Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-11T11:51:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Pedro Pacheco do Amaral.pdf: 926727 bytes, checksum: c26daf41edd0fb00e4d2136efbe543fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T11:51:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Pedro Pacheco do Amaral.pdf: 926727 bytes, checksum: c26daf41edd0fb00e4d2136efbe543fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUCSP / This study aims at addressing the liability of the assignor of shares in a limited company regarding the hidden liabilities verified in the limited company after the acquisition of shares by the assignee. To this end, based on a broad conceptual framework of the proposed theme, our study was divided into three parts. Firstly, we present the core elements for the subsequent confrontation of the proposed problematic: the concepts of limited company and of social capital; the characteristics of the shares, a will that will be transferred from the assignor to the assignee; the legal transaction of the assignment of shares; the purchase price of shares; and the concept of hidden liabilities. Secondly, we approach the institutes provided by law that may possibly support the liability of the assignor’s liability by the hidden liabilities. In this perspective, we address the interpretation of Article 1,003, sole paragraph of the Brazilian Civil Code: the institutes of error, fraud and injury; the redhibitory defects; the possibility of annulment of the legal transaction; and the analogical application of Article 1,146 of the Brazilian Civil Code to the assignment of shares. Finally, in the last part, we address the contractual practices applied to characterize or even to prevent the assignor’s liability by the hidden liabilities. We approach the due diligence of the representations and warranties clauses included in the share assignment contract, as well as of the clauses included in the share assignment contract that deal expressly with the transferor's liability by the hidden liabilities / A presente dissertação de mestrado versa sobre a responsabilidade do cedente de quotas de sociedade limitada em função de passivos não contabilizados (ocultos) verificados na sociedade limitada após a aquisição de quotas pelo cessionário. Para esse fim, apoiados em ampla bibliografia sobre o tema proposto, o estudo foi dividido em três partes. Na primeira, apresentamos os elementos fundamentais para o posterior enfrentamento da problemática proposta: os conceitos de sociedade limitada e de capital social; as características das quotas, bem que será transferido do cedente ao cessionário; o negócio jurídico de transferência das quotas; o preço de aquisição das quotas; e o conceito de passivo oculto. Na segunda parte, expomos os institutos previstos em lei que eventualmente possam embasar a responsabilidade do cedente pelo passivo oculto. Nesse sentido, abordamos a interpretação do parágrafo único do art. 1.003 do Código Civil: os institutos do erro, dolo e lesão; os vícios redibitórios; a possibilidade de anulação do negócio jurídico; e a aplicação analógica do art. 1.146 do Código Civil à cessão de quotas. Finalmente, na última parte, tratamos de práticas contratuais utilizadas para caracterizar ou mesmo prevenir a responsabilidade do cedente pelo passivo oculto. No caso, abordamos a due diligence das cláusulas de representations and warranties inseridas em contratos de cessão de quotas, assim como das próprias cláusulas inseridas em contratos de cessão de quotas que tratam, expressamente, da responsabilidade do cedente pelo passivo oculto

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-10-02T13:11:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Iracy Martins de Amorim_.pdf: 365108 bytes, checksum: 46c3368954b973542ef4125e0a75cc30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T13:11:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iracy Martins de Amorim_.pdf: 365108 bytes, checksum: 46c3368954b973542ef4125e0a75cc30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-04 / CRC – TO - Conselho Regional de Contabilidade do Tocantins / Em 2010, com a adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade IFRS, o Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC 00), que trata da estrutura Conceitual para Elaboração e Divulgação de Relatório Contábil-Financeiro, modificou a forma de reconhecimento de ativos e passivos regulatórios, direitos e obrigações que as distribuidoras de energia obtêm quando há diferença entre os custos orçados e aqueles que são efetivamente gastos ao longo do período. A mudança principal foi o não reconhecimento dos ativos e passivos regulatórios nas Demonstrações Financeiras no período de 2009 a 2013.Nesse contexto, para reduzir incertezas relevantes quanto ao reconhecimento e à realização ou liquidação, foi aprovada a deliberação CVM n.º 732/14, que autorizou a contabilização desses ativos e passivos. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar os efeitos da Deliberação CVM n.º 732/14 nos indicadores econômico-financeiros das distribuidoras de energia elétrica no período de 2008 a 2015. Para o estudo, 63 distribuidoras de energia elétrica foram selecionadas, mas somente 49 – que publicaram todas as demonstrações financeiras e notas explicativas no período analisado– foram estudadas. Calcularam-se, então, 12 indicadores econômico-financeiros, utilizando como método de análise o teste de diferença de médias.Os resultados encontrados sugerem que houve alterações significativas nos indicadores econômico-financeiros das distribuidoras de energia elétrica nos períodos de 2009 a 2013 após IFRS e de 2014 e 2015 após Deliberação. / In 2010, with the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the Accounting Pronouncements Committee (CPC 00), which focuses on the Conceptual Framework for Preparation of Financial Accounting and Reporting, has changed the recognition of regulatory assets and liabilities, rights and obligations that energy distributors obtain when there is a difference between the budgeted costs and the actually spent over the period. The main change was the non-recognition of regulatory assets and liabilities in the Financial Statements for the period between 2009 and 2013. In this context, in order to reduce relevant uncertainties regarding recognition and realization or settlement, CVM Resolution No. 732/14 was approved, which authorized the accounting of these assets and liabilities. Therefore, this academic research aims to verify the effects of CVM Resolution No. 732/14 on the economic-financial indicators of electricity distributors in the period from 2008 to 2015. For the study, 63 electricity distributors were selected, but Only 49 – which have published all the financial statements and explanatory notes in the analyzed period – were studied. Then, twelve economic-financial indicators were calculated using the mean difference test as method of analysis. Results suggest that there were significant changes in the economic and financial indicators of electricity distributors in the periods from 2009 to 2013 after IFRS and from 2014 to 2015 after deliberation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Kazuyoshi Sato.pdf: 883274 bytes, checksum: 2f8f4b3a12efcaeedf71c717173edc3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-20 / This paper has an special kind of liability or receivable as its focus. When a debt is not paid to a Government body after the expiration of the time allowed for the payment, the amount is subject to be booked under legal procedures provided by law. This debt can be originated from unpaid taxes. Due to the relevance of this source this paper is focused on it. But all the unpaid debts are subject to be collected by judicial means: the only requirement is to be properly registered by the authority. In the Federal level of Government this power is granted to the Federal Treasure General Attorney. All the circumstances grant to this kind of debt a presumptuous liquidness and certainty. It requires some attention the process one translates a word, or an idea. To write this abstract avoiding a free translation to Dívida Ativa was desirable. Even in Portuguese this combination of two antagonistic words is criticized when taking into accounting purposes. One word means liability while the other could means asset. But all these questions related to translation issues tend to be relevant when two different legal systems are involved. And problems can arise if these differences are not take into consideration and a simple translation is adopted. This situation is what we can see in Brazil when the standards issued by Brazilian Authorities are simple copies of the international similar; the subject of this paper is the Brazilian equivalent to IAS 37. And Brazilian environment demands a special attention to its huge tax matters. So combining the main ideas about Dívida Ativa in light of what that standards prescribe, some Financial Statements were studied. Thus in some of them no evidence of the existence of the debt was given / Esta dissertação tem um especial tipo de exigibilidade ou recebível como seu foco. Quando uma dívida não é paga a uma entidade governamental depois de expirado o prazo para pagamento, a quantia está sujeita a um registro, conforme procedimentos estabelecidos na lei. O débito pode ser originado de impostos não pagos . Devido à relevância da primeira origem esta dissertação está nela focada, contudo cabe ressaltar que todos os débitos estão sujeitos à cobrança judicial: o único requisito é ser apropriadamente registrado pela autoridade. Na esfera federal esse poder é concedido ao Procurador-Geral da Fazenda Nacional. Todas essas circunstâncias conferem ao débito a presunção de certeza e liquidez. Em um processo de tradução de uma palavra ou uma idéia requer-se alguma atenção. Para elaborar este resumo foi recomendável evitar-se uma livre tradução de Dívida Ativa . Mesmo em português, essa combinação de duas palavras antagônicas é criticada quando levada em consideração para fins contábeis. Uma palavra significa exigibilidade e a outra pode significar ativo . Mas todas essas questões relacionadas a problemas de tradução tendem a ser relevantes quando dois sistemas legais estão envolvidos. E problemas podem surgir se essas diferenças não forem levadas em consideração, e uma simples tradução seja adotada. Essa situação é o que podemos ver no Brasil quando os padrões emitidos pelas autoridades brasileiras são simples cópias de similar internacional; o objeto desta dissertação é o equivalente brasileiro ao IAS 37. E o ambiente brasileiro demanda uma especial atenção por conta de suas grandes questões tributárias. Assim, combinando as principais idéias sobre Dívida Ativa à luz dos que os padrões prescrevem, foram estudadas algumas demonstrações financeiras, e em algumas delas nenhuma evidência do débito foi fornecida

Kapitalstrukturen för ett företag är en sammansättning av dess egna kapital och skulder som används för att finansiera företaget. Uppsättningen av ett företags kapitalstruktur skiljer sig mellan företag eftersom varje företag själv väljer hur den ska se ut. Idag består 99 % av Sveriges alla företag av SMF. SMF:s kapitalstruktur skiljer sig gentemot större företag då de är mer beroende av extern finansiering än de större företagen. Generellt sett är SMF beroende av externt kapital för att finansiera verksamheten och vid en konjunkturnedgång minskar möjligheten att få tillgång till externt kapital. Kapitalstrukturen och dess företagsspecifika faktorer kan komma påverkas av en kris vilket studien syftar till att studera, om en specifik branschs kapitalstruktur påverkades av finanskrisen 2008. Det finns tidigare studier kring ämnet men det anses vara ett relativt outforskat forskningsområde.Studien omfattar ett urval på 763 SMF inom byggnadsbranschen i Sverige som varit verksamma under och efter finanskrisen 2008. Tidsperioden som studeras är mellan 2008 och 2015. För att kunna svara på om finanskrisen påverkade kapitalstrukturen hos de utvalda företagen användes deskriptiva, korrelations- och regressionsanalyser för att se sambandet mellan de beroende- och oberoende variablerna i studien. Studiens beroende variabler bestod av långfristiga-, kortfristiga- och leverantörsskulder och de oberoende bestod av storlek, ålder, lönsamhet, tillväxt samt en dummyvariabel som stod för den ekonomiska finanskrisen. Regressionsanalyserna utfördes för att se om kapitalstrukturen hade påverkats av finanskrisen. Analysernas resultat indikerar på att det förekommer en skillnad mellan tidsperioderna, attföretagens kapitalstruktur till viss del har påverkats av konjunkturnedgången. Resultatet tyder på att skuldsättningen minskade bland företagen då finanskrisen pågick. / The capital structure of a company is a composition of its equity and liabilities used to finance the company. A company's capital structure differs between companies as each company chooses its own capital structure. Today, 99% of companies in Sweden consists of SME:s. Capital structure also differs from larger companies as SME:s are relatively more dependent on external funding. Generally speaking, SMEs are dependent to external capital to finance the business, in case of a recession, the possibility to gain access from external capital reduces. The capital structure and its company-specific factors may be affected by a crisis where this paper aims to study as how a specific industry's capital structure was affected by the financial crisis in 2008. There are earlier studies on the subject, but it is considered a relatively unexplored research area.The study comprises a sample of 763 SMEs active in the construction industry in Sweden during and after the financial crisis in 2008. The study period is between 2008 and 2015. In order to answer if the financial crisis affected the capital structure of the selected companies, descriptive, correlation and regression analyzes were used to see the relationship between the dependent and independent variables in the study. The dependent variables of the studyconsisted of long-term, short-term and supplier debt and the independence consisted of size, age, profitability, growth and a dummy variable that accounted for the financial crisis. The regression analyzes were conducted to see if the capital structure had been affected by the financial crisis. The results of the analyzes indicate that there is a difference between the periods of time that the capital structure of the companies had been influenced to a certain extent by the economic downturn. The results indicates that debt decreased among companies when the financial crisis continued.

The diploma thesis is about characteristic of financial statements (balance sheet, profit and lost statement, cash flow statement). Special emphasis will be placed on selected indicators that are used in business management. In the theoretical part will be described the statements and items from them, a part will be dedicated to financial analysis, especially to indicators, that can be used in business management. In the practical part will be at first the characteristic of company, in which was the diploma thesis processed. Further more it will be made the analysis of selected items, focusing on the consistency of items at least in the last three years and the results will be evaluated.

This thesis is dedicated to the newly proposed International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS 4 - Insurance contracts, lists and describes the most important points of the standard in the first and the second phase of the project. The first phase of the project establishes the definition of insurance contracts and other essential concepts. The first phase of the insurance contract provides only a temporary solution for measuring and reporting of insurance contracts until approved and adopted the final draft standard from the second phase. The second phase of the project proposes a new valuation model for insurance contracts based on four pillars, introduces new requirements for disclosure in the financial statements and presentation of financial statements.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa_ Kummer.pdf: 3836984 bytes, checksum: 1746a7b3c060c75c722565a4bf452739 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / High concentrations of heavy metals in the soil can affect the sustainability of ecosystems and the health of humans and animals. The metal availability in the environment is related to the characteristics of each element, historical and source of contamination, as well as the properties of each soil. The presence of more than one element is common in contaminated areas and their interaction can affect their behavior in the environment. Researches have been developed to study the behavior of metals in different types of soils and thus help in cases of remediation. In recent years, the soil washing with biosurfactant has been presented as a promising method of remediation with little or no effect on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soil, but the costs of obtaining this biosurfactant are still high, because most manufacturers use artificial means for production. Thus, this study had the objective of evaluating the remediation potential of the biosurfactant obtained from the fermentation of cassava water through the action of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. This biosurfactant was characterized as surfactin, an anionic lipopeptide. Soils of different origins were used, one of them typical of the southwestern state of Paraná and the other from the northwest. The soils were first evaluated according to their potential for adsorption of the elements copper, zinc and lead in monometallic and multimetalic conditions, representing non-competitive and competitive conditions respectively. This evaluation was carried out by tests of adsorption and application of the matematical models of Langmuir and Freündlich. Soils were characterized chemically, physically and mineralogically. After that, it was performed the process of artificial contamination of these soils for application in the experiments of soil washing with biosurfactant in different conditions, having pH and concentration of biosurfactant solution as the main variables. Furthermore, it was also assessed the adsorption s capacity for metals by biosurfactant in liquid medium. The results showed that metals have different behaviors related to the adsorption and desorption to soil and to the biosurfactant. The soil type is also very important for the efficiency of metal removal. The clay soil showed higher adsorption capacity and therefore lower capacity of metal removal when compared to the sandy soil. In general, the soils showed the following sequence of adsorption capacity: Pb > Cu > Zn. The Pb was the element that less desorved by the washing process. It can also be concluded that, when soils are contaminated by more than one element at the same time, its ability to leach is greater than when the element is alone in the medium. This situation occurs because of differences between the competitive processes that take place in the active sites. The washing experiments showed that the biosurfactant was not able to improve the efficiency of removal of metals. The results obtained by the control treatments (only pure water) had very similar values to those that contained biosurfactant. When the wash solution containing the biosurfactant was in high concentrations, decrease in removel efficiency was found in some of the samples. Analysis of high performance liquid chromatography showed that the biosurfactant was adsorbed to soil samples, which is the consequence of not observing the effectiveness of the extractor in the removal of metals. It is notable, however, that the surfactin obtained has the potential to bind to metals, since the tests of adsorption to metals was confirmed by experiments. According to the results obtained, it can be inferred that the surfactin has greater potential for metal removal in liquid media than in solid medium, because of the lower possibility of adsorption. In soil, the results indicated potential use of this biosurfactant as stabilizing of metals in methods of remediation "in situ". / Concentrações elevadas de metais pesados no solo podem afetar a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas e também a saúde dos seres humanos e animais. A disponibilidade do metal no ambiente está relacionada às características de cada elemento, histórico e fonte de contaminação, bem como às propriedades de cada solo. A presença de mais de um elemento em áreas contaminadas é comum e a interação entre eles pode afetar o seu comportamento no ambiente. Diante do problema, pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas a fim de estudar o comportamento dos metais em diferentes tipos de solos e assim auxiliar nos procesos de remediação. Nos últimos anos, a lavagem do solo com biossurfactante tem sido apresentada como um método promissor de remediação com pequeno ou nenhum efeito sobre as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do solo, porém os custos de obtenção deste biossurfactante ainda são altos, pois a maioria dos fabricantes utiliza meios artificiais para sua produção. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial de remediação do biossurfactante obtido a partir do bioprocessamento da manipueira pela ação de bactérias Bacillus subtilis. Este biossurfactante foi caracterizado como surfactina, um lipopeptídeo aniônico. Foram utilizados solos de origens distintas, sendo um deles típico da região sudoeste do estado do Paraná e outro da região noroeste. Os solos utilizados foram primeiramente avaliados de acordo com o seu potencial de adsorção dos elementos cobre, zinco e chumbo em condições monometálicas e multimetálicas, representando condições não-competitivas e competitivas, respectivamente. Esta avaliação foi feita por meio de testes de adsorção e aplicação de modelos matemáticos de Langmuir e Freündlich. Os solos foram caracterizados química, física e mineralogicamente. A partir de então realizou-se o processo de contaminação artificial destes solos para posterior aplicação dos experimentos de lavagem com o biossurfactante em diferentes condições, sendo as variáveis pH e concentração da solução de biossurfactante como as principais. Além disso, também foi avaliada a capacidade de adsorção dos metais pelo próprio biossurfactante, em meio líquido. Os resultados mostraram que os metais apresentam comportamentos distintos quanto a adsorção e dessorção ao solo e ao biossurfactante. O tipo de solo também é muito importante para a avaliação da eficiência de remoção de metais. O solo argiloso apresentou maior capacidade de adsorção e consequentemente menor capacidade de remoção dos metais quando comparado ao solo arenoso. De modo geral, os solos apresentaram a seguinte sequência de capacidade de adsorção: Pb > Cu > Zn. O Pb foi o elemento que menos dessorveu pelos processos de lavagem. Foi possível também concluir que quando os solos estão contaminados por mais de um elemento ao mesmo tempo, a capacidade de lixiviar-se é maior do que quando o elemento está sozinho no meio. Esta situação ocorre em virtude dos processos competitivos existentes entre os sítios ativos. Os experimentos de lavagem mostraram que o biossurfactante não foi capaz de melhorar a eficiência de remoção dos metais. Os resultados obtidos pelos tratamentos controle (somente água pura) tiveram valores muito semelhantes aos que continham biossurfactante. Quando a solução de lavagem continha o biossurfactante em altas concentrações, foi encontrada, em algumas amostras, queda na eficiência de remoção. Análises de cromatografia líquida permitiram concluir que o biossurfactante foi adsorvido às amostras de solo, sendo esta a consequência da não observação da eficácia do extrator na remoção dos metais. Cabe ressaltar, entretanto, que a surfactina obtida apresenta potencial de ligar-se aos metais, uma vez que os testes de adsorção desta aos metais foi confirmado pelos experimentos realizados. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, pode-se inferir que a surfactina tem maior potencial de remoção de metais em meio líquido do que em meio sólido, devido a menor possibilidade de adsorção na matriz sólida. Em solo, os resultados indicaram potencial de utilização deste biossurfactante como agente de estabilização dos metais em métodos de remediação in situ .

This dissertation investigates emerging multinational enterprises (EMNEs)’s acquisitions of firms in developed economies (DE) through three distinctive but interrelated essays. Despite costs EMNEs must offset from the obvious cultural distance (CD) they encounter with limited exploitable advantages, EMNEs have continued to aggressively acquire firms in DE, suggesting there are ways for the EMNEs to effectively overcome CD. In Essay 1, using insights from the symbolic interaction paradigm in sociology, I developed the Dynamic Socio-Cultural Model (DSCM), to uncover the general process of cultural creation and change. At the core of the DSCM is the process of collective learning and adaptive interaction in every social system. Viewing EMNEs’ acquisitions in DE as a cultural event that leads to new shared cultural resources, DSCM shows culture is not as rigid as was typically conceptualized in the cross-cultural management literature. While the negative effect of CD may initially impede EMNEs, CD may be positively moderated by certain conditions of the involved cultures. In Essay 2, I extended DSCM and combined it with insights from the organizational learning literature to focus on EMNE’s choices of control mode and their performance implications. Performing event study and endogenous switching regression on 1157 EMNE’s acquisitions in 21 advanced economies, I found EMNEs have, on average, a positive post-acquisition performance. I also found being an EMNE from an emerging economy that underwent rapid industrialization and targeting a high-tech firm increases the probability for choosing a low-control mode. Moreover, EMNE acquirers choose control mode by strategically considering their unique characteristics to optimize performance. In Essay 3, using the same theoretical approach, I examined the target firms’ sources of value creation. Applying an event study on 167 acquisitions in North America made by EMNEs from 11 countries, I found EMNEs’ partial acquisitions in DE generate, on average, a positive target’s cumulative abnormal returns (CAR). There is also empirical support for several determinants of target’s value creation and moderation effects. In particular, I found target’s international experience attenuates the negative effect of CD on target CAR, while acquirer’s state-owned status exacerbates it. Overall, the three essays collectively contribute to research streams in EMNEs, seller’s view of M&A, and cultural change.

<p>Background: At the turn of the year 2004/2005, IAS 19 replaced Tryggandelagen (TrL) and RR 29 as the accounting standard in Swedish concerns. This introduction was associated with a certain apprehension for the possible changes in the companies’ pension liabilities and equity.</p><p>Purpose: To illustrate the difficulties of the introduction of IAS 19 by observing how it differs from TrL, and what kind of problems these differences can cause.</p><p>Procedure: Individuals who are well up in, and work with pension liabilities have been interviewed. After this follows an example of the calculated pension liability of a company, to illustrate the differences between the calculations according to TrL and IAS 19. To conclude the chapter, a comparison between a number of companies from the Stockholm stock exchange is made to establish their various actuarial assumptions.</p><p>Method: The essay mainly follows the qualitative research method, since this method is more appropriate when the substance in the matter is based on detailed differences and opinions.</p><p>Results and conclusions: The introduction of IAS 19 has taken time and been an expensive matter, although the expenses weren’t as great as feared. The introduction gave positive effects, such as an increased control of the pension liabilities. Because of this, there is a positive attitude towards IAS among the accounting profession. However, problems connected with the introduction have occurred, such as complicated procedures and “teething troubles”, but the advantages and disadvantages make up for the other.</p><p>The companies’ right of self-determination when it comes to actuarial assumptions seems to cause problems with for example the transparency. Therefore it is recommended that the companies should have to justify their choice of assumptions. It is also recommended that there should be more specified criteria of which assumptions that should be included in the annual report.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: Vid årsskiftet 2004/2005 ersatte IAS 19 Tryggandelagen (TrL) och RR 29 som redovisningsstandard i svenska koncerner. Det här införandet förknippades med en viss oro över förändringar i företagens pensionsskulder och eget kapital.</p><p>Syfte: Att belysa svårigheterna vid införandet av IAS 19 genom att se hur IAS 19 skiljer sig från Tryggandelagen och vilka problem som de här skillnaderna kan medföra.</p><p>Tillvägagångssätt: Personer som arbetar med och är väl insatta i ämnet redovisning av pensionsskulder intervjuas. Företagsexempel visas för att belysa skillnader vid uträkning av pensionsskulder enligt TrL och IAS 19. Avslutningsvis görs en jämförelse mellan ett antal företag på Stockholmsbörsen för att visa deras olika aktuariella antaganden.</p><p>Metod: Huvudsakligen följer uppsatsen den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden eftersom den metoden lämpar sig bäst för att få substans i materialet som baseras på detaljerade skillnader och åsikter.</p><p>Resultat och slutsatser: Införandet av IAS 19 har tagit tid och varit kostsamt, men kostnaden blev inte lika stor som befarat. Införandet gav positiva fördelar, såsom ökad kontroll av kostnaden för pensionsförpliktelser. Därför råder en positiv inställning till IAS bland redovisningsprofessionen. Problem i form av både komplicerat förfarande och barnsjukdomar finns sammankopplat med införandet, men fördelarna uppväger nackdelarna.</p><p>Företagens självbestämmanderätt gällandes de aktuariella antagandena förefaller kunna orsaka problem med bland annat transparensen. Därför rekommenderas motivering av antagandena och mer specifika regler för vilka antaganden som ska anges i årsredovisningarna.</p>

Background: At the turn of the year 2004/2005, IAS 19 replaced Tryggandelagen (TrL) and RR 29 as the accounting standard in Swedish concerns. This introduction was associated with a certain apprehension for the possible changes in the companies’ pension liabilities and equity. Purpose: To illustrate the difficulties of the introduction of IAS 19 by observing how it differs from TrL, and what kind of problems these differences can cause. Procedure: Individuals who are well up in, and work with pension liabilities have been interviewed. After this follows an example of the calculated pension liability of a company, to illustrate the differences between the calculations according to TrL and IAS 19. To conclude the chapter, a comparison between a number of companies from the Stockholm stock exchange is made to establish their various actuarial assumptions. Method: The essay mainly follows the qualitative research method, since this method is more appropriate when the substance in the matter is based on detailed differences and opinions. Results and conclusions: The introduction of IAS 19 has taken time and been an expensive matter, although the expenses weren’t as great as feared. The introduction gave positive effects, such as an increased control of the pension liabilities. Because of this, there is a positive attitude towards IAS among the accounting profession. However, problems connected with the introduction have occurred, such as complicated procedures and “teething troubles”, but the advantages and disadvantages make up for the other. The companies’ right of self-determination when it comes to actuarial assumptions seems to cause problems with for example the transparency. Therefore it is recommended that the companies should have to justify their choice of assumptions. It is also recommended that there should be more specified criteria of which assumptions that should be included in the annual report. / Bakgrund: Vid årsskiftet 2004/2005 ersatte IAS 19 Tryggandelagen (TrL) och RR 29 som redovisningsstandard i svenska koncerner. Det här införandet förknippades med en viss oro över förändringar i företagens pensionsskulder och eget kapital. Syfte: Att belysa svårigheterna vid införandet av IAS 19 genom att se hur IAS 19 skiljer sig från Tryggandelagen och vilka problem som de här skillnaderna kan medföra. Tillvägagångssätt: Personer som arbetar med och är väl insatta i ämnet redovisning av pensionsskulder intervjuas. Företagsexempel visas för att belysa skillnader vid uträkning av pensionsskulder enligt TrL och IAS 19. Avslutningsvis görs en jämförelse mellan ett antal företag på Stockholmsbörsen för att visa deras olika aktuariella antaganden. Metod: Huvudsakligen följer uppsatsen den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden eftersom den metoden lämpar sig bäst för att få substans i materialet som baseras på detaljerade skillnader och åsikter. Resultat och slutsatser: Införandet av IAS 19 har tagit tid och varit kostsamt, men kostnaden blev inte lika stor som befarat. Införandet gav positiva fördelar, såsom ökad kontroll av kostnaden för pensionsförpliktelser. Därför råder en positiv inställning till IAS bland redovisningsprofessionen. Problem i form av både komplicerat förfarande och barnsjukdomar finns sammankopplat med införandet, men fördelarna uppväger nackdelarna. Företagens självbestämmanderätt gällandes de aktuariella antagandena förefaller kunna orsaka problem med bland annat transparensen. Därför rekommenderas motivering av antagandena och mer specifika regler för vilka antaganden som ska anges i årsredovisningarna.