Thesis, (M.E.?)-- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Engineering, 1958. / Typewritten.

La thèse porte sur un nouveau concept pour les afficheurs de réalité augmentée placés près de l’œil, notamment pour améliorer les champs de vision. Deux guides d'ondes sont empilés avec un petit espace d'air entre eux. La lumière couplée dans le premier guide d'ondes par le coupleur d’entrée se propage par réflexion interne totale jusqu'à atteindre un miroir cylindrique à l'extrémité du guide. Puis, la lumière réfléchie est couplée dans le second guide d'ondes avant d'atteindre le coupleur de sortie. Un système similaire basé sur des micro-prismes est aussi décrit. Les conceptions ont été simulées avec le logiciel Zemax. Les champs de vision horizontal et vertical obtenus sont respectivement de 30° et 60°. La Fonction de Transfert de Modulation pour tous les champs objets est supérieure à 30% pour 33 npl/mm, ce qui est suffisant pour un système visuel. De plus, un grand volume de déplacement admissible pour l’œil (Eye-box) d'environ 10×8 mm a été obtenu. / We propose a new concept to improve notably the fields-of-view (FOV) of the near to eye displays (NEDs) for augmented reality. Two waveguides are stacked with a small air gap between them. The light coupled in the first waveguide by the in-coupler propagates by total internal reflection until it reaches a cylindrical mirror at the end of the guide. Then, the reflected light is coupled in the second waveguide before to reach the out-coupler. A similar system based on micro-prisms is also described. The designs were simulated with Zemax software. The obtained horizontal and vertical FOV are respectively 30° and 60°. The Modulation Transfer Function for all object fields is greater than 30% for 33 npl/mm, which is sufficient for a visual system. In addition, a large Eye-box of approximately 10 × 8 mm was obtained.

Apesar de extensa investigação das modificações oxidativas irreversíveis sofridas pelas proteínas in vitro e in vivo, os produtos formados pela oxidação de resíduos de triptofano ainda permanecem apenas parcialmente conhecidos. Recentemente, nosso grupo caracterizou uma ligação cruzada de ditriptofano produzida pela recombinação de radicais hSOD1-triptofanila gerados pelo ataque do radical carbonato produzido durante a atividade peroxidásica da enzima superóxido dismutase humana (hSOD1). Neste trabalho, examinamos se a ligação ditriptofano pode ser formada em outras proteínas, além da hSOD1 e por outros oxidantes, além do radical carbonato. A lisozima da clara do ovo e a beta cristalino bovina foram utilizadas como alvos de oxidação. A lisozima foi utilizada por ser uma enzima pequena (129 aminoácidos) e de estrutura bem conhecida, contendo seis resíduos de Trp. Os resultados mostraram que o radical carbonato, gerado enzimatica ou fotoliticamente, promove a oxidação, dimerização e inativação da lisozima. Os principais produtos de oxidação caracterizados por análise de nano-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS foram hidroxi-triptofano e N-formilquinurenina juntamente com um dímero de lisozima (lisozima-Trp28-Trp28-lisozima) e um hetero dímero lisozima-hSOD1 (lisozima-Trp28-Trp32-hSOD1), ambos ligados por uma ligação ditriptofano. Também demonstramos que a irradiação da lisozima com luz UVC leva à formação do dímero lisozima-Trp28-Trp28-lisozima. Em consequência, resolvemos tratar a beta cristalino bovina com radical carbonato gerado fotoliticamente ou com luz UVC, e a proteína também sofreu oxidação, dimerização e agregação. Os principais produtos de oxidação caracterizados por nano-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS foram hidroxi-triptofano, N-formilquinurenina, DOPA e um dímero de beta cristalino (βB2-Trp151-Trp151-βB2). A irradiação com luz UVC também levou à formação de um dímero intra-cadeia, caracterizado como βA2-Trp78-Trp81. Quando a beta cristalino foi irradiada com um simulador de luz solar (UVA e UVB) também foi possível observar um dímero, caracterizado como βA2-Trp150-Trp150-βA2. A presença de produtos de oxidação de resíduos de Trp, dentre eles a ligação cruzada ditritpofano, também foi avaliada in vivo, utilizando o cristalino de pacientes que foram submetidos a cirurgia para remoção de catarata. Beta, alfa e gama cristalino foram as principais proteínas identificadas nas frações solúvel e insolúvel do cristalino. A principal modificação pós-traducionais identificada foi deamidação. Um alto conteúdo de resíduos de metionina e triptofano oxidados foram identificados nas proteínas presentes na fração insolúvel. Os principais produtos de oxidação de Trp identificados por nano-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS foram quinurenina e N-formilquinurenina. A presença de dímeros covalentes no cristalino com catarata foi confirmada por análises de massas. A completa caracterização desses dímeros (βB1-Trp127-Trp127-βB1 e βB1-Trp193-Trp193-βB1) confirmou que as cadeias polipeptídicas foram ligadas por uma ligação ditriptofano. Em síntese, nossos dados demonstraram que o radical carbonato e a luz UV podem produzir dímeros de ditriptofano em diferentes proteínas. Também, a presença da ligação cruzada de ditriptofano in vivo (catarata humana) foi pela primeira vez detectada. / Despite extensive investigation of irreversible oxidative modifications suffered by proteins in vitro and in vivo, the products formed by oxidation of tryptophan residues remain partially characterized. Our group recently described a ditryptophan cross-link produced by recombination of hSOD1-tryptophanyl radicals generated by attack of the carbonate radical produced during the peroxidase activity of the human superoxide dismutase (hSOD1) enzyme. Here, we examine whether the ditryptophan cross-link can be produced in others proteins besides the hSOD1 and by other oxidants, in addition to the carbonate radical. The egg white lysozyme and bovine beta crystalline were used as targets. Lysozyme was used because it is a small enzyme (129 amino acids) with a well-known structure, containing six Trp residues. The results showed that the carbonate radical, generated enzymatically or photolytically, promotes lysozyme oxidation, inactivation and dimerization. The major oxidation products characterized by nano-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis were hydroxy-tryptophan and N-formylkynurenine together with a dimer of lysozyme (lysozyme-Trp28-Trp28-lysozyme) and a hetero dimer hSOD1-lysozyme (lysozyme-Trp28-Trp32-hSOD1), both bound by a ditryptophan cross-link. Also, it was demonstrated that lysozyme irradiation with UVC light leads to the formation of the dimer lysozyme-Trp28-Trp28-lysozyme. In view of these results, we decided to treat beta crystalline bovine with photolytically generated carbonate radical and UVC. Beta crystalline also suffered oxidation, dimerization and aggregation. The major oxidation products characterized were hydroxy-tryptophan, N-formylkynurenine, DOPA and a beta crystalline dimer (βB2-Trp151-Trp151-βB2) by nano-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Irradiation with UVC light also led to the formation of an intra-chain dimer, which was characterized as βA2-Trp78-Trp81. When beta crystalline was irradiated with a solar simulator (UVA and UVB), it was also possible to observe a dimer which was characterized as βA2-Trp150-Trp150-βA2. The presence of oxidized tryptophan products, including the ditryptophan cross-link, was also evaluated in vivo in the lenses of patients submitted to cataract removal. Beta, alpha and gamma crystalline were the main proteins identified in soluble and insoluble fractions of the lenses. The main post translational modification identified was deamidation. A high content of oxidized methionine and tryptophan residues were identified in proteins present in the insoluble fraction. The main tryptophan oxidation products identified by nano-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS were kynurenine and N-formylkynurenine. The presence of covalent dimers in the lenses with cataract was demonstrated by mass analysis. Full MS/MS characterization of the dimers βB1-Trp127-Trp127-βB1 and βB1-Trp193-Trp193-βB1 confirmed that they were linked by a ditryptophan bond. In summary, our data demonstrate that the carbonate radical and UV light can produce ditryptophan dimers in different proteins. Also, the presence of the ditryptophan cross-link was first detected in vivo (human cataract).

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para inspeção de lentes oftalmológicas orgânicas esféricas durante seu processo de polimento. A metodologia consiste na obtenção de uma imagem em uma câmera de vídeo CCD, usando-se luz ultravioleta, da lente a ser inspecionada, e posterior processamento desta imagem para discriminar a presença de riscos de outros artefatos que poderão aparecer na imagem capturada. Para a detecção da presença de riscos foram utilizados os descritores de Fourier. Atenção especial foi dada à iluminação da lente, que é fator determinante na obtenção de uma boa qualidade de imagem. Os resultados mostram a eficiência do método e permitem sua utilização durante o processo de fabricação de lentes. / This work presents a methodology for inspection of spherical organic ophthalmic lenses during the polishing process. The methodology encompasses the capture of an ultraviolet image of the lens under inspection by a CCD video camera and associated processing of the image to discriminate between scratches on the lens and artifacts that can appear on the image. Fourier descriptors were used to detect the existence of scratches. Special attention was given to illumination which is a determining factor in grabbing an image with good quality. The results show that the method is efficient and that it can be used in the lens manufacturing process.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-25T13:23:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcileamachadodesouza.pdf: 1155262 bytes, checksum: ee126155119628ab3f4bbb01b52d0aa0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-25T13:34:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcileamachadodesouza.pdf: 1155262 bytes, checksum: ee126155119628ab3f4bbb01b52d0aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T13:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcileamachadodesouza.pdf: 1155262 bytes, checksum: ee126155119628ab3f4bbb01b52d0aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Nesse trabalho foi confeccionada uma Antiluneta Polarizadora que foi aplicada em sala de aula, simulando a redução da intensidade da luz com o inverso da distância ao quadrado, usando lentes e lâminas polarizadoras sobrepostas em tubo de PVC. Foi possível, ainda, simular a visão que teria um observador ao ver o Sol em outros pontos do universo, de forma que, com isso, os alunos compreenderão a Física presente no mundo atual e em vários equipamentos e procedimentos tecnológicos. O intuito primeiro é o de que essa Antiluneta Polarizadora seja utilizada pelo professor em sala de aula, reforçando a aprendizagem dos alunos e a compreensão da Física envolvida no citado fenômeno óptico. Destaca-se que este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de reprodução da Antiluneta Polarizadora nas práticas didático-metodológicas, demonstrando que o uso de materiais simples pode ser uma alternativa criativa e instrutiva para o enriquecimento da aula e um facilitador para o estudo da luz, e sua propagação em meios refringentes e de alguns aspectos da óptica geométrica. Foi desenvolvido também o estudo da luz abordando aspectos históricos no surgimento e desenvolvimento da Física e do Sistema Solar, até nossas concepções atuais. / The purpose of this work is to present the development of the study of light addressing historical aspects in the creation and evolution of Physics up to our current conceptions; presenting the nature of light and its propagation in refringent means and some aspects of geometrical optics, a polarizing anti-telescope was created, which was applied in the classroom, simulating the reduction of light intensity with the inverse of the distance squared, using lenses and overlapping polarizing blades in PVC pipe, as well as to draw a vision that would have an observer see ingthe Sun in other points of the universe, so that, with this, the student swill understand the Physics present in the current world and in various equipment and procedures. The primary purpose is that this polarizinganti-telescope to be used by the teacher in the classroom, reinforcing students learning and understanding of the physics involved in the mentioned optical phenomenon, which is experienced by them in their every day life, that is, highlighting that this paper presents a proposalfor the reproduction of anti-polarization lenses in the didactic-methodological practices, demonstrating that the use of simple materials can be a creative and instructive alternative for the enrichment of theclassroom and a facilitator for the study of light.

Le procédé d’imprégnation en milieu supercritique est une alternative « propre » à l’imprégnation par voie liquide. Entre autres applications, les procédés d’imprégnation peuvent être utilisés pour l’élaboration de systèmes de délivrance de médicaments appliqués aux domaines pharmaceutique et médical. Cette étude porte sur l’élaboration de systèmes de délivrance de médicaments en utilisant l'imprégnation supercritique des principes actifs sur deux types de supports : des matrices polymériques (lentilles intraoculaires) et des matrices poreuses (silices mésoporeuses). Dans le premier cas, des lentilles polymériques intraoculaires (IOLs), utilisées pour la chirurgie de la cataracte, ont été imprégnées par des principes actifs : un anti-inflammatoire (Dexaméthasone 21-phosphate disodium: DXP) et un antibiotique (Ciprofloxacine: CIP). Plus particulièrement, deux types de lentilles ont été étudiés : des IOLs rigides à base de PMMA et des IOLs souples à base de P-HEMA. Les expériences d'imprégnation supercritique ont été effectuées en mode batch et les taux d'imprégnation ont été déterminés par des études de cinétique de relargage des principes actifs. L’influence des conditions opératoires sur l’efficacité de l’imprégnation a été étudiée en réalisant des expériences d’imprégnation préliminaires suivies par des plans d’expériences par la suite. Dans le second cas, une silice mésoporeuse a été utilisée comme support d’imprégnation pour un médicament faiblement hydrosoluble (Fénofibrate), afin d’augmenter sa cinétique de dissolution. L’imprégnation supercritique a été effectuée avec le CO2 pur en faisant varier la pression et le taux de dépressurisation (rapide et lent). / Supercritical impregnation is an attractive “clean” alternative to conventional impregnation processes using generally liquid organic solvents. Among other applications, the impregnation process can be used for the development of controlled drug delivery systems applied to the pharmaceutical and medical fields. This work focuses on the preparation of controlled drug delivery systems using supercritical impregnation of drugs in two kinds of impregnation supports: polymeric matrices (intraocular lenses) and porous supports (mesoporous silica). Firstly, the supercritical impregnation of polymeric intraocular lenses (IOLs), used in cataract surgery, by an anti-inflammatory drug (Dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium: DXP) and an antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin: CIP), is studied. More particularly, two polymeric IOLs were tested: rigid intraocular lenses made from derivative of PMMA and foldable intraocular lenses made from derivative of P-HEMA. Supercritical impregnations were carried out in a batch mode and the impregnation yields were determined through drug release kinetics studies in a solution simulating the aqueous humor. The influence of operating conditions on impregnation was studied by performing preliminary impregnation experiments followed by experimental designs. The second part of this work deals with the loading of a poorly water-soluble drug (Fenofibrate) in a mesoporous silica for improving drug dissolution kinetics. Supercritical impregnations were carried out with pure CO2 at different pressures (100 to 200 bar) and depressurization rates (rapid and slow).

Dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population, et donc d’augmentation du nombre de presbytes, l’amélioration des optiques destinées à la correction de ce défaut visuel est un enjeu crucial. Nous avons cherché à optimiser le design des optiques bifocales, qui ne présentent que deux puissances différentes: une pour la vision de loin et une pour la vision de près. Pour cela, nous avons simulé des images telles qu’elles seraient vues à travers nos designs, et les avons fait noter par des sujets. La première étude s’est penchée sur le ratio d’aire optimisant la vision au loin comme au près. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus pour un ratio de 40% de vision de près au centre, même si des valeurs de 20 à 50% étaient satisfaisantes. Cependant, ces optiques à deux zones concentriques ont un défaut : elles sont très sensibles au changement de diamètre pupillaire, qui est très fréquent. Un changement de taille de pupille entrainant une modification du ratio d’aires, la solution consiste à utiliser plusieurs zones concentriques alternant entre correction de loin et de près. La seconde étude s’est focalisée sur l’optimisation du nombre de zones concentriques dans ces optiques bifocales par la même méthode. Lorsque le nombre de zones est augmenté suffisamment, des interférences permettent d’augmenter également la qualité de vision intermédiaire, nos profils étant disposés comme des réseaux de Fresnel. Les profils à 5 zones permettent une bonne vision de loin et de près en redonnant une légère vision intermédiaire, et les profils à 8 zones donnent une qualité de vision similaire au loin, en intermédiaire et au près. Ces profils ont ensuite été évalués dans des conditions plus réalistes, en présence d’aberrations, de décentrement, de différents diamètres pupillaires par deux populations d’âge différent. L’âge des sujets n’influence pas leur évaluation des optiques. Les aberrations ont plus d’impact sur la qualité visuelle que le décentrement. Le diamètre pupillaire a une influence plus forte sur les profils possédant moins de zones. Enfin, nous avons comparé nos profils optimisés avec des lentilles de contact disponibles sur le marché. Du point de vue de la qualité visuelle comme de la profondeur de champ, nos profils étaient meilleurs que les lentilles du marché. Il serait donc intéressant d’en créer des prototypes pour effectuer des tests au porté. Les designs développés dans cette thèse pourraient servir à effectuer une personnalisation de la correction optique des presbytes. Différents designs pourraient être proposés pour chaque oeil, permettant de combiner deux profils par sujets. De nombreuses variations inter-individuelles, également observées dans les études précédentes, restent toujours imprévisibles. Elles pourraient être dues à des différences de sensibilité au contraste ou de tolérance au flou. Il serait donc intéressant de développer un test optométrique, consistant à faire évaluer des images floues par le sujet, de façon à prédire s’il s’agit d’un bon candidat au port de lentilles bifocales. / Giving the aging of the population, and therefore the augmentation of presbyopes, the improvement of optics used to compensate for this visual impairment are at stake. We optimized bifocal optics designs, which only have two powers: one dedicated to distance vision and one dedicated to near vision. For this, we simulated images as they would appear through our designed optics, and asked subjects to grade the quality of these simulated images. First study dealt with the ratio of area optimizing visual quality at distance and at near. The best results were obtained for a ratio of 40% of central near vision, even if values from 20 to 50% gave quite comparable satisfying results. However, these 2 zone optics have a drawback they are very sensitive to the change of pupil diameter, which happens very often. A change in pupil size leads to a change of ratio of areas, the solution consists in using several concentric zones alternating between distance and near correction. The second study was about the optimization of the number of concentric zones in these bifocal optics using the same method. When the number of zones is increased enough, interferences allow to improve intermediate visual quality, as our profiles are built as Fresnel networks. Five zone profiles give a good distance and near vision with a little intermediate vision, and 8 zone profiles give an acceptable quality of vision from far to near. These profiles were evaluated in more realistic conditions, in presence of aberrations, decentration and different pupil diameters by two populations with different age. The age of subjects did not influence their evaluation of the optics. Aberrations had more impact on visual quality than decentration. Pupil diameter had a stronger influence on the optics with less number of zones. Eventually, we compared our optimized profiles with actual contact lenses available on the market. When looking at visual quality and depth-of-focus, our profiles were better than the ones available on the market. Therefore, it would be interesting to make prototypes to try them on real subjects. The designs developed in this work could be used to personalize presbyopes optical compensation. Different designs could be tried on each eye, allowing to combine two profiles per subject. A lot of inter-individual variations, also observed in previous studies, remain unpredictable. They could be linked to differences in contrast sensitivity or tolerance to blur. It would be interesting to create a visual test consisting in evaluating blurred images, in order to predict of a subject is a good candidate to fit with bifocal optics.

L’implantation de lentilles intraoculaires est le traitement substitutif standard de la cataracte toutes origines confondues. L’implantation est faite à la suite de l’extraction du cristallin par phacoémulsification. Les implants souples, en acrylates hydrophobes, à bord carrés et « 1 pièce » sont recommandés pour prévenir la survenue de complications post-opératoires telles que l’opacification capsulaire postérieure. Cette complication multifactorielle est associée à un défaut de biocompatibilité. L’acte chirurgical, la physiopathologie du patient ainsi que la forme de la lentille intraoculaire modifient l’incidence. Malgré plusieurs mesures préventives, l’incidence n’est pas nulle et la prévalence continue d’augmenter avec le temps. Des cas tardifs d’opacifications surviennent jusqu’à 9 ans après la chirurgie. Un de nos objectifs dans le cadre de ce travail était de relier cette complication tardive au mécanisme de vieillissement des implants intraoculaires. Les résultats obtenus après hydrolyse et photo-oxydation, ont montré une altération des caractéristiques du polymère avec formation de composés néoformés de faibles masses moléculaires, qui diffusent au travers du polymère et migrent vers la surface en fonction de leur polarité et leur masse moléculaire. Il en résulte la création d’un gradient de concentrations de composés hydrophiles en surface et de composés hydrophobes dans les couches inférieures de l’implant. La vitesse du mécanisme de vieillissement est directement liée aux conditions (température, intensité de photo-oxydation). Par ailleurs, nous avons démontré l’existence d’une variation inter et intra lots des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de ces implants. Ces modifications de propriétés de surface constituent une explication à la survenue des complications tardives qui est liées à une modification de la biocompatibilité des implants intraoculaires, après vieillissement / Intraocular lenses are the main treatment for cataract surgery whatever the origin. The implantation is done in the same surgical time as the lens extraction by phacoemulsification. Today, the recommended lenses are foldable acrylic copolymers with square edges and “1-piece”. This design decreases the incidence of adverse events as posterior capsular opacification (POC). This complication is multifactorial and is associated with a poor biocompatibility. The surgery and physiopathology are two others factor that impact the incidence of PCO. Despite many preventive actions, the incidence is not null and prevalence keep on increasing each year after the surgery. The late PCO cases occur until 9 years after the surgery. One of our objectives in the context of this work was to link this late complication to the aging mechanism of intraocular implants. The results obtained after hydrolysis and photo-oxidation have showed the characteristic modifications of the polymer with formation of low molecular weight compounds, which diffuse through the polymer and migrate to the surface, as a function of their polarity and their molecular weight. All these modifications have created concentration gradient. Indeed, the hydrophilic compounds have diffused on the surface and hydrophobic compounds in the implant matrix. The kinetic of the aging process is directly related to the aging conditions applied (temperature, intensity of photo-oxidation). Furthermore, we have demonstrated the existence of the variability between and within batches, of the physicochemical characteristics of these implants. These surface property modifications are an explanation for the occurrence of late complications that is related to a modification of the intraocular lenses biocompatibility after aging.

No description available.

This study examines the portrayal of the woman as monstrous in Daphne du Maurier’s short stories “The Apple Tree” and “The Blue Lenses” and investigates the abject emotions that female bodies induce within the main characters. The study also contrasts the habitual, objectifying gaze of the male focalizer with the reluctant gaze forced upon the female focalizer through a pair of lenses, argued here to represent the patriarchal suppression of woman, as the male gaze is key for mediating the abject in du Maurier’s stories. Additionally, the association of the natural world with the female body is discussed, as the subjugation of nature and women are closely connected in a patriarchal society, and these are both regarded as abject in du Maurier’s stories. It is concluded that gender is elemental to whether the main characters embrace or reject the abject feelings originating within themselves.