The topic of this Master's thesis is the analysis of criminal liability of legal entities in the Czech republic that is contained in the Act no. 418/2011 Sb., on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Procedure against them, which was adopted on 22. 12. 2011. It is a topical isuue, which still contains a lot of unanswered questions. The aim of the thesis is to familiarize the reader with this new institute in the Czech legal system, with which there are not many practical experiences yet. Taking into account the extent of the thesis, it does not include a comprehensive analysis, but it focuces on key issues in the legal regulation. The work is also dedicated to the regulation of this institute in the Spanish legal system. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with general issues that are related to the criminal liability of legal entities. It presents the historic development, models of liability of legal entities for offences, international regulation, corporate criminal liability in the Common law system and the reasons for and against introducing criminal liability of legal entities into legal system. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of current legislation criminal liability of legal entities in the Czech Republic. It is focused on the nature of the...

Resumé Issues of Criminal Liability of Legal Entities This thesis deals with criminal liability of legal entities and with delictual liability of legal entities. Even though there is no Czech equivalent for the institution of criminal liability of legal entities, and consequently it cannot be part of Czech legal system, there have been many heated debates, conducted both by professionals, politicians and amateurs. Czech criminal law does not contain the term collective responsibility, as it is traditionally based on the individual criminal liability. It has adopted the principle societas delinquere non potest, and for this reason the introduction of criminal liability of legal entities would be perceived as massive change, change that could have profound impact on the Czech criminal law as such. The topic is controversial; it is manifested in the way the arguments pro and contra are submitted. The thesis consists of seven chapters. Basic definitions are followed by a short historical overview of delictual liability of legal entities in European continental law. Next chapter lists arguments pro and contra introduction of criminal liability of legal entities. Tendencies in international and in European continental law constitute one of the main arguments for introducing this institution into Czech legal...

This thesis deals with the criminal liability of legal entities in the environmental law. The new law on criminal liability of legal persons represents a big change in the existing conception of Czech criminal law. The first three chapters talk about basic concepts with which this thesis works. The Czech Republic is active subject in the field of international and EU law, therefore the following chapter is dedicated to the legislation of this issue in international and EU context. Chapter seven of this thesis direct talks about current Czech legislation of the criminal liability of legal entities. The chapter describes the historical development and current condition of the law of the Czech Republic and comparison of Czech and Austrian legislation. The end of this thesis describes the characteristics of several crimes against the environment, which, according to current legislation, legal entities can commit.

(Abstract in English) This thesis deals with certain question of criminal liability in the case of legal ethities, which presents a recent phenomenon in Czech legal setting. The most important reason for working on this subject was my interest in the area of criminal law. In this context, the new law on criminal liability of legal persons constituted an ideal subject for processing, which would allow me deeper acquaintance with the problems about this important topic. In the Chapter One the work describes genesis of a newly adopted law in Czech republic and in the next Chapter Two compares it with another bill, which was proposed and promptly rejecter by the Parliament in the first reading in 2004. It goes on to analyse the question of presidential veto and its consequences. The Chapter Three, about the main lines of argumentation is subdivided into two parts. Part One describes the main lines of argumentation used by proponents of this new law, including a range of examples from the area of environment protection. Part Two deals with the main lines of argumentation used by adversaries of this new law. The Chapter Four describes the importance of the selected institutes of the law on criminal liability of legal entities. The work's focal point lies in the analysis of key elements of Czech law in the...

A heated debate was going on during the past few years among Czech lawyers concerning punishment of legal entities. It culminated as the law on criminal liability of legal entities and proceedings against them was passed. However, this has not solved all the problems of legal regulation of delicts committed by legal entities. The question of reform of administrative punishment remains relevant. The current legislation suffers numerous defects, in particular its incompleteness, which has to be addressed in legal practice by using laws whose primary field of application lies elsewhere; those laws do not address all the peculiarities of administrative punishment of legal entities. While the main discussion is centered on substantive law, proceedings for administrative delicts of legal entities deserve attention as well. My thesis is divided into four parts. The first part briefly outlines the historical development of the proceedings for administrative delicts of legal entities. The second part provides a brief overview of the current state of egislation, focusing on the sources of lw. The third part deals with general principles of law relevant for proceedings for administrative delicts of legal entities, especially the right to a fair trial, as described in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights...

The submitted thesis comprehensively deals with selected issues of corporate criminal liability. The emphasis is mainly put on the Czech legislation, on the Act No. 418/ 2011 Coll., on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and their Prosecution that became effective on the January 1, 2012. Foreign legislation concerning corporate criminal liability in selected countries within civil law legal system is taken into account in the thesis as well while focusing mainly on the French legislation. The aim of the thesis is to carry out a critical analysis of the Czech corporate criminality legislation and to point out its ambiguities, contentious parts and potential shortcomings. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deal with certain general issues related to the concept of criminal liability of legal entities, including its historical development. The second part focuses on the scope of the Act No. 418/ 2011 Coll., in particular it examines the characteristics of the entities that are subjected to the corporate criminal liability and the extent of criminalization of legal persons. Third part and the longest part examines (i) corporate criminal liability's establishment with emphasis put on the matter of imputability and (ii) the legal succession with regard to the transfer of the...

Depuis les années 1990, le droit d’établissement des sociétés a connu une évolution sans précédent au sein du marché intérieur. En tant qu’opérateurs économiques, les sociétés devaient être les premières bénéficiaires de ce marché. Force est de constater qu’il n’existe toujours pas de véritable droit européen des sociétés. Cette carence normative a été comblée par l’action normative de la Cour de justice afin d’offrir aux sociétés les instruments juridiques nécessaires à leur mobilité. C’est ce qui ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne qui est allée bien au-delà d’une simple coordination des droits nationaux. En effet, il ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice qu’elle a profondément influencé la condition juridique des sociétés puisque la Cour a bouleversé la notion même d’établissement. Partant, le droit d’établissement, le droit européen d’établissement des sociétés apparaît alors comme un droit subjectif à la mobilité. Si le rattachement des sociétés au territoire d’un Etat constitue une condition inhérente à leur existence, l’exercice du droit d’établissement permet de faciliter la mobilité de celles-ci sans pour autant remettre en cause les compétences des États qui restent les seuls à déterminer les conditions de création et de fonctionnement des sociétés. Dès lors, le droit d’établissement apparaît comme un droit subjectif procédural. / The right of establishment of companies had an unprecedented evolution within the domestic market since 1990. As economic operators, companies should be the first beneficiaries of this market. Unfortunately there is still no true European Company Law. This weakness was filled by normative action of the Court of Justice in order to give Companies the legal instruments necessary for their mobility. When we look closer to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, we can note that she did way more than a simple coordination of national laws. Indeed this jurisprudence has deeply changed companies’ legal conditions because the Court has disrupted the notion of establishment itself. Company European right of establishment then becomes a subjective right to mobility. The connection of companies to the law of a country is necessary to their legal existence. However the exercise of the right of establishment made companies mobility easier without questioning States abilities. Indeed only States can decide on the legal condition of creation and functioning of companies. Based on that, the right of establishment appears as a procedural subjective right.

O presente trabalho teve por escopo a análise da imputação por crimes ambientais no processo penal em face da pessoa jurídica à luz do direito de defesa, considerando a ausência de disciplina na Lei 9.605/98 e a remissão legal genérica aos Códigos Penal e de Processo Penal. Optou-se pela exposição do tema no presente estudo em duas partes distintas, sob a perspectiva do direito penal (capítulos 1 e 2) e do direito processual penal (capítulos 3 e 4). A escolha justificou-se em virtude da relação mantida entre os dois ramos, que mantêm uma mútua complementariedade funcional e, concomitantemente, guardam espaços de tensão. A partir desta constatação, analisou-se a expansão do direito penal sob a perspectiva da sociedade do risco. Ainda, verificou-se de que forma a Lei 9.605/98 incorporou estas tendências de expansão, com estudo do bem jurídico, dos crimes de perigo abstrato e do emprego da técnica de assessoriedade administrativa. Delimitada a influência da sociedade do risco sob a dogmática penal ambiental, estudou-se a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas, para que se entendesse de que forma foi inserida no ordenamento. A partir da abordagem dos requisitos estabelecidos para esta responsabilidade penal, indicaram-se as dificuldades de adequação à pessoa jurídica dos conceitos tradicionais de ação e culpa, construídos tradicionalmente sob uma perspectiva individual. Verificou-se que os entraves do processo de responsabilização resultam em denúncias genéricas, formuladas em afronta ao artigo 41 do Código de Processo Penal. Ainda, viu-se que novas análises da responsabilidade penal coletiva partem da superação de alguns padrões ontológicos da teoria do delito e adotem uma perspectiva normativa. As conclusões obtidas na primeira parte foram aplicadas sobre a segunda parte do trabalho, a partir da análise do direito de defesa e da imputação. Foi visto ser garantido à pessoa jurídica o direito à ampla defesa em toda sua extensão. Dentre os problemas processuais manifestados pela sujeição passiva do ente coletivo, analisaram-se os mais relevantes sob a perspectiva do direito à ampla defesa: denúncia, citação, aplicação dos institutos da transação penal e suspensão condicional do processo, interrogatório, aplicação de pena e cabimento de ações impugnativas autônomas. / The scope of the present study was to analyze the imputation of environmental crimes to legal entities under the constitutional right of defense, considering the lack of discipline in Law 9.605/98 and generic references to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes. The presentation of the theme under study has been divided into two parts, from the perspective of criminal law (Chapters 1 and 2) and criminal procedural law (Chapters 3 and 4). Such division is justified by virtue of the relationship established between the two branches, which maintain a mutual functional complementariness and, simultaneously, hold tension spaces among themselves. Based on this finding, the expansion of criminal law from the perspective of the risk society was then analyzed. Thereafter, the present study focused on how Law 9.605/98 had incorporated such expansion trends, by studying the concept of legal right, abstract danger crimes and the ancillary use of administrative law and principles. After having delimited the influence of risk society under environmental criminal dogmatic, the study aimed at the criminal liability of legal entities, in order to understand how it was inserted in the legal system. Upon the analysis of the requirements set forth for the criminal liability of legal entities, the study presents the difficulties related to adapting the traditional concepts of action and guilt to the legal entity, since they were traditionally forged under an individual perspective. It was shown that such difficulties may lead to the filing of generic complaints, circumstance that infringes Article 41 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Moreover, the study highlighted that new analyzes of collective criminal liability derive from the overcoming of some traditional ontological patterns of the crime theory, under a normative perspective. The conclusions reached in the first part were then applied to the second part of the dissertation, from the analysis of the right of defense and imputation. From our standpoint, the right to broad defense to its full extent is guaranteed to the legal entity. Among the procedural problems related to the criminal liability of legal entities, the most relevant under the perspective of broad defense were herein addressed: complaint, summons, application of institutes such as plea bargaining and probation of the lawsuit, interrogatories, imposition of penalty and suitability of autonomous objection lawsuits.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe teoriniu aspektu apžvelgiama Lietuvos Respublikos mokesčių sistema bei aptariami šalyje veikiantys juridiniai asmenys. Analizuojamos juridinių asmenų mokamų mokesčių pagrindinės kitimo tendencijos 2006–2010 metų laikotarpiu, atkreipiant dėmesį į pagrindinius mokesčius, t. y. pelno, nekilnojamojo turto, pridėtinės vertės, akcizų mokesčius ir įmokas į fondus bei identifikuojami veiksniai, turėję įtakos šių mokesčių surinkimui. Apskaičiuojama bendra visiems mokesčių mokėtojams ir atskirai juridiniams asmenims tenkanti mokesčių našta, taip pat įvertinama atskirų mokesčių našta, tenkanti atskiriems juridiniams asmenims, suskirstytiems pagal teisinę formą, t. y. uždarosios akcinės bendrovės, akcinės bendrovės, individualios įmonės bei ūkinės bendrijos. Rašant darbą, atlikta mokslinės, statistinės, normatyvinės ir kt. literatūros analizė, naudoti loginės analizės ir sintezės, palyginamosios analizės tyrimo metodai, santykiniai dydžiai, grafinis būdas ir kt. / There is reviewed tax system of the Republic of Lithuania on the theoretical basis, furthermore, there are discussed legal entities functioning in the country in this bachelor degree thesis. There is given analysis of the main trends of modifications of taxes paid by legal entities over a period of 2006 – 2010. The attention is paid to the main taxes, i.e. profits tax, real estate tax, value added tax, excise duty and entrance fees to funds, moreover, there are identified factors that had an influence on gathering of aforementioned taxes. There is estimated overall burden of taxation that falls on all taxpayers and individual legal entities grouped according to legal status, i.e. private limited liability companies, public limited companies, individual companies and partnership businesses.

This master's thesis focuses on the topic of criminal liability of legal entities, particularly on the concept of exculpation within the meaning of Section 8 subsection 1 paragraph b) and subsection 5 of the Act No. 418/2011 Coll., Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceeding Against Them. The reason for our focus rests in fact that the legal rules regulating the concept of exculpation in this act are highly controversial among legal scholars and legal practitioners where there is usually no relevant case law providing answers for resolving such controversies so far. The aim of this thesis is to introduce to the domestic law a not very familiar instrument of a compliance program consisting of preventive, detective and reactive measures designed to prevent criminal behaviour within legal entities, to eventually detect such behaviour and to respond to such behaviour. Concurrently, an effective compliance program can fulfil conditions for the application of the exculpation provisions. Even though the focus of this thesis is on criminal liability of legal entities, it does not omit the context of administrative and civil liability. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter introduces the concept of criminal liability of legal entities in a broader historic, legal and...