Introdução: O trabalho materno tem sido apontado como um dos fatores que influenciam o início, a duração e a intensidade do aleitamento e vários são os fatores relacionados ao trabalho que podem influenciar a prática do aleitamento materno. Entretanto, percebemos que a grande dificuldade para alcançar melhores padrões desta prática, entre as trabalhadoras, não se encontra na falta de conhecimento materno sobre a importância de amamentar, tampouco na inexistência de programas e leis que promovam, protejam e incentivem o aleitamento. A dificuldade está também, na falta de adesão por parte das empresas/gestores em implementar as ações vigentes de forma apropriada para as funcionárias que retornam da licença maternidade, ou ainda daquelas que retornam precocemente ao trabalho por não terem um vínculo trabalhista formal. Objetivo: Compreender a experiência de mulheres trabalhadoras e gestores/empresários em relação ao aleitamento materno e o retorno ao trabalho. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que teve como cenário uma empresa do ramo de agronegócio da região de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil que adota políticas de promoção, proteção e incentivo ao aleitamento materno, tais como: licença maternidade, licença paternidade, sala de amamentação, horários flexíveis, creches, entre outros. Os participantes deste estudo foram mulheres que passaram pelo processo da amamentação nos anos de 2014, 2015 e 2016, e funcionários/gestores que trabalham no mesmo setor. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada gravada após a assinatura do TCLE. Para analise dos dados foi utilizado o Método de Interpretação de Sentidos à luz do Materialismo Histórico Dialético, dos conceitos de gênero e das políticas de apoio à maternidade. Resultados: 16 sujeitos participaram de nosso estudo, sendo eles 10 mulheres, cinco funcionários e um gestor. Três categorias temáticas foram identificadas: A maternidade e os programas de apoio no trabalho, Fragmentação de pensamentos: entre as necessidades maternas, sobrecargas diárias e posturas profissionais e O aleitamento materno sob o prisma empresarial. Conclusão: Identifica-se que muitos são os dilemas sofridos pelo desejo de manter a prática do aleitamento materno e sentir-se segura em suas profissões e longe de olhares preconceituosos e incriminadores. Para que a mulher concilie de forma harmoniosa suas funções maternas e a sua responsabilidade profissional, além de uma rede de apoio que agregue familiares, profissionais de saúde capacitados, a mulher necessita desejar e se resignar. Destacamos no que diz respeito à empresa que a simples existência de programas de apoio dentro das empresas não representa o legítimo apoio dos funcionários/gestores demonstrando que não somente são necessários tais programas, mas também a compreensão e sensibilização destes em relação aos vários papeis sociais que a mulher representa hoje na sociedade contemporânea / Introduction: A mother\"s job has been appointed as one of the factors that influence the beginning, the duration and the intensity of breastfeeding and many aspects related to her work can affect this practice. However, we realized that a great difficulty to achieve better standards of breastfeeding among working mothers is not found in the lack of knowledge about the importance of breastfeeding, let alone in the inexistence of programs and laws that promote, protect and encourage it. It is therefore found in the lack of adhesion of the companies that implement appropriate current actions for its employees who return from maternity leave, or even those who go back to work earlier than expected due to not having a formal labor relationship. Objective: To understand the relationship of working mothers and companies regarding breastfeeding and the return to their jobs. Method: A qualitative study which takes place in an agribusiness company in the region of Ribeirao Preto, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, which adopts promotion policies, protection and encouragement to breastfeeding, such as: maternity leave, paternity leave, breastfeeding room, flexible hours and daycare, among others. The participants of this study were women who went through the process of breastfeeding in the years of 2014, 2015 and 2016, and other employers who worked in the same sectors. The data was collected through semi structured interviews recorded after signing the WICF. The method used to analyze this data was the Interpretation of Senses in light of Dialectic Historical Materialism, of the concept of gender and the policies supporting motherhood. Results: 16 subjects took part in our study being 10 women, 5 employers and 1 manager. Three themed categories were identified: Maternity and Supportive Programs in the Workplace, Fragmentation of Thought: the maternal needs, daily overloads and professional postures and Breastfeeding under the Business Prism. Conclusion: Many are the identified dilemmas which mothers suffer when they have the desire of maintaining the practice of breastfeeding and feeling safe in their professions and far from prejudicial and incriminating looks. In order for the woman to deal with her maternal functions and her professional responsibilities in a consonant way, aside from a supporting network of family members and capable health professional, the woman needs to desire and relinquish herself. We highlight that regarding the company, the simple existence of supportive programs in the workplace doesn\"t represent the legitimate support of employers. It also demonstrates that these programs are not only necessary, but that the understanding and awareness of the employers towards the many social roles of the woman in modern society are also needed

Orientadores: Rosana de Fátima Possobon, Sérgio Tadeu Martins Marba / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T07:08:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brasileiro_AlineAlves_D.pdf: 1384904 bytes, checksum: 98b76dece849beed0b8a5bc76ebc6acd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os fatores que influenciam o aleitamento materno em uma população que retorna ao trabalho e em outra que não, recebendo ou não apoio para manutenção da amamentação. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de coorte, por meio de inquérito com mães que voltaram a trabalhar após o parto e com mães que não tinham uma atividade profissional, participantes e não participantes de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno. A amostra foi constituída por 400 díades mãe-lactente com idade entre 6 e 12 meses de vida. Para as análises bivariadas foram utilizados os testes de quiquadrado e Exato de Fisher. Na ajustada, o modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson com variância robusta e análise de regressão logística múltipla pelo procedimento stepwise forward. A maior parte da população foi composta por primíparas, por mulheres que fizeram parto tipo cesárea, que iniciaram a amamentação em menos de 4 horas após o parto e que permaneceram com seu filho em alojamento conjunto. Pela análise de regressão logística múltipla das variáveis relacionadas ao desmame, pôde-se observar que as mães não participantes do programa de incentivo têm 3,04 (IC95% 1,35-6,85) vezes mais chance de parar a amamentação antes do quarto mês. As mães que não têm intervalo de 30 minutos durante a jornada de trabalho têm 4,10 (IC95% 1,81-9,26) vezes mais chances de parar a amamentação antes do 4º mês. As crianças que utilizam chupeta têm 2,68 (IC95% 1,23-5,83) vezes mais chance de parar a amamentação antes do quarto mês. As crianças que utilizam mamadeira têm 14,47 (IC95% 1,85-113,24) vezes mais chance de parar a amamentação antes do quarto mês. Pela analise de Poisson das variáveis relacionadas ao desmame, interromperam o aleitamento antes do 4º mês às mães, que não receberam apoio (p<0,0001), que trabalhavam (p=0,0224), que não ficaram em alojamento conjunto (p=0,0443) e que ofereciam mamadeira (p<0,0001) a seus filhos. As mães que não participavam do programa de incentivo ao aleitamento apresentaram prevalência 1,20 vezes maior de desmame antes do 4º mês (p=0,0004). Este estudo aponta para a importância de oferecer apoio e informações sobre o manejo da lactação e sobre os direitos das lactantes garantidos por lei / Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that influence breastfeeding in a population that returns to work and another not, or not receiving support to maintain breastfeeding. We conducted a retrospective cohort study, through a survey of mothers returning to work after childbirth and mothers who had no professional activity, participants and non participants of a program to encourage breastfeeding. The sample consisted of 400 mothers and their infants aged between 6 and 12 months of life. For the bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square and Fisher's exact. In the adjusted model Poisson multiple regression with robust variance and multiple logistic regression analysis by stepwise forward procedure. Most of the population consisted of primiparous women who had a cesarean delivery type, who started breastfeeding within 4 hours after delivery and remained with his son to stay together. By multiple logistic regression analysis of variables related to weaning, it was observed that mothers not participating in the incentive program are 3.04 (95% CI 1.35 to 6.85) times more likely to stop breastfeeding before the fourth months. Mothers who do not have 30-minute break during the working hours are 4.10 (95% CI 1.81 to 9.26) times more likely to stop breastfeeding before the 4th month. Children who use pacifiers are 2.68 (95% CI 1.23 to 5.83) times more likely to stop breastfeeding before the fourth month. Children using bottles are 14.47 (95% CI 1.85 to 113.24) times more likely to stop breastfeeding before the fourth month. For the Poisson analysis of variables related to weaning, stop breastfeeding before the 4th month to mothers who received no support (p <0.0001), working (p = 0.0224), which were not able to stay together (p = 0.0443) and offering a bottle (p <0.0001) to their children. Mothers who did not participate in the program to encourage breastfeeding had a prevalence 1.20 times higher weaning before 4 months (p = 0.0004). This study highlights the importance of offering support and information about breastfeeding management and the rights of breastfeeding women guaranteed by law / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutora em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente

Under tjugohundratalets första decennier har det kunnat konstateras ett ökande av antal svenskar som sjukskrivs på grund av psykisk ohälsa. Vilka slags lärdomar upplever personerna att de tillägnat sig efter att ha varit sjukskrivna? Hur kan drivkrafter identifieras i personernas berättelser? Och vilka betydelser har samspelet med omgivningen haft för personerna vid återgång i arbete? Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka personers upplevelser om lärande efter en sjukskrivning till följd av arbetsrelaterad psykisk ohälsa. Studien är kvalitativ och bygger på åtta intervjuer av personer med egen erfarenhet av sjukskrivning. Dessa intervjuer har sedan analyserats med hjälp av Illeris tre lärandedimensioner samt delvis av Mezirovs transformativa lärande. Resultat och slutsats visar att det sker lärande efter en sjukskrivning där lärdomen varit ökad självkännedom, där drivkraften varit att åter komma in i ett sammanhang och där omgivningens bemötande och stöd haft stor betydelse. / During the first decades of the twentyfirst century, an increase in the number of Swedes reported on sick leave due to suffering from mental illness has been noted. What kind of learning do people experience after being on sick leave? How can driving forces be identified in their stories? And what meanings have the interaction with the environment had for people when returning to work? The purpose of this paper is to investigate people's experiences of learning after a sick leave due to work-related mental illness. The study is qualitative and based on eight interviews of individuals with own experience of sick leave. These interviews have then been analyzed using Illeris’ three learning dimensions and partly by Mezirov's9 transformative learning. The result and conclusion show that learning takes place after a sick leave where learning gave increased self-awareness, where the driving force was to be able to re-enter a context and where the receivement and support from the environment was of major importance.

I Sverige är det fortfarande en ojämn fördelning av uttaget av föräldradagar hos nyblivna föräldrar där mammorna tar ut den största delen.  Syfte:. Att undersöka hur föräldrar resonerar kring föräldraledighet, hur de väljer att fördela dagarna, vilka är anledningen till det och vad skulle få dem att resonera annorlunda. Metod: En explorativ studie med kvalitativ ansats. 12 semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex föräldrapar i åldern 25-42år som fått barn de senasta två åren, föräldrarna intervjuades enskilt. Analysering gjordes med en omarbetad version av Lundman &amp; Hällgren-Graneheims (2008) innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fyra kategorier identifierades; planering av föräldraledigheten, självklara val för familjen, föräldrar är inte insatta i reglerna och föräldrar nöjda i sina roller. Studien visar att mamman oftast är den som är hemma den första tiden med barnet och att pappan sedan tar ut dagar därefter som det passar. Föräldrarna var överlag positivt inställda till en mer jämlik fördelning av föräldraledigheten. I de fall där mamman tog ut de flesta dagarna var de avgörande orsakerna oftast relaterade till ekonomi eller arbets-/ skolsituation. Slutsats: Bland föräldrar fanns en tydlig önskan om mer information kring föräldraledigheten från både försäkringskassan och mödravårdscentralens håll. / In Sweden there still are an uneven sharing of the parental leave-days among newly-fledged parents where the mothers still use more days than the fathers. Objective: To examine how newly fledged parents deliberate around parental leave, how they choose to share the days between themselves, what their reasons are and things that could have made them think differently. Method: An explorative studdy with qualitative approach. Twelve semi-structured interviews were caried out. Results: Four categories were identified; the planning of the parental leave, the obvious choices for the family, the parents are not satisfied with the regulations and that parents are happy in their roles. The studdy shows that the mother is the one who in most cases stays at home the first months, and the father than uses his days of parental leave how it works out best for him and is most practical. The parents were, overall, open-minded to have a more equal sharing of the parental leave. In the cases were the mother used most of the days, the main reasons were related to economical factors, work or school situation. Conclusion: There was a distinct wish for more information regarding the regulations of the parental leave among the parents, both from Försäkringskassan and from the maternity clinics parenting groups.

Background: We are facing a global lack of working nurses since nurses end their carrier earlier than their planned retirement. The psychosocial work environment is a big problem in the nursing field and affects the nurses´ health status, suffering and stress level. Aim: The aim with this study was to describe nurses´ perceptions of factors that affects their psychosocial working environment. Method: A literature overview Results: The collegial relationships, the workplace manager, the structure of the working hours and the organization and staffing makes the ground for however the nurses will appreciate and stay at their workplace, or if they are going to dislike the work and leave either the workplace or the nursing-field entirely. Conclusion: Adequate staffing, good relations with the co-workers, a manager that sees and appreciates the nurses is work environmental factors that increase the chances that the nurses is going to appreciate their work, and remain at their workplace. To achieve a good work environment there should be enough time for the nurses´ to take good care of the patients and colleagues. There should also be a supporting management at the work place and a good cooperation in the working team. A mean manager, understaffing, bad relationships with colleagues, and a lack of trust and independence increases the risk that the nurses will leave both the workplace and the entire nursing field.

Youth unemployment is an increasing burden on societies around the world. This prospective, register-based cohort study examined the relationship between unemployment and sickness absence, disability pension, death and future unemployment among youth in Sweden. A comparison was also made between immigrants and native Swedes. Another aim was to see if Active Labour Market Programs (ALMPs) and attained education moderated the outcomes. The baseline year was 1992, a year of severe economic downturn. The follow-up period was from 1993 to 2007, divided into three 5-year periods. The study group of 199,623 individuals comprised all immigrants born between 1968 and 1972 who immigrated before 1990 (25,607) and a random sample of native Swedes in the same age range (174,016). Individuals with unemployment benefit in 1990-1991, disability pension in 1990-1992 or severe disorders leading to hospitalization in 1990-1992 were excluded in order to minimize selection bias. Those who were unemployed in 1992 had elevated risk, measured as odds ratios, of ≥60 days of sickness absence, disability pension, ≥100 days of unemployment and all, except native Swedish women, had elevated risk of death during follow-up. The risk of future unemployment declined until the last follow-up period, while the elevated risk of future sickness absence was about the same in all three follow-up periods. Higher level of education at baseline decreased the risk of future unemployment. Individuals participating in ALMPs had an increased risk of future unemployment, and immigrant women had an increased risk of sickness absence, compared to non-participating individuals. Attained education between 1993 and 1997 decreased the risk of future unemployment and decreased the risk of sickness absence among immigrants. The risk of both future unemployment and future sickness absence increased with the length of unemployment in 1992. Immigrants had higher risk of unemployment both at baseline and follow-up compared with native Swedes, but followed the pattern of native Swedes when unemployed. The conclusion are that exposure to unemployment are associated with elevated risk of future unemployment, sickness absence, disability pension and death fifteen years after exposure. To a society this will mean substantial costs in the form of increased welfare payments and loss of productivity and tax income. Selection to unemployment by individuals already sick, may explain part of the association between unemployment and the studied outcomes.

This essay has tried to find attitudes and experiences regarding involved fatherhood and parental leave. This has been accomplished through qualitative interviews with five fathers in Uppsala, Sweden. All the respondents were already on or were supposed to go on parental leave. In accordance with the aim of the study the interviews and the analysis proceeded from three topics: fatherhood and family situation; impacts from the daily environment; and effects based on their own fatherhood. These topics were constructed from the two theories that were used to frame the purpose of the study; the theories that were used were the modernistic gender contract (modernistiskt genuskontrakt) and hegemonic masculinity. The study mainly focused on finding what inspired the respondents to go on parental leave and how this differed between them. Apart from that, the study was supposed to find how and if the attitude of the respondents were affected by their local environment. Furthermore, the study intended to find how parental leave could change the attitudes of the respondents towards work versus family relations. The results of the qualitative interviews compared to the literature review showed that the respondents mainly chose to go on parental leave to strengthen the gender equality in the family and to build a stronger relationship between themselves and their children. The division of parental leave between the partners was mainly chosen due to practical reasons. Furthermore, the interviewed fathers got their largest influence from their own fathers and discussions within the family. Lastly, the parental leave gave the fathers a stronger connection to their children and a deeper understanding of having the primary responsibility for their children.

Human society is dependent on women who ensure their sustainability in the role of mothers. At the same time women participate in the economic prosperity of the family and society. The combination of these two roles puts them at a disadvantage in the labour market. This thesis aims at analyzing the current situation of women from the point of view of motherhood and position on the labour market. The theoretical part deals with two primary areas including social policy and the labour market. Social policy gives information about family policy and state support to mothers in comparison with other countries. The practical part, which is based on methodology, is dedicated to the analysis of the current situation of women and is divided according to the origin of the data. The secondary data were obtained from the public statistical database and the primary one through the questionnaire survey. The outcome of the work reveals significant factors influencing the age at which women have their first child, the dependence between parental leave income, the length of parental leave, and other answers to the research questions.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate and analyse the employers legal right to demand a medical certificate from an employee from the very first day in a leave of absence due to illness. Further the paper will investigate the possible consequences and repercussions that an employee faces if he or she is not willing or able to procure a medical certificate by the demand of an employer. A minor comparative study about work security during illness and sick leave in Sweden and Denmark will be carried out and analysed. To gain a broader perspective on sick leave a gender perspective will be analysed as well. The paper is largely based on a doctrinal method of traditional legal analysis. Due to the change in legislation regarding sick pay paid by employer in 2008 all employers without collective agreements gained the right to demand a medical certificate from an employee. Reasons behind the requests can vary from an early start in rehabilitation to the suspicion of unrightfully use of sick pay. The general rule in Sweden unlike Denmark is that you cannot be dismissed due to illness, and there are comprehensive obligations for an employer to partake in the rehabilitation and return to work for an employee. Permanent reduced capacity for work or lack of cooperation in the rehabilitation process by the employee stipulates exceptions for dismissal due to illness. By not procuring a medical certificate an employee could consequently face dismissal.

The research problem in this study was to identify best practices for the contingency management of health-related absenteeism. To achieve this goal, the following actions were taken: A literature study was conducted to identify the scope and impact of health-related absenteeism on organisations and the legal parameters within which health-related absenteeism should be managed. A literature study was also conducted to identify strategies to prevent and reduce health-related absenteeism and strategies to ensure the continuous provision of products and services in periods of high absenteeism. The theoretical study focused on the management of absenteeism, wellness, ill-health/mental problems and HIV/AIDS, as well as contingency strategies aimed at maintaining production and service provision. iii The findings from the literature study were integrated into a model of best practices for the contingency management of health-related absenteeism. This model was used as a basis for the development of a survey questionnaire to determine whether senior human resources practitioners, occupational health practitioners or line managers, who were responsible for the management of health-related absenteeism in organisations, agreed with the best practice guidelines developed in the study. The survey was conducted in the motor and motor component industry in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality and Buffalo City Metropole. The empirical results from the study showed a strong concurrence with the best practices guidelines developed in the study, with the exception of the strategies aimed at maintaining undisrupted production and service provision during periods of high absenteeism. In particular, disagreement was shown with regard to alternative work arrangements such as flexible work-hours, a compressed workweek, telecommuting and job-sharing. Absenteeism, in general, is an issue that organisations are challenged with on a daily basis. The proliferation of various diseases, specifically HIV/AIDS, is contributing to this problem. An integrated and strategic approach is required to deal effectively and constructively with the immediate and expected future impact of health-related issues on absenteeism. Organisations could use the best practices guidelines, identified in this study, as a mechanism to benchmark how well they manage health-related absenteeism