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The goal of my work is to verify the effectiveness of various methods of collecting geodetic data in order to locate the decline of soil horizont in the dewatered areas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:36:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Leandro_Sanzi_Aquino.pdf: 2633860 bytes, checksum: eeb09c0678ebe75556f513e8a4e089b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / Soil land leveling is a technique used in low land areas and has the objective to improve agricultural use to facilitate the management of water both for irrigation and drainage operations, for the establishment of agricultural practices and crop harvest. However, it causes changes in the physical environment where the plant grows, and many studies have sought to identify the effect of this practice in the structure of soil spatial variability and in the relationship between the hydric-physical and chemical soil attributes. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify and characterize the structure of spatial variability of soil hydric-physical and chemical attributes of a low land soil, before and after land leveling, and to study the relationship between these soil attributes through an autoregressive state space model. In an experimental area of 0.81 ha belongs to Embrapa Clima Temperado situated in Capão do Leão county, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was established a regular grid of 100 points spaced 10 m apart in both directions. At each point, soil disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected at the depth of 0-0.20 m to determine, before and after land leveling, the following soil attributes: clay, silt and sand contents, soil macroporosity, soil microporosity and soil total porosity, soil bulk density and soil water content at field capacity and permanent wilting point, soil organic carbon and cation exchange capacity. All data sets were organized into a spreadsheet in the form of a spatial transect consisting of 100 points and they were ordered following the gradient slope area resulting from the soil land leveling. Autocorrelograms and crosscorrelograms were built to evaluate the structure of spatial correlation of all soil attributes having served as a subsidy for the selection of variables in each autoregressive state-space model. The results show that the soil land leveling changed the structure of soil spatial dependence of all variables and between them as well. The soil cation exchange capacity and soil microporosity variables were the variables that made up the largest number of state space models, before and after soil land leveling. The contribution of the each variable at position i-1 to estimate its value at position increased to the sand content, silt content, soil bulk density, soil microporosity, soil macroporosity, soil water content at permanent wilting point, soil organic carbon and cation exchange capacity variables and decreased to soil water content at field capacity variable after land leveling. Soil land leveling improved the state space model performance for soil organic carbon content, sand content, soil bulk density, soil total porosity and soil water content at field capacity and permanent wilting point variables. The worst state space model performances, after soil land leveling, were found taking silt content, soil microporosity and cation exchange capacity variables as response variables. The best state space model performance, before land leveling, was obtained taking the soil total porosity as response variable. / A sistematização do solo é uma técnica utilizada em regiões planas, com características de várzea, e tem por objetivo aperfeiçoar o uso agrícola facilitando o manejo da água tanto de irrigação como de drenagem, as operações de implantação da lavoura, de tratos culturais e de colheita. No entanto, a sistematização do solo provoca alterações no ambiente físico onde a planta se desenvolve, sendo que muitos estudos têm buscado identificar o efeito dessa prática na estrutura de variabilidade espacial e no relacionamento entre os atributos físico-hídricos e químicos do solo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar a estrutura de variabilidade espacial dos atributos físico-hídricos e químicos de um solo de várzea, antes e depois da sistematização, assim como estudar o relacionamento entre esses atributos por meio de um modelo autoregressivo de espaço de estados. Em uma área experimental de 0,81 ha pertencente a Embrapa Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão-RS, foi estabelecida uma malha regular de 100 pontos, espaçados de 10 m entre si em ambas as direções. Em cada ponto foram coletadas amostras de solo deformadas e com estrutura preservada na profundidade de 0-0,20 m para a determinação, antes e depois da sistematização, dos teores de argila, silte e areia, macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total, densidade do solo, conteúdo de água retido na capacidade de campo e ponto de murcha permanente, carbono orgânico e capacidade de troca de cátions. Os dados foram organizados em uma planilha de cálculo na forma de uma transeção espacial composta de 100 pontos e foram ordenados seguindo o gradiente de declividade da área resultante do processo de sistematização do solo. Para avaliar a estrutura de correlação espacial foram construídos autocorrelogramas e crosscorrelogramas que serviram de subsídio para a seleção de variáveis em cada um dos modelos autoregressivos de espaço de estados. Os resultados mostram que a sistematização do solo alterou a estrutura de dependência espacial tanto da variável como entre as variáveis deste estudo. A capacidade de troca de cátions e a microporosidade do solo foram as variáveis que compuseram o maior número de modelos de espaço de estados, antes e depois da sistematização. A contribuição da variável na posição i-1 na estimativa na posição i, por meio do modelo autoregressivo de espaço de estados, aumentou com a sistematização para as variáveis teor de areia, teor de silte, densidade do solo, microporosidade, macroporosidade, conteúdo de água no solo retido no ponto de murcha permanente, carbono orgânico e da capacidade de troca de cátions; e diminuiu para a variável conteúdo de água no solo retido na capacidade de campo.A sistematização do solo melhorou a estimativa, por meio dos modelos de espaço de estados, das variáveis carbono orgânico, teor de areia, densidade do solo, macroporosidade e do conteúdo de água no solo retido na capacidade de campo e no ponto de murcha permanente, sendo o modelo da variável porosidade total, antes da sistematização, que apresentou o melhor desempenho. Já os piores desempenhos dos modelos, depois da sistematização do solo, foram encontrados quando utilizadas as variáveis teor de silte, microporosidade e capacidade de troca de cátions como resposta.

The subject of this diploma thesis is a description of complex surveying activities during the reconstruction of the road in Otakara Ševčíka Street in cadastral area Židenice. This work describes connection of the points to the coordinate system S-JTSK and to the height system Bpv. Geodetic documentation is made for individual measurements and laying out. Next is the analysis of measurement accuracy and comparison of achieved values with deviations specified in the relevant ČSN.

Current requirements in mechanical engineering require more accurate operations and more efficient technologies. The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the leveling of square rods. The main problem is the setting of the leveling machine for the specified material and geometric data so that the initially curved material, which passes through alternatively positioned offset rollers, is leveled as much as possible. The main factor in the leveling process is the plastification of the material used for the redistribution of the residual stress. Based on existing theo-retical knowledge in this field, programs are set up to simulate the passing of the rod through the leveling machine. Further, modifications leading to the improvement of the whole process are presented. Finally, there is a verification of the results which is made independently of the submitted solution and processed by the finite element method.

Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete som utförts isamarbete med byggföretaget K360 i Uppsala. De arbetar medkakling av badrum i renovering och nybyggnation. En fallstudiehar besvarat forskningsfrågan “Hur kan byggföretag i Sverigegenom materialval och arbetssätt i samband med kakling avbadrum, minska sina koldioxidutsläpp och sin användning avfarliga ämnen?”. Materialen avser avjämningsmassa, fästmassa ochkakel. Litteraturstudierna bygger på rapporter och skrifter frånstatliga institutioner, kommuner, företag och tidningsartiklar. Dettycks saknas forskning om avjämning och fästmassa. Litteraturenberör klimatneutral betong, farliga ämnen, avfallshantering ochföretagskultur och visar följande. Cementen i betong ger högakoldioxidutsläpp. I klimatneutral betong har delar av cementenbytts ut mot bl.a. flygaska. Den gör att betongen eller avjämningentorkar långsamt. Cementindustrin forskar på metoder för attminska sina koldioxidutsläpp. En annan studie bygger på en teoriatt normaltorkande avjämning möjliggör klimatneutraltbetongbjälklag då den fungerar som fukt- och alkalispärr. Denempiriska studien beräknas färdig 2021. Farliga ämnen skaminskas och mycket farliga ämnen ska fasas ut. Dessa ärcancerframkallande, hormonstörande, svårnedbrytbara, kraftigtallergiframkallande och förändrande av arvsmassa ellerfortplantning. Försiktighetsprincipen bör tillämpas då det saknasforskning om många ämnens miljöpåverkan i kombination medandra. I cementbaserade fästmassor och avjämningsmassor kan detfinnas plasttillsatser som medför giftiga biocider. Det finnsnaturliga alternativ. Avfall bör i första hand minimeras, sedanåteranvändas, materialåtervinnas, energiutvinnas och sistdeponeras. I K360s miljöpolicy står att de värnar ommedarbetarnas delaktighet. Litteraturen stödjer delaktighet ochyrkesstolthet som drivkraft till ett företags kvalitetsutveckling därmiljö är en del. Beslut ska baseras på fakta som kräverkommunikation men K360 saknar idag forum för miljö- ochklimatfrågor. Sju kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts medplattsättare och projektledare. Alla intervjuade anser att miljö- ochklimatfrågor är viktigt. Samtliga plattsättare strävar efter attminska spillet genom planering och beräkning av materialåtgång.Detta blir lättare med mer erfarenhet. För att effektivt kunnaanvända kakelplattorna krävs tid för planering och logiskttänkande. Tidsbrist, standarden för att kapa kakelplattor, mått ochutformning av badrummen utgör hinder för att förebygga spill.Möjligheterna för detsamma är att i projekteringsstadiet anpassatidsplan, badrummets mått och kakel. Allt material återvinns närmöjlighet ges. Beställarens krav och pris styr materialvalet. Andrafaktorer är låg vikt och att det fungerar med befintliga material.Plattsättare och projektledare uttrycker tilltro till att materialet ärkontrollerat för farliga ämnen. Överlag saknar de kunskap ommaterialens innehåll och möjligheten att påverka materialvaletupplevs vara litet. En produktjämförelse jämför fästmassornaCentro FK# 1000 som K360 använder mycket och Haga 325 Bio-Platten- und Fliesenkleber. Produkterna är likvärdiga ochcementbaserade. Centros innehåller plasttillsatser medan Hagasbara naturliga tillsatser. Diskussionen tar upp om ett riktatlitteratursökande kan ha lett till att källor missats och att källorfrån företag kan vara vinklat. Hänvisningar från kommunen ochoberoende källor stärker informationen. Vidare diskuteras omtilliten hos informanterna till materialkontrollerna är frånsägandeav ansvar men flera uttalanden pekar på starkt ansvarskännande.Slutsatsen från produktjämförelsen är att ett byte från Centro tillHaga skulle minska potentiellt farliga ämnen. Andra slutsatsersom dras är att det saknas klimatneutral avjämningsmassa påmarknaden men det kan komma att visa sig att normaltorkandeavjämning är att föredra. Företaget saknar idag forum för internkommunikation om miljöfrågor vilket gör att information fastnarhos enskilda individer. Rapporten rekommenderar K360 att avsättaresurser för att uppdatera sig om materialinnehåll ochmiljöutveckling, skapa forum och vägar för intern kunskaps- ocherfarenhetsöverföring, sprida information om material ocharbetssätt till beställare och producenter av material, fortsätta medcementbaserad avjämning och byta mot klimatneutral cement iframtiden.

This applied dissertation was designed to provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of out-of-class safety net corrective instructional activity practices conducted beyond regular classroom instruction for lower secondary level (9th- and 10th- grade high school) students within mastery learning educational environments. The study was designed to shed light on the impact and implications of these practices on Bloom’s vanishing point (Bloom, 1971) and Arlin’s leveling effect (Arlin & Westbury, 1976). Seven mastery learning structured international schools in geographic proximity, of similar size, and utilizing the same program of study were used in this study. Three of the schools that employed a safety net program were the basis of this study, and the four schools that did not have in place a safety net program were used as a control for this observational research. Normed Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) RIT scores (Northwest Evaluation Association, 2005), grade point averages, and safety net program data were used in a series of case-control tests to determine the effectiveness of out-of-class corrective instructional activity safety net programs for above-average and below-average achieving students. The mean study and control group RIT percentile ranking scores for the students was nearly 1 standard deviation above the averages reported by the Northwest Evaluation Association (2005), so these relative comparisons involved bright students. This large volume of data enabled analysis of the effects of out-of-class safety net activities on school-wide and individual improvement in literature, writing, mathematics, and comprehensive results. Series of conclusive nonparametric analysis were used instead of normal distribution tests because of the out-of-bounds skewed nature of the data. Analysis of the data suggested that safety netting programs benefit all students, irrespective of whether or not students received out-of-class corrective instructional activities. The MAP RIT scores of below- average achieving students were not affected by attending a school with a safety net program but their GPA results improved in all subjects. Arlin’s leveling effect (Arlin & Westbury, 1976) most likely accounted for improvement of MAP RIT scores for above- average students who attended a school with a safety net program but their GPA results were not affected. These contrasting benefits masked the school-wide test results, which suggested that a school district might not realize an overall increase in MAP RIT and GPA results when adopting a safety net program. Students identified in need of safety netting services benefited by having been placed in the program up to twice in any respective course, but a point of diminishing returns was reached when a student fell 3 or more units behind in a course in relation to the progress of the class.

This thesis investigates the intonation of Argentine Spanish in Queens, NYC, with the goal of verifying if the unique prosody of producing early peak alignments in the F0 of Argentine Spanish, specifically of Porteños (those from Buenos Aires), is maintained among the intense contact influences with other varieties of Spanish in the area. Previous studies have reported this early peak alignment phenomenon in the Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires, and this paper strives to see if this still occurs among Argentine Spanish speakers in New York City. The Buenos Aires speakers were compared with other native Argentine Spanish speakers in New York City who originated from provinces other than Buenos Aires (primarily from Mendoza) to verify if the dialectal varieties of Argentine Spanish had remained the same under the intense language contact situation of living in Queens. The data in the current study are from interviews recorded during the summer of 2014 in the Queens, NYC neighborhood of Elmhurst. Acoustic information obtained includes total syllable duration, F0 measurements, and F0 patterns. Additional linguistic variables included vowel type and vowel syllable position within a word. Extralinguistic variables included speaker sex, age, origin in Argentina, educational level, number of years in NYC, and number of years in Argentina. Results indicate that early peak alignment does indeed occur among Argentine speakers in Queens, NYC; however, it is interesting to note that it not only occurs in the informants from Buenos Aires as predicted, but in the informants from outside Buenos Aires as well. This suggests that the Outside Buenos Aires speakers are undergoing prosodic dialectal leveling with their pitch accent patterns and an increase in stressed syllable duration as occur naturally among the Buenos Aires speakers.

Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU) is now widely used on PC and smartphones for users to enjoy the latest applications. The project is derived from the new device of Yohoo and the firmware embedded in the system. This system can guide users on how to breathe through multiple sensory effects to reduce the harm from excessive stress. In order to be applied by different people, some breathing courses and personal settings will be used in the system, which makes the upgrade of the internal firmware of the device more important. However, the firmware upgrade for some embedded devices is not as rapid and convenient as PC and smartphones, which is still erasing and then programming the whole storage. This is a waste of time and meaningless wear to the entire device. In order to solve this problem and improve the efficiency of the firmware upgrade, the partial firmware upgrade is proposed in this project, and the storage method of new codes is improved to get better performance during the partial DFU process. The idea of wear leveling is introduced to extend the lifetime of the internal storage. As a result, the partial firmware upgrade feature was successfully designed and implemented, and integrated and tested on new devices. At the end of this work, the prototype system of the embedded software based on the nRF52832 microcontroller has basically been designed, improved and tested, and some functions which need to be updated instead of the whole firmware can be transmitted via Bluetooth and work normally. For the specific case of partial DFU, the firmware package size that maximizes the update efficiency is obtained through testing. In addition, the flash module in the chip has been divided into multiple portions for the update. The wear-leveling method ensures that when a certain function is updated multiple times, one certain part of the flash will not be overused, but the entire block will be used uniformly to alleviate the adverse effects of data abnormality or loss caused by damaged bits of the flash memory. In addition, the lifetime of the flash memory is prolonged and the industrial waste is reduced at the same time. / Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU) används nu allmänt på PC och smartphones för att användare ska kunna njuta av de senaste applikationerna. Projektet kommer från den nya enheten till Yohoo och den inbyggda programvaran i systemet. Detta system kan vägleda användare om hur man kan andas genom flera sensoriska effekter för att minska skadan från för hög stress. För att kunna tillämpas av olika personer kommer vissa andningskurser och personliga inställningar att användas i systemet, vilket gör uppgraderingen av enhetens interna firmware viktigare. Firmwareuppgraderingen för inbäddade enheter är dock inte lika snabb och bekväm som PC och smartphones, som fortfarande raderar och sedan programmerar hela lagringsutrymmet. Detta är slöseri med tid och meningslöst slitage på hela enheten. För att lösa detta problem och förbättra effektiviteten för uppgradering av firmware föreslås partiell uppgradering av firmware i detta projekt, och lagringsmetoden för nya koder förbättras för att få bättre prestanda under den partiella DFU-processen. Idén om slitstyrning införs för att förlänga livslängden för den interna lagringen. Som ett resultat designades och implementerades delvist firmware uppgraderings funktionen och integrerades och testades på nya enheter. I slutet av detta arbete har prototypsystemet för den inbäddade programvaran baserat på mikrokontrollern nRF52832 i princip utformats, förbättrats och testats, och vissa funktioner som måste uppdateras istället för hela firmware kan överföras via Bluetooth och fungera normalt. För det specifika fallet med delvis uppgradering erhålls firmwarepaketets storlek som maximerar uppdateringseffektiviteten genom testning. Dessutom har flashmodulen i chipet delats upp i flera delar för uppdateringen. Slitstyrningsmetoden gör att när en viss funktion uppdateras flera gånger kommer en viss del av blixt inte att överanvändas, men hela blocket kommer att användas enhetligt för att lindra de negativa effekterna av data i normalitet eller förlust orsakat av skadade bitar av flashminnet. Dessutom förlängs flashminnets livstid teoretiskt och industriavfallet minskas samtidigt.

電離層延遲為精密GPS定位及導航的主要誤差來源之一，為了減弱電離層延遲對GPS定位及導航的影響，可以利用雙頻GPS觀測量構建即時的區域電離層模型，以提供即時的電離層延遲誤差改正參數，修正因電離層延遲效應造成的定位及導航誤差。 本研究以台灣地區雙頻GPS觀測量，採用相位水準技術估算全電子含量（TEC）、修正的單站演算法估計各GPS衛星及接收儀之L1/L2差分延遲及以UNSW網格式演算法構建區域的電離層模型。並進而求得適合台灣南部地區網格式電離層模型之較佳網格大小及探討使用那些內政部衛星追蹤站的觀測資料，便可有效建立台灣地區的電離層模型。 / The ionospheric delay is one of the main sources of error in precise GPS positioning and navigation. The magnitude of the ionospheric delay is related to the Total Electron Content (TEC) along the radio wave path from a GPS satellite to the ground receiver. The TEC is a function of many variables, including long and short term changes in solar ionising flux, magnetic activity, season of the year, time of day, user location and viewing direction. A dual-frequency GPS receiver can eliminate (to the first order) the ionospheric delay through a linear combination of L1 and L2 observables. However, the majority of civilians use low-cost single-frequency GPS receivers that cannot use this option. Consequently, it is beneficial to estimate ionospheric delays over the region of interest, in real-time, in support of single-frequency GPS positioning and navigation applications. In order to improve real-time regional ionosphere modelling performance, a grid-based algorithm is proposed. Data from the southern Taiwan region GPS network were used to test the ionosphere modelling algorithms. From the test results described here, it is shown that the performance of real-time regional ionosphere modelling is improved significantly when the proposed algorithm is used.