South Africa brought about liberal changes in labour laws and policies, which saw women getting a four months maternity leave but there was a shortfall when it came to fathers in the workplace. The laws are mute about the father’s time off during birth of the child; the only provision made is the three days family responsibility leave. The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions and experiences of fathers with regard to the absence of paternity leave in the legislation and their experiences in early child care with new-borns. The study used a qualitative strategy and a case study design to better understand the perceptions and experiences of employed fathers. A purposive and convenience sampling procedure were used, with a sample of 15 fathers with reproductive age ranging from 25 to 55. The fathers that were interviewed came from three different companies, where a semi structured interview was employed to collect data. Data was analysed using thematic analysis that allowed the researcher to identify the recurring themes. The findings of the study demonstrated a need for paternity leave to allow fathers to be involved with their new-borns. Various factors that came up during the analysis include bonding, the helper and supportive partner, and emotionally absent. These factors contributed to an emphasised need for paternity leave as participants narrated their experiences and challenges. With the implementation of paternity leave participants felt that ten days of leave provision in South Africa would be the first steps to moving towards gender equality in the workplace and strict measures need to be put in place to ensure that fathers do not misuse the paternity leave. The study recommends further research to be conducted on the mother’s perspective on paternity leave. It is also anticipated that the result may support the amendment of Basic Conditions of Employment Act, or develop progressive policy which can equally cater for both men and women in equal terms. Keywords: Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Paternity leave, Fatherhood, Family. / GR2018

Brexit, a highly contested issue, sparked discussion on the future of not only the United Kingdom but also the European Union and its role as a political actor. The attempts to explain the phenomena have been plentiful, and within the discipline of political science, the discussion largely focuses on the political preferences of different identity groups. Brexit tends to be associated with European right-wing populism, Trump, and a cultural backlash towards liberal values. This study argues that this is far too strong of a simplification and that Brexit has deeper causes which cannot strictly be attributed to modern political trends. Britain has historically had great difficulties with its post-war role in Europe, and its reluctance to commit itself to Europe is far older than what current literature assumes. The study theorises that the preconditions for Brexit lie in the divergence of French and English liberalism and established that the UK is in far more agreement on the role of the EU in UK politics than at first glance. The Conflict lies between the UK and the EU, not within the UK itself, specifically how apolitical structure is made legitimate, and what it means to be a reluctant member of Europe.

I cover three topics in empirical microeconomics. In the first chapter, titled Investor Attention to Firm versus Market-wide Information Shocks: Evidence from North Korean Missile Tests, I study whether attention towards salient political events leads to underutilization of firm-specific information in the South Korean stock market. I find that companies with earnings surprises in the top quartile experience a 1.6% increase in the abnormal return on the announcement day, but a same-day missile test takes away 70% of the positive response. In the second chapter, titled Does Cultural Proximity Mitigate the Effect of Immigration on Electoral Outcomes? (with Gerard Domènech), we study the effect of immigration on electoral outcomes using individual-level administrative data in Spain. In a multiple instrumentations framework, we find that recent immigrants who arrived within two years are associated with an increase in the vote share of the extremist parties. Such an effect persists for additional two years but dissipates in the long-term. When split by regions of origin, African immigrants have the greatest impact, followed by Latin American immigrants. European immigrants do not affect the extremist vote shares. An analysis of the unemployment rate and the number of children suggests that immigrants tend to assimilate over time. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cultural proximity mitigates the political reaction to immigrants. In the third chapter, titled The Effect of Daddy Quota on Gender Labor Market Outcomes (with Petra Niedermeyerova), we study the impact of a father-specific parental leave policy on labor market outcomes in Quebec, Canada. Using a province-level difference-in-difference approach, we find that the so-called daddy quota increases the probability of employment for women and decreases the wage of younger men. The results suggest that the daddy quota promoted equal opportunities for women in the labor market. In a theoretical framework, we show that policy-driven changes in gender norms are consistent with our findings.

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Small firearms can create sound levels exceeding the safe threshold of human hearing with even one shot. Understanding how the sound propagates will lead to better range and military drill design. This thesis describes errors associated with different predictive interpolation models for the M16A4. Before directly discussing potential sources of error, the thesis first seeks to validate the data acquired. This is done through waveform inspection with a focus on shot-to-shot consistency. Finding the standard deviation in level between a 10-shot volley provides a good baseline with which other sources of error can be compared to. For both peak and 8-hour A-weighted equivalent levels, the deviation tended to be 1-1.2 dB. With this constraint in mind, the thesis then discussions potential error of measurements along the radial arc. By comparing nearest neighbor microphones with measured values, it was determined that a finer resolution behind the shooter is most relevant. Second, radial propagation was plotted to justify potential decay rates for further plotting. A model of spherical spreading is reasonable, but overestimates the level at farther distances e.g. 50 m. Lastly the thesis focuses on interpolation mapping to predict levels around the range. The baseline model was created using a Cartesian interpolation scheme that uses ghost points to help limit potential artifacts. Leave-one-out analysis highlighted a necessity of microphone placement behind the shooter and other less important microphones. Use of symmetry across the firing direction provides excellent results, generally below the 1 dB standard deviation. In the end, a best-practices guideline is given, which reduces number of required microphones by half. Through these analyses, future measurements will be more effective in microphone placement. With these level maps, one will also be able to better determine potential hearing risks associated with small firearm use and even avoid them through better drill.