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<p>The aim of this paper is to empirically examine the ideological trends and positioning of the Swedish liberal party with the Danish social liberal party. This paper also aims to analyze the reasons behind the trends. By examine the development in these two Nordic liberal sisterparties, this paper contributes to our understanding of why and how party change is initiated. The paper commences with an intuitive notion that the Swedish party has in fact, made a lurch towards the right, during the past ten to fifteen years while the Danish party has retained their social-liberal position in the centre of the Danish political spectrum. The questions then asked are: can this hypothesis be verified empirically? If so, how can this phenomenon of divergence, be explained?</p><p>The method used in this thesis is process-tracing and the empirical material does to a large extent rely on interviews with central agents as they are specified in the theory of each party. The starting point of the paper is theory on party change, which identifies the important agents, goals and determinants of party policy.. It rely on rational choice assumption, pays regard to institutional boundaries and is placed somewhere in the category of new institutionalism.</p><p>This thesis argues that it is empirically unquestionable that the Swedish party de facto has made a lurch to the right during the last decade, while the Danish party has shown significant stability in their ideological position. The thesis further argues that the development in the Swedish party can be explained through a shift of primary goals, from policy-seeking toward vote-maximising, while the Danish party’s primary goals have since the beginning of the nineties until now, remained primarily policy-seeking. This explains why their ideological trend has kept a stable course. The paper concludes by stating that the divergent development within the two parties is explainable on the basis of the institutional organisation within each party, together with the different political environments they are occupied in.</p>

Chez Drosophila melanogaster, l’orientation horaire (dextrale) des organes est déterminée par un gène unique codant la Myosine non conventionnelle de type ID (MyoID). Un crible génétique modificateur en contexte sensibilisé pour myoID nous a permis d’identifier klp64D comme un gène interagissant génétiquement avec myoID. Celui-ci code l’une des sous-unités motrices du complexe moteur hétérotrimérique Kinésine-2 (Kin-2) constitué d’une autre sous-unité motrice Klp68D et d’une sous-unité adaptatrice Kap3. Nous montrons que klp68D interagit génétiquement avec myoID lors de la mise en place de l’axe D/G. Ceci suggère donc un rôle de l’ensemble du complexe Kin-2 dans l’asymétrie D/G. Chez les vertébrés, Kin-2 participe à l’assemblage des cils impliqués dans la détermination D/G lors de la gastrulation. Or, chez la drosophile, les cils ne sont pas requis dans la détermination D/G. MyoID et Kin-2 sont requis de manière synchrone dans la voie dextrale lors de la détermination D/G. En outre, Kin-2 joue un rôle important dans la rotation horaire du génitalia et l’enroulement dextral de l’intestin postérieur adulte (hindgut). Kin-2 est requise dans l’organisateur D/G de l’hindgut adulte pour l’orientation biaisée des cellules qui n’expriment pas MyoID. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent que l’activité de Kin-2 n’est pas requise dans le sous-ensemble de cellules qui exprime MyoID. Enfin, le rôle joué par Kin-2 dans l’asymétrie D/G semble indépendant de la polarité apico-basale et des jonctions adhérentes. Kin-2 pourrait donc jouer un rôle non ciliaire dans la phase de propagation de l’information directionnelle induite par MyoID. / In nature most of the bilateralia are left/right (L/R) asymmetric. In Drosophila, asymmetry is apparent in the directional looping of gut and terminalia. Dextral orientation of organs is controlled by the activity of a single gene myosin ID (myoID) whose mutation induces a fully inverted L/R axis. To date little is known of how the initial L/R cue induced by MyoID is propagated and maintained through the rest of the architecture of the L/R organizer. Here we present the identification of klp64D and klp68D as new myoID interacting genes. These genes encodes the two motor sub-units of the Drosophila Kinesin-2 motor complex. Interestingly, this microtubule-based motor plays a ciliary function in vertebrate L/R morphogenesis. However, we show that in Drosophila cilia are not involved in L/R asymmetry. We demonstrate that Kinesin-2 acts during L/R determination in the dextral pathway. Furthermore Kinesin-2 is required for proper L/R patterning both of male genitalia and of adult hindgut. L/R activity of Kinesin-2 is restricted to cells that do not express MyoID suggesting a role for this motor in propagation of the L/R cue. Our findings show for the first time a non ciliary role for Kinesin-2 in L/R axis determination. Thus, these results shed light on an evolutionary conservation between Drosophila and vertebrate L/R determination.

La mise en place de l’asymétrie droite/gauche (D/G) est fondamentale au développement normal des organismes bilatériens. Cependant, les mécanismes essentiels à la cassure de symétrie ainsi que leur conservation au cours de l’évolution sont encore mal compris. Chez le poisson-zèbre l’organisateur de l’asymétrie D/G ou vésicule de Kupffer (KV), consiste en une sphère remplie d’un liquide mis en mouvement de façon circulaire antihoraire pas le battement de cils motiles. Nous avons observé dans la lumière de la KV la présence de vésicules positives pour la protéine ESCRT Chmp1b. De plus, une diminution du nombre de ces vésicules est associée à l’apparition de défauts de latéralité, ce qui suggère un rôle potentiel de ces vésicules dans la mise en place de l’asymétrie D/G. Nous montrons que malgré sa forme circulaire, le flux de la KV peut transporter de façon asymétrique des vésicules. Deuxièmement, nous avons également montré que la fonction de la protéine Myo1D, impliquée dans l’asymétrie D/G chez la drosophile, est conservée chez le poisson-zèbre. La perte de Myo1D a un impact sur les signaux les plus précoces d’initialisation de la latéralité. De plus, Myo1D interagit de façon fonctionnelle avec la protéine Vangl2, un composant de la voie PCP contrôlant le positionnement et l’orientation des cils de la KV. Ces découvertes établissent ainsi que le système Myo1D représente une machinerie conservée au cours de l’évolution pour l’établissement d’une latéralité chez les animaux. / The proper establishment of Left/Right (L/R) asymmetry is fundamental to normal development in bilaterians. However, the initial mechanisms involved in symmetry breaking and their conservation throughout the course of evolution remain poorly understood. In zebrafish, the L/R organizer region or Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) consists as a fluid filled cavity, whose circular counterclockwise motion is driven by the motion of motile cilia. We have observed the presence of vesicles containing the ESCRT component Chmp1b in the lumen of the KV. Hence, the diminution of their number is associated with laterality defect, suggesting a potential role for those vesicles in L/R asymmetry establishment. We also participate to show that in spite of its overall circular geometry, the KV flow can ensure the directional transport of vesicles in the organ lumen. Secondly, we are also showing that the function of the Myo1D protein, implicated in L/R asymmetry establishment in drosophila, is conserved in zebrafish. The loss of Myo1D leads to an impaired early lateralization. Moreover, Myo1D functionally interact with the protein Vangl2, a component of the PCP pathway, which controls the tilt and positioning of KV cilia. These findings are supportive of a mechanism according to which Myo1D system represents a conserved molecular machinery essential for L/R asymmetry establishment in bilaterians.

In this thesis I examine the relationship between party affiliation of the local political leadership and the municipal tax rate in Sweden’s 290 municipalities between 1994 and 2018. The mean tax rate of Swedish municipalities has increased by 1.3 percentage points in that time, while the prevalence of right-wing coalitions – consisting of parties that claim to want a lower tax rate – in leadership also has increased. I therefore examine to what degree right-wing coalitions have contributed to the increase in the mean tax rate compared to left-wing and mixed coalitions. I find that while right-wing coalitions have contributed to the increase in the mean tax rate to a lower degree than other coalitions, the difference is small, and the difference between the contributions of right-wing and left-wing coalitions is not statistically significant. I also examine how right-wing coalitions containing the Green Party and local parties have affected the municipal tax rate compared to coalitions consisting only of traditional right-wing parties. When the Green Party or local parties are part of a right-wing coalition, the mean increase in the municipal tax rate is much lower than that of coalitions consisting only of right-wing parties. Lastly I examine how the amount of parties that are part of a local right-wing coalition affect the municipal tax rate and find that the fewer parties, the larger the mean tax increase.

The thesis deals with connections between non-ideal development of the hip joint and origin of idiopathic scoliosis. The thesis warn that asymmetry in neuromotor ontogenesis is a risk factor for development of scoliosis. There is also summary of abnormalities in hip joints which are connected with idiopatic scoliosis. In experimental part of the work it has been confirmed that patient with idiopathic scoliosis have leftright asymmetry of the range of movement in hip joints. This asymmetries are discussed in the context of both the etiopathogenezis and the effect of spinal deformity. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), together with the analyses of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, confirm what our day to day experience of life attests : antimatter is far less present than matter in the Universe. In addition, these observables also permit to evaluate that there exists about one proton for every 10^{10} photons present in the Universe. This is in contradiction with expectations coming from the standard hot big bang, where no distinction between matter and antimatter is made, and where subsequent annihilations would lead to equal matter and antimatter contents, at a level 10^{−10} smaller than the observed one. The Standard Model of fundamental interactions fails to explain this result, leading us to search for ‘Beyond the Standard Model’ physics. Among the possible mechanism which could be responsible for the creation of such a matter asymmetry, leptogenesis is particularly attractive because it only relies on the same ingredients previously introduced to generate neutrino masses. Unfortunatelly, this elegant proposal suffers from a major difficulty : it resists to any tentative of being probed by our low energy observables. In this thesis, we tackle the problem the other way around and propose a way to falsify this mechanism. Considering the type-I leptogenesis mechanism, i.e. a mechanism based on the asymmetric decay of right-handed neutrinos, in a left-right symmetric framework, we show that the observation of a right-handed gauge boson W_R at future colliders would rule out any possibility for such mechanism to be responsible of the matter asymmetry present in our Universe. Another intriguing question that analyses of the anisotropies of the CMB confirmed is the presence of a non-baryonic component of matter in our Universe, i.e. the dark matter. As hinted by observations of galactic rotation curves, it should copiously be present in our galactic halo, but is notoriously difficult to detect directly. We can take advantage on the fact that antimatter almost disappeared from our surroundings to detect the contamination of cosmic rays from standard sources the annihilation products of dark matter would produce. The second subject tackled in this work is the study of the imprints the Inert Doublet Modem (IDM) could leave in (charged) cosmic rays, namely positrons, antprotons and antideuterons. This model, first proposed to allow the Bout-Englert-Higgs particle to evade the Electroweak Precision Test (EWPT) measurements, introduces an additional scalar doublet which is inert in the sense that it does not couple directly to fermions. This latter property brings an additional virtue to this additional doublet : since it interacts weakly with particles, it can play the role of dark matter. This study will be done in the light of the data recently released by the PAMELA, ATIC and Fermi-GLAST collaborations, which reported e^± excesses in two different energy ranges.

Throughout the years there has been rise to extensive debate in the media and in the research world about the Swedish Democrats being labeled as a populist radical right-winged party or even leaning towards a centrist position with authoritarian values. With a general election coming up soon this year the aim of this study is with the help of a two-dimensional approach, combining the traditional left/right dimension and the GAL-TAL dimension, to find out where the SD place themselves on the political spectrum. The left/right dimension focuses on socioeconomic interests – the relationship between the state and the market while GAL-TAN considers socio-cultural issues such as independence and the degree of individual freedom. By conducting a qualitative content analysis and an ideal-type analysis in this study, several statements from the party's manifestos from the year 2010, 2014 and 2018 have been analyzed to find out where the party can be placed on the political spectrum. The study shows that the SD can be placed on the two-dimensional scale, where the party combines elements of TAN, some libertarian elements (GAL), where SD positions itself as a centrist-right party in some issues of the economic dimension. In addition, results show that social conservatism has been a prominent ideology in the SD:s manifestos over the years. / <p>2018-06-07.</p>

This essay will explain the electoral success of radical right parties in thirteen Western European countries over time. Based on a theory of convergence and polarization as a recent for the upsurge of radical right partiers. The two main factors that will be tested as potential explanations to the success of these parties are polarization and convergence along the leftright and the Gal-Tan dimensions respectively. The questions (and hypothesis) that will be answered in the essay are; Does left-right convergence between established parties lead to electoral success for Radical right parties (H1); Does Gal-Tan polarization lead to electoral success for radical right parties (H2). This research problem is approached then with statistical methods. The conclusion is that radical right parties benefits from polarization between parties in the party system on the left right and the Gal-Tan dimensions. Yet, the findings show that Gal-Tan polarization has a more profound effect than left-right polarization.

The topic of the diploma thesis is a comparison of the old and new left in the Czech Republic. The diploma thesis focuses on a comparison of the selected relevant left-wing political groups operating in the Czech Republic. The thesis examines differences and similarities between the KSČM, the socialist wing of ČSSD on one side and the Green Party and the left-liberal tendencies and offshoots of the ČSSD (such Idealists) on the other hand. The work is divided into three main parts. The first part of the thesis is theoretical. The theoretical part defines main terms such as a political party, political movement, left-right axis of the political spectrum, the old left, the new left etc. The explanation of the terms is very important for understanding the thesis. In the second part of this thesis, I analyze single significant and relevant political parties. I focus on the origin and development of political parties and their electoral program, their attitude to selected issues, electorate, potential cooperation between themselves and so on. The third part is comparative. The goal of this thesis is to find out whether the analyzed political parties fulfill leftist characteristic. Next goal of this thesis is to find out whether the classification on left-right axis of the political spectrum is still...