O presente trabalho teve por escopo a análise da imputação por crimes ambientais no processo penal em face da pessoa jurídica à luz do direito de defesa, considerando a ausência de disciplina na Lei 9.605/98 e a remissão legal genérica aos Códigos Penal e de Processo Penal. Optou-se pela exposição do tema no presente estudo em duas partes distintas, sob a perspectiva do direito penal (capítulos 1 e 2) e do direito processual penal (capítulos 3 e 4). A escolha justificou-se em virtude da relação mantida entre os dois ramos, que mantêm uma mútua complementariedade funcional e, concomitantemente, guardam espaços de tensão. A partir desta constatação, analisou-se a expansão do direito penal sob a perspectiva da sociedade do risco. Ainda, verificou-se de que forma a Lei 9.605/98 incorporou estas tendências de expansão, com estudo do bem jurídico, dos crimes de perigo abstrato e do emprego da técnica de assessoriedade administrativa. Delimitada a influência da sociedade do risco sob a dogmática penal ambiental, estudou-se a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas, para que se entendesse de que forma foi inserida no ordenamento. A partir da abordagem dos requisitos estabelecidos para esta responsabilidade penal, indicaram-se as dificuldades de adequação à pessoa jurídica dos conceitos tradicionais de ação e culpa, construídos tradicionalmente sob uma perspectiva individual. Verificou-se que os entraves do processo de responsabilização resultam em denúncias genéricas, formuladas em afronta ao artigo 41 do Código de Processo Penal. Ainda, viu-se que novas análises da responsabilidade penal coletiva partem da superação de alguns padrões ontológicos da teoria do delito e adotem uma perspectiva normativa. As conclusões obtidas na primeira parte foram aplicadas sobre a segunda parte do trabalho, a partir da análise do direito de defesa e da imputação. Foi visto ser garantido à pessoa jurídica o direito à ampla defesa em toda sua extensão. Dentre os problemas processuais manifestados pela sujeição passiva do ente coletivo, analisaram-se os mais relevantes sob a perspectiva do direito à ampla defesa: denúncia, citação, aplicação dos institutos da transação penal e suspensão condicional do processo, interrogatório, aplicação de pena e cabimento de ações impugnativas autônomas. / The scope of the present study was to analyze the imputation of environmental crimes to legal entities under the constitutional right of defense, considering the lack of discipline in Law 9.605/98 and generic references to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes. The presentation of the theme under study has been divided into two parts, from the perspective of criminal law (Chapters 1 and 2) and criminal procedural law (Chapters 3 and 4). Such division is justified by virtue of the relationship established between the two branches, which maintain a mutual functional complementariness and, simultaneously, hold tension spaces among themselves. Based on this finding, the expansion of criminal law from the perspective of the risk society was then analyzed. Thereafter, the present study focused on how Law 9.605/98 had incorporated such expansion trends, by studying the concept of legal right, abstract danger crimes and the ancillary use of administrative law and principles. After having delimited the influence of risk society under environmental criminal dogmatic, the study aimed at the criminal liability of legal entities, in order to understand how it was inserted in the legal system. Upon the analysis of the requirements set forth for the criminal liability of legal entities, the study presents the difficulties related to adapting the traditional concepts of action and guilt to the legal entity, since they were traditionally forged under an individual perspective. It was shown that such difficulties may lead to the filing of generic complaints, circumstance that infringes Article 41 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Moreover, the study highlighted that new analyzes of collective criminal liability derive from the overcoming of some traditional ontological patterns of the crime theory, under a normative perspective. The conclusions reached in the first part were then applied to the second part of the dissertation, from the analysis of the right of defense and imputation. From our standpoint, the right to broad defense to its full extent is guaranteed to the legal entity. Among the procedural problems related to the criminal liability of legal entities, the most relevant under the perspective of broad defense were herein addressed: complaint, summons, application of institutes such as plea bargaining and probation of the lawsuit, interrogatories, imposition of penalty and suitability of autonomous objection lawsuits.

This research addresses the environmental conflicts occurring in the watershed area of the Sergipe river that turned into lawsuits reported by the Department of Justice and included in the category of environmental crimes to Law 9605/1998, between the years 1998/2008. The study started with a database provided by the Court of Justice which is numbered the Judicial proceedings on the homepage address registered in the Court of Justice as falling into the river watershed Sergipe. The literature review sought to justify the conflict, the nature and social struggles man, society, environment hallmark of Western society. In the midst of a literature review, as a matter of background, is treated as a modern political-historical moment foundational for this transformation that led to man´s relationship with nature different from previous seasons. In the methodological aspect, the study examined the numbers and proceedings, a following-up, class action and legal basis, characteristics of the crime, profile of those involved in the action, Parquet (author), Judge (a) and Defendant, scope of action , county and jurisdiction, procedure, time, decision and environmental impact. It was found that the central issues brought to the Judiciary are restricted to localities issues involved in the conflicts, has little direct impact on the watershed, originate, as a rule, the activity performed by the defendant in his normal working day. It is also the major issues involving state conglomerates with major impacts in the watershed are not subject to actions for environmental crimes. / Esta pesquisa aborda os conflitos ambientais ocorridos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Sergipe que se transformaram em ações judiciais denunciadas pelo Ministério Público e enquadradas na categoria de crimes ambientais da Lei 9.605/1998, entre os anos de 1998 a 2008. O estudo partiu de um banco de dados fornecido pelo Tribunal de Justiça onde estão numerados os processos judiciais cadastrados no endereço eletrônico do Tribunal como pertencentes à bacia hidrográfica do rio Sergipe. A revisão de literatura buscou fundamentar os conflitos, a natureza social e os embates entre o homem, a sociedade e o meio ambiente, característica marcante da sociedade ocidental. No bojo da revisão bibliográfica, como questão de fundo, é tratada a modernidade como momento histórico-político fundante para transformação que originou a relação do homem com a natureza diferenciada de épocas anteriores. No aspecto metodológico, o estudo analisou 25 processos por números, forma de acompanhamento, classe da ação e fundamento legal , cujo marco principal é o artigo 225, da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, mas tem na Lei de crimes ambientais (9.605/1998) e no Código Florestal (Lei 4.771/1965) os principais sustentáculos, além de delinear as características do crime, dos autores, a abrangência da ação, município e competência, tramitação, tempo, sentença e impacto ambiental. Verificou-se que os temas centrais trazidos ao Poder Judiciário são restritos às localidades envolvidas nos conflitos, tem pouca ou nenhuma repercussão diretamente na bacia hidrográfica, são originados, como regra, da atividade desenvolvida pelo réu em seu dia de trabalho normal. O estudo relata que o tempo de tramitação dos processos judiciais está muito acima dos prazos previstos em lei, que os Tribunais não são ágeis, pois estão presos a sua burocracia e que os dados divulgados ainda não são precisos e completos sobre os processos.

Magister Legum - LLM / The number of environmental offences taking place continues to increase each year. Despite the special position of responsibility occupied by directors as the ‘directing mind and will’ of the companies responsible for the commission of these offences, directors appear to continue to be shielded unconditionally behind the separate legal personality of the company. This thesis consists of a thorough examination of existing environmental laws, as well as the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the King IV Report on Corporate Governance, to determine whether the provisions contained therein may be interpreted so as to depart from the principle of separate legal personality (as provided for by corporate law) in order to hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1127004 bytes, checksum: 80c65698f6f4b162932abd4d1c6a8373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-10 / This work proposes the investigation and scientific analysis of the concrete implications of applying the norms of the (so called) Environmental Crime Law on the social and economic conditions of family farmers. When using as empirical reference the legal processes being evaluated at the District of Ponte Nova, Minas Gerais, which are supported by the Federal Law 9.605/98, one can attempt to approach the double meaning implied in the family farmer concept within this context, i.e., its legal aspect and its theoretical-sociological aspect. An analysis of the Environmental Crime law shows it is a tool of legal institutionalization of the practices of sociability. However, one has observed that its meaning is permeated by concrete social relations. Thus, taking into account the concrete conditions of the existence of those the norms are destined to, the law effects were analyzed based on the records found in the processes based on such a law. These crime processes allowed understanding the way the law typified and sanctioned social and individual behavior among this group of farmers. The social conditions of the family farmers make clear the (apparent and real) contradictions between the limits established by the Law of Environmental Crimes and the possible behaviors of this category of farmers faced by this legal norm. / Neste trabalho, são propostas a investigação e análise científica das implicações concretas da aplicação das normas do (chamado) Direito Ambiental nas condições de vida social e econômica dos agricultores familiares. Ao tomar como referência empírica os processos penais que tramitam na Comarca de Ponte Nova, Minas Gerais, e que têm como fundamento a Lei Federal 9.605/98, pode-se abordar o duplo sentido que implica o conceito de agricultor familiar neste contexto, isto é, o seu aspecto jurídico e o seu aspecto teórico-sociológico. Uma análise da Lei de Crimes Ambientais evidencia como ela é instrumento de institucionalização formal das práticas de sociabilidade. Contudo, percebeu-se que ela é permeada de sentido por relações sociais concretas. Assim, levando-se em consideração as condições concretas de existência dos destinatários da norma, os efeitos da referida lei foram analisados a partir dos registros encontrados nos processos instaurados com base na referida lei. Esses processos crimes permitiram evidenciar com a lei tipificou e sancionou condutas sociais e individuais desta parcela de agricultores. As condições sociais dos denominados agricultores familiares deixaram claras as contradições (aparentes e reais) entre os limites estabelecidos pela Lei de Crimes Ambientais e as condutas possíveis desta categoria de produtores diante dessa normatização legal.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-07T14:58:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Dimas F. Pereira.pdf: 1147412 bytes, checksum: 0b61c7f41798e21cd07f1c53018b164a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-07T14:59:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Dimas F. Pereira.pdf: 1147412 bytes, checksum: 0b61c7f41798e21cd07f1c53018b164a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T14:59:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Dimas F. Pereira.pdf: 1147412 bytes, checksum: 0b61c7f41798e21cd07f1c53018b164a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-09 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This dissertation addresses the theme of environmental regulation from the examination of the complaints examination of environmental crimes involving indigenous people with origins in the Middle rio Negro region, seeking to reflect on how the judicial process produces social effect of new perspectives of environmental risk on the indigenous criminalised by environmental legislation. We sought to show the point of view of indigenous and social groups in the region searched about control and supervision policy adopted by environmental agencies, the claims for recognition of the cultural specificities of the relationship between indigenous and environmental groups to formulate public policies differentiated and thus get contributes to new reflections on the perspectives of environmental protection in the Amazon. / Esta dissertação aborda o tema da regulação ambiental a partir do exame de denúncias de crimes ambientais envolvendo indígenas da região do médio rio Negro, buscando-se refletir sobre como o processo judicial produz como efeito social novas perspectivas do risco ambiental sobre os indígenas criminalizados pela Legislação Ambiental. Buscou-se evidenciar o ponto de vista de indígenas e grupos sociais da região pesquisada sobre a política de controle e fiscalização adotada pelos órgãos ambientais, bem as reivindicações de reconhecimento das especificidades culturais da relação entre grupos indígenas e meio ambiente para a formulação políticas publicas diferenciadas e, desta forma, buscar contribui para novas reflexões sobre a perspectivas da proteção ambiental no Amazonas.

: The main purpose of this thesis is to introduce and also to assess the new law on criminal liability of legal persons which brings really important changes into existing Czech criminal law conception. The first chapter is focused on the explanation of the terms which are indispensable to the topic such as criminal and administrative liability or the definition of the legal entities. The second chapter describes the development of the criminal liability of legal persons in the environmental law on the international and EU background. The third chapter provides a view of the current law basics. Specifically the substantive and procedural law questions are clarified. The fourth chapter offers the comparison especially of the slovak and polish law. In the fifth chapter the relevant judicature is analysed when the results are the basement for the future practising of the courts. In the end of the chapter the frequency of the new law is evaluated and also the recommendation for future utilization is given.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-05-14T18:19:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Fernanda de Carvalho Bottallo.pdf: 2248319 bytes, checksum: 71f5b64b2f8206ed69f31c495ef6807b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T18:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Fernanda de Carvalho Bottallo.pdf: 2248319 bytes, checksum: 71f5b64b2f8206ed69f31c495ef6807b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Quando se pensa em uma cidade que cumpre sua função social, imagina-se um local em que vias públicas, edifícios e equipamentos urbanos componham harmonicamente o cenário urbano. No entanto, essa possibilidade pode estar distante de se tornar realidade, até por que não há uma unanimidade com relação ao que seria essa harmonia. Nesse cenário, encontra-se o objeto de pesquisa dessa dissertação: a arte de rua. Essa é uma expressão artística que está sempre presente em embates sobre a sua legalidade ou ilegalidade. Para muitos, a arte de rua, corporificada no grafite e na pichação, nada mais é que poluição visual a ser punida criminalmente. Para outros, ambas manifestações fazem parte de uma expressão artística típica dos grandes centros urbanos. O nosso ordenamento jurídico aceita o grafite, desde que feito com consentimento do proprietário do imóvel em que é aplicado. No entanto, a pichação é uma conduta tipificada como crime pela Lei 9.605/1998, a Lei dos Crimes Ambientais. A presente dissertação traz uma análise do que foi e do que, atualmente, é o Direito Urbanístico. Verifica quais as principais tendências com relação à organização da paisagem urbana nas cidades de Barcelona, Berlim, Nova York e São Paulo. Investiga os instrumentos possíveis de serem usados para a gestão de cidades sustentáveis e funcionais, bem como a inclusão da arte de rua como elemento constituinte da paisagem urbana. Entre esses instrumentos, faz-se uma análise mais aprofundada do Plano Diretor Estratégico de São Paulo. Por fim, levanta algumas possibilidades do uso de espaços reservados para a prática e exposição de arte de rua, em especial do grafite, na modalidade de ZEPEC-APC, uma vez que a arte de rua faz parte da identidade visual da cidade de São Paulo. A ideia é a de se criar diversos espaços pela cidade ¿ para que abarque ao máximo a participação da sociedade ¿ na forma de Galerias de Arte de Rua. Esses espaços vão ao encontro de tendências mundiais de gestão urbana aliadas à arte e à cultura. / Thinking in a city that comply with its social function, could imagine a place where public streets, buildings and urban equipment harmoniously compose the urban scene. However, this possibility may be far from becoming reality, even because there is no unanimity in relation to what that harmony would be. In this scene, the research object of this essay is the street art. This is an artistic expression that is far from pleasing to all. On the other way, it is always present in discussion about its legality or illegality. For many, street art is nothing more than visual pollution to be punished criminally. For others, only the authorized graffiti are part of an artistic expression typical of big urban centers. Our legal system accepts the authorized graffiti, if could be prove that it is done with the permission of the owner of the property in which it is applied. However, the non-authorized graffiti is a conduct typified as a crime by Law 9605/1998, the Law of Environmental Crimes. This essay presents an analysis of what was and what is currently the Urban Law. It verifies the main trends with regard to the organization of the urban landscape in the cities of Barcelona, Berlin, New York and São Paulo. It investigates the possible instruments to be used for the management of sustainable and functional cities. Among these instruments, a more in-depth analysis of the Strategic Master Plan of São Paulo is carried out. Finally, it raises some possibilities of the use of spaces reserved for the practice and exhibition of street art, especially of the authorized graffiti, in the ZEPEC-APC modality, since street art is part of the visual identity of the city of São Paul. The idea is to create several spaces throughout the city ¿ to include society as much as possible - in the form of Street Art Galleries. These spaces are in agreement with the world trends in urban management combined with art and culture.

Avec l’accentuation du libéralisme, les entreprises multinationales ne cessent d’être de plus en plus présentes dans les États en développement, et certaines sont peu scrupuleuses du respect des normes environnementales. Par ailleurs, notons que la plupart de ces États ne disposent pas de mécanismes juridiques contraignant ces entreprises de répondre à d’éventuels crimes contre l’environnement qu’elles sont susceptibles de commettre sur leurs territoires. Or, en l’absence de telles dispositions, peu de sociétés se conforment aux politiques permettant d’internaliser les risques en raison de leur coût élevé. La volonté de maximiser le profit amène ces entreprises à se livrer à des actes attentatoires à l’environnement, à la santé et à la sécurité des individus lorsque rien ne les contraint à procéder autrement. De façon générale, il appartient à l’État sur le territoire duquel opère une société de réglementer ses activités. Précisons que dans plusieurs États en développement, les entreprises multinationales échappent aux mesures contraignantes en vertu de l’influence financière qu’elles exercent sur les dirigeants de ces États. De même, l’impunité des crimes contre l’environnement commis dans les pays en développement découle aussi du manque de volonté politique accentué par le phénomène de la corruption. Malgré la multiplicité de traités et de conventions internationales dédiés à la protection de l'environnement, ces instruments ne sont pas directement applicables aux sociétés multinationales, considérées comme des acteurs non-étatiques. Alors, les pays développés d’où proviennent la majeure partie des entreprises multinationales sont appelés à combler cette lacune en prenant des mesures qui obligent leurs entreprises à se préoccuper de la préservation de l’environnement dans leurs activités. Cette thèse propose d’examiner les mécanismes juridiques par lesquels les crimes contre l’environnement survenus dans les pays en développement peuvent entraîner des poursuites pénales au Canada. En l’absence de législation ayant une portée extraterritoriale explicite en la matière, cela exige de se référer au droit existant et de proposer une nouvelle approche d’interprétation et d’adaptation tenant compte des récents développements envisageant la protection de l’environnement comme une valeur fondamentale pour la société canadienne. De nos jours, la portée de la protection de l’environnement au Canada requiert l’abandon des anciennes conceptions du principe de la territorialité pour adopter une autre approche plus soucieuse des nouvelles réalités entraînées par la mondialisation économique. Il serait donc légitime pour le Canada d’étendre sa compétence pour réprimer les crimes contre l’environnement survenus à l’étranger lors des activités menées par ses ressortissants. La nécessité de réprimer les atteintes à l’environnement survenues à l’étranger devient plus pressante lorsque ces crimes présentent un degré de gravité comparable à celui des crimes internationaux. / Due to trade liberalization, multinational enterprises (MNEs) are overwhelmingly engaged in developing countries’ industries. Unfortunately, many of those MNEs pay scant attention to environmental preservation. Yet, almost all developing countries lack effective rules designed to protect the environment from polluting activities operated by MNEs. In the absence of any incentive, it is impossible for MNEs to avoid environmentally harmful operations. As economic agents, MNEs are not willing to adopt environmental protection costs without any legislation compelling them to do so. The profit maximization rationale underlying corporate policy leaves little room for incurring environmental preservation costs and only voluntary measures are applied in the management of polluting operations. As a general principle, the regulation of MNEs’ conduct falls upon the State whose territory is directly harmed by polluting operations. However, the lack of resources of developing countries as well as the financial influence of MNEs has weakened environmental protection regulation in many states. The preservation of the environment from polluting activities of MNEs has also undermined by the lack of political will of developing countries which is increased by the corruption phenomenon. Despite the large number of international treaties and conventions designed to protect the environment from pollutant threats, those international instruments cannot directly apply to MNEs as they are non-state actors. Hence, developed countries, under whose law many MNEs are incorporated, are required to fill this gap in regulating their MNEs’ activities abroad. This dissertation suggests the examination of juridical mechanisms by which environmental crimes which take place in developing countries may trigger criminal prosecution in Canada. Given the absence of Canadian regulation dealing explicitly with extraterritorial criminal conduct of MNEs, this research seeks to provide a new approach to existing law in order to deal with transnational environmental crimes, bearing in mind that environmental protection has emerged as a fundamental value in Canadian society. Nowadays, the values represented by environmental protection entail the shift of the traditional territoriality principle since worldwide economic activities have brought transnational threats of global concern. Therefore, we hold that Canada would be entitled to extend its competence so as to assert jurisdiction over environmental crimes occurred abroad during operations conducted by Canadian citizens. The need to assert extraterritorial jurisdiction to environmental crimes committed within foreign sovereignty becomes more pressing if those crimes reach the same level of gravity as international crimes.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5018.pdf: 2520100 bytes, checksum: e319d300926f01d1ea5bcfbf52683290 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-05 / The analysis of information from the prosecution of legal instruments allows not only rational underpinning the development of public policies to conserve natural resources, as also promotes the constant improvement of the repressive legislation of conduct considered detrimental to the environment. The objective of this study has been assessing the effectiveness of legal protection models adopted by the criminal law in force in environmental area characterized by full economic development and subjected to intense and constant anthropogenic threats. So, we studied the region of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, northwest of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. We analyze the feasibility of legal instruments for the protection of natural areas on private property and subjected to anthropogenic pressures for land use. The results indicate that the increased demand for areas intended for food production and biofuels represents one of the greatest challenges to the preservation of natural resources in Brazil. The juridical protection is insufficient to guarantee the conservation of natural areas, requiring for the success of conservation strategies the development and implementation of participatory management projects. Withal, we evaluated the effectiveness of the typical structuring technique taken into account by the environmental crimes law in preserving autochthonous fish fauna. The results indicate that the tutelage technique of environmental legislation is effective in controlling fishing activities, mainly due to the high incidence of non-selective means of capture and the prevalence autochthonous species against non-autochthonous (allochthonous and exotics) species. Although environmental legislation constitutes an important tool for protection of natural resources its effectiveness is directly subjected to the development and deployment of other concomitant conservation strategies, particularly the development of comprehensive and active policies, able to overcome the challenge of reconciling the socio-economic interests and conservationist interests. / A analise de informacoes provenientes dos instrumentos juridicos de repressao penal pode nao apenas alicercar a implantacao racional de politicas publicas de conservacao dos recursos naturais, como, ainda, promover o constante aperfeicoamento da legislacao repressora das condutas consideradas lesivas ao meio ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho consistiu em avaliar a eficacia de modelos de protecao juridica adotados pela legislacao penal ambiental vigente em area caracterizada por pleno desenvolvimento economico e submetida a intensas e constantes ameacas antropogenicas. Para tanto, utilizou-se a regiao de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, noroeste do estado de Sao Paulo. Analisou-se a viabilidade dos instrumentos legais para a protecao de areas naturais inseridas em propriedades privadas e submetidas a pressoes antropogenicas pelo uso da terra. Os resultados apontam que o aumento na demanda por areas destinadas a producao de alimentos e de biocombustiveis representa um dos maiores desafios a preservacao dos recursos naturais no Brasil. A protecao juridica revelou-se insuficiente a garantir a conservacao das areas naturais, exigindo, para o sucesso das estrategias conservacionistas, o desenvolvimento e a implantacao de projetos de manejo participativos. Paralelamente, avaliou-se a eficacia da tecnica de estruturacao tipica adotada pela lei de crimes ambientais na preservacao da ictiofauna autoctone. Os resultados indicam que a tecnica de tutela da legislacao ambiental mostra-se eficaz no controle das atividades de pesca predatoria, sobretudo em funcao da elevada incidencia de meios nao-seletivos de captura e da prevalencia de especies autoctones em relacao as nao-autoctones (aloctones e exoticas). Ainda que a legislacao ambiental constitua importante ferramenta na protecao dos recursos naturais, sua eficacia esta diretamente condicionada ao desenvolvimento e a implantacao concomitante de outras estrategias de conservacao, sobretudo o desenvolvimento de politicas publicas abrangentes e atuantes, capazes de superar o desafio de conciliacao entre os interesses socioeconomicos e os interesses conservacionistas.