An artinian standard graded algebra has the weak Lefschetz property if the multiplication by a general linear form induces maps of maximal rank between consecutive degree components. It has the strong Lefschetz property if the multiplication by powers of a general linear form also induce maps of maximal rank between the appropriate degree components. These properties are mainly studied for the constraints they place, when present, on the Hilbert series of the algebra. While the majority of research on the Lefschetz properties has focused on characteristic zero, we primarily consider the presence of the properties in positive characteristic. We study the Lefschetz properties by considering the prime divisors of determinants of critical maps. First, we consider monomial complete intersections in a finite number of variables. We provide two complements to a result of Stanley. We next consider monomial almost complete intersections in three variables. We connect the characteristics in which the weak Lefschetz property fails with the prime divisors of the signed enumeration of lozenge tilings of a punctured hexagon. Last, we study how perturbations of a family of monomial algebras can change or preserve the presence of the Lefschetz properties. In particular, we introduce a new strategy for perturbations rooted in techniques from algebraic geometry.

The topic of this thesis are subdivisions of simplicial complexes, in particular we focus on the so-called antiprism triangulation. In the first main part, the real-rootedness of the h-polynomial of the antiprism triangulation of the simplex is proven. Furthermore, we study combinatorial interpretations of several invariants as the h- and local h-vector. In the second part, we show the almost strong Lefschetz property of the antiprism triangulation for every shellable simplicial complex.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la géométrie des variétés de Fano complexes en utilisant les propriétés des sous-faisceaux du fibré tangent et la géométrie du diviseur fondamental. Les résultats principaux compris dans ce texte sont : (i) Une généralisation de la conjecture de Hartshorne: une variété lisse projective est isomorphe à un espace projectif si et seulement si son fibré tangent contient un sous-faisceau ample.(ii) Stabilité du fibré tangent des variétés de Fano lisses de nombre de Picard un : à l'aide de théorèmes d'annulation sur les espaces hermitiens symétriques irréductibles de type compact M, nous montrons que pour presque toute intersection complète générale dans M, le fibré tangent est stable. La même méthode nous permet de donner une réponse sur la stabilité de la restriction du fibré tangent de l'intersection complète à une hypersurface générale.(iii) Non-annulation effective pour des variétés de Fano et ses applications : nous étudions la positivité de la seconde classe de Chern des variétés de Fano lisses de nombre de Picard un. Ceci nous permet de montrer un théorème de non-annulation pour les variétés de Fano lisses de dimension n et d'indice n-3. Comme application, nous étudions la géométrie anticanonique des variétés de Fano et nous calculons les constantes de Seshadri des diviseurs anticanoniques des variétés de Fano d'indice grand.(iv) Diviseurs fondamentaux des variétés de Moishezon lisses de dimension trois et de nombre de Picard un : nous montrons l'existence d'un diviseur lisse dans le système fondamental dans certain cas particulier. / This thesis is devoted to the study of complex Fano varieties via the properties of subsheaves of the tangent bundle and the geometry of the fundamental divisor. The main results contained in this text are:(i) A generalization of Hartshorne's conjecture: a projective manifold is isomorphic to a projective space if and only if its tangent bundle contains an ample subsheaf.(ii) Stability of tangent bundles of Fano manifolds with Picard number one: by proving vanishing theorems on the irreducible Hermitian symmetric spaces of compact type M, we establish that the tangent bundles of almost all general complete intersections in M are stable. Moreover, the same method also gives an answer to the problem of stability of the restriction of the tangent bundle of a complete intersection on a general hypersurface.(iii) Effective non-vanishing for Fano varieties and its applications: we study the positivity of the second Chern class of Fano manifolds with Picard number one, this permits us to prove a non-vanishing result for n-dimensional Fano manifolds with index n-3. As an application, we study the anticanonical geometry of Fano varieties and calculate the Seshadri constants of anticanonical divisors of Fano manifolds with large index.(iv) Fundamental divisors of smooth Moishezon threefolds with Picard number one: we prove the existence of a smooth divisor in the fundamental linear system in some special cases.