O pressuposto desta pesquisa é de que a divulgação de informações ambientais, no âmbito das provisões e passivos contingentes, reagiu aos avanços na normatização contábil. A normatização contábil genérica sobre evidenciação de obrigações incertas era restrita, em meados de 1976, à Lei no 6.404, e assim permaneceu ao longo de pelo menos uma década e meia, quando começou a ser desenvolvida. Ao longo dos anos foram criados padrões obrigatórios de divulgação, com critérios de julgamento mais detalhados para a classificação da obrigação incerta em provável, possível ou remota. Embora ainda apresente algum grau de subjetividade, o desenvolvimento destes critérios pode ter contribuído para a diminuição da assimetria informacional: a empresa passou a contar com um conjunto de orientações mais claras e, portanto, com melhores condições de averiguar e divulgar suas obrigações incertas. Esse avanço contribuiu para que as obrigações ambientais passassem a ter maior exposição, principalmente no âmbito das empresas potencialmente poluidoras, como as do setor de energia elétrica, que utilizam recursos naturais e modificam o meio ambiente. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as evidências de passivo ambiental divulgadas pelas empresas do setor de energia elétrica, de 1997 a 2014. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e longitudinal, por meio da análise de conteúdo de 941 notas explicativas, de uma população de 64 empresas do setor de energia elétrica, de acordo com listagem na BM&FBovespa, em maio de 2015. A amostra foi constituída de 26 empresas, que divulgaram o total de 468 notas explicativas no site da CVM, de 1997 a 2014. Ao longo destes 18 anos, 14 empresas da amostra (53,85%) evidenciaram passivos ambientais ao menos uma vez e 12 instituições (46,15%) não o fizeram e, do total de 468 notas explicativas, 100 (21,37%) evidenciaram passivo ambiental. O número de evidências de passivos ambientais era pequeno em meados de 1997, mas ascendeu, com um aumento mais consistente a partir de 2006, ano que coincide com a aprovação da Norma e Procedimento de Contabilidade 22 - Provisões, Passivos, Contingências Passivas e Contingências Ativas, emitida pelo IBRACON. Adicionalmente, a materialidade quantitativa estava na média de 0,61% para provisões ambientais e 0,89% para os passivos contingentes ambientais, desconsiderando-se os outliers. A dimensão das notas explicativas, em termos de quantidade de palavras, foi crescente e diversificada. Em conclusão, a evidenciação contábil pode, em adição à evidenciação voluntária, ser um meio plausível para a divulgação de questões ambientais e redução da assimetria informacional, principalmente quando a normatização contábil se faz mais clara e detalhada. / The assumption of this research is that the dissemination of environmental informations, under the provisions and contingent liabilities, reacted to developments in accounting standard setting. The general accounting regulation on disclosure of uncertain obligations was restricted to the Law no 6.404 in mid-1976, and remained so for over at least a decade and a half, when it began to be developed. Over the years mandatory disclosure standards were created, with more detailed judgment criteria for the classification of an uncertain obligation as probable, possible or remote. Although still carrying some degree of subjectivity, the development of these criteria may have contributed to the reduction of the information asymmetry: the company has now a set of clearer guidelines and, consequently, it is in a better condition to assess and disclose its uncertain obligations. A greater exposure ofthe environmental obligations was brought about by these advancements, especially in the context of potentially polluting companies, such as the electricity sector, which use natural resources and impact the environment. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyse the evidences of provisions and environmental contingent liabilities, diclosed by the eletricity sector, from 1997 to 2014. For this purpose, we developed a qualitative, descriptive and longitudinal study, using the content analysis of 941 notes, of a population of 64 companies in the electricity sector, according to listing on the BM&FBovespa, on May 2015. The sample is composed of 26 companies, which provided their financial statements on the CVM website from 1997 to 2014, and reported the total of 468 notes. Over the 18 years period analyzed, 14 of these companies (53.85%) showed at least one environmental liability and 12 (46.15%) did not, and, from the 468 notes, 100 (21,37%) reported environmental liability. The number of environmental liabilities evidences was small in mid-1997, but it rose progressively, with a more consistent increase from 2006, the year that coincides with the adoption of Accounting Standard and Procedure 22 - Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Asset, issued by IBRACON. In addition, the quantitative materiality averaged 0.61% in the case of the environmental provisions and 0.89% for environmental contingent liabilities, disregarding the outliers. The notes extent, in terms of the number of words, showed growth and diversity. As a result, the accounting disclosure may be, in addition to the voluntary disclosure, a plausible way to divulge environmental issues and reduce information asymmetry, especially when the accounting standard-setting becomes clearer and more detailed.

Le cessionnaire n'est pas à l'abri des risques liés aux opérations de cessions de droits sociaux et il va, pour cela, insérer au contrat des garanties de passif. Or l'efficacité de ces clauses n'est pas entièrement assurée. La mise en oeuvre de la garantie présente certaines difficultés. Ces difficultés ont deux origines. Elles sont tout d'abord liées à une mauvaise rédaction de la convention. En l'absence de prototype pour la rédaction de telles clauses, qui mette le cessionnaire à l'abri des risques d'apparition d'un passif, cette mission se révèle difficile. Elles sont ensuite liées à l'absence de règles légales propres à la matière et qui régissent les opérations complexes de cessions. Les juges vont tenter de remplir ce vide juridique, néanmoins les solutions diverses apportées par la jurisprudence rend les décisions rendues imprévisibles. On tente alors de proposer un régime propre aux garanties de passif qui assure au bénéficiaire de la garantie la protection qu'il recherche. / Since the transferee is not immune to the risks associated to the transfer of shares, he inserts guarantees in his contract. But the effectiveness of such clauses is not fully guaranteed. The implementation of guarantee faces some difficulties. These problems have two origins. They are first of all related to poor drafting of the convention. In the absence of a prototype for the development of such clauses, which put the transferee free of occurrence of a liability, this mission is difficult. They are then liked to the absence of legal rules relative to the subject. Judges try to fill this legal vacuum, however the various solutions provided by jurisdictions makes decisions unpredictable. We then try to recommend solutions related to these guarantees, which provides a higher protection to the transferee.

Analysis of the working capital of the company Elektroline based on historical data and sugestions for improves in the area of the working capital. Short financial analysis of the company Elektroline and suggestions for further analysis in some specific areas.

The present diploma thesis focuses on the judicial decisions resolved in administrative judiciary. The first part of the thesis describes the role of general practice of the court in the Czech republic and the types of its legal liability. Then, the thesis concentrates on the administrative judiciary and its legal liability. The second and the third chapter deal with individual judicial decisions that were selected from the areas of foreign currency and accrued assets and accrued liabilities.

The diploma thesis deals with the areas of intradepartmental directive. It concretely focuses on creation of intradepartmental directive for stocktaking of assets and liabilities. Should be used in general level of terms or in the specific companies. Directives have been proposed in accordance with legislative conditions and specific needs of companies.

A new revised prudential regulatory regime for insurers will be introduced in order to align the South African insurance industry with international standards. This regime, called Solvency Assessment and Management, is based on its European counterpart, which is known as Solvency II. This study starts off by investigating and comparing Solvency II, to be implemented in the United Kingdom, with Solvency Assessment and Management, to be implemented in South Africa, identifying a number of similarities between the regimes. The taxation of long-term insurers in both jurisdictions is then investigated, but no similarities are identified. The above prepares the ground for the main purpose of the study, which is to identify the impact of Solvency Assessment and Management on the taxation of long-term insurers in South Africa. This study identified the impact as effecting a change in the current basis used for the valuation of policyholder liabilities, which will cause a decrease in the value of liabilities, and consequently an increase in underwriting profit. The impact of this change is illustrated, and there are clear indications that there is a need to amend current income tax legislation or the directive used to determine the value of liabilities. Two options for amendments are identified but no changes to legislation are expected before 2015. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmchunu2014 / Taxation / unrestricted

The new standard IFRS 16 regarding leases was implemented 1st of January 2019 with the aim to improve accounting for leases and to provide more faithful information on the financial statements. We are conducting a value relevance study to observe to contribution of IFRS 16 to more value relevant information for investors and analysts. We are adopting an adjusted version of the valuation framework developed by Ohlson (1995) to be more coherent with the expected changes due to the new standard. We measure changes in value relevance pre and post the implementation of IFRS 16 using 8 quarterly interim reports representing the fiscal years 2018 and 2019. Furthermore, we are adopting an industry adjusted model to measure if value relevance has changed more in lease prevalent industries since industries such as retail, airline and service industries are expected to experience larger changes due to the new standard. We are considering 262 companies listed on the Swedish stock market, NASDAQ Stockholm. Our results suggest that the value relevance has increased in the post period of the implementation, especially in lease heavy industries.

No description available.

This thesis deals with the problem of public debt within the G-20 countries and the Czech Republic. The current state of public finances in these countries was analyzed through the so called Public Finance Checklist, which has been specifically developed for this thesis. The Checklist includes some public sector liabilities that are not a part of the conventional analysis of public sector debt. The results of analysis show that hidden liabilities constitute a significant part of the total amount of public debt in the analyzed countries. This fact presents a threat to stability of public finances. While the total public debt is increasing, governments aim to optically decrease the level of debt. The author assumes that the reason for such behavior is the arrangement of political system with missing corrective mechanisms of the principal-agent problem and moral hazard put into effect by political representatives. At the end of the thesis the author suggests some methods to fix the problems and restrict the growth of public debt.

This master's thesis is focused on financial receivables and liabilities under IFRS. The first chapter characterizes financial receivables in IFRS and describes actual IASB projects in this area. The second chapter is devoted to factoring and derecognition theory, which was analyzed on various types of factoring receivables. The third chapter deals with financial instruments with characteristics of equity, where actual IASB project is presented. The fourth part is focused on fair value option of financial liabilities and exposure draft of Fair Value Measurement standard. The thesis is completed with practical analysis of financial instruments of foreign banks.