We first introduce the octonions as an eight dimensional vector space over a field of characteristic zero with a multiplication defined using a table. We also show that the multiplication rules for octonions can be derived from a special graph with seven vertices call the Fano Plane. Next we explain the Cayley-Dickson construction, which exhibits the octonions as the set of ordered pairs of quaternions. This approach parallels the realization of the complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers. The rest of the thesis is devoted to following a paper by N. Jacobson written in 1939 entitled "Cayley Numbers and Normal Simple Lie Algebras of Type G". We prove that the algebra of derivations on the octonions is a Lie algebra of type G_2. The proof proceeds by showing the set of derivations on the octonions is a Lie algebra, has dimension fourteen, and is semisimple. Next, we complexify the algebra of derivations on the octonions and show the complexification is simple. This suffices to show the complexification of the algebra of derivations is isomorphic to g_2 since g_2 is the only semisimple complex Lie algebra of dimension fourteen. Finally, we conclude the algebra of derivations on the octonions is a simple Lie algebra of type G_2. / Master of Science

No description available.

As álgebras TKK afins estendidas pertencem à classe de álgebras de Lie chamada álgebras de Lie afins estendidas do tipo $A_1$. Elas são obtidas a partir de um semi-reticulado do $\\mathbbR^n$. Estudamos a estrutura dos módulos tipo Verma sobre a álgebra TKK afim estendida para um semi-reticulado (não-reticulado) do $\\mathbbR^2$. Quando fixamos um conjunto positivo de raízes isotrópicas chamado standard encontramos quatro órbitas da subálgebra de Borel que dão origem a distintos módulos tipo Verma sobre a álgebra TKK afim estendida. Estudamos as estruturas de seus submódulos e encontramos critérios de irredutibilidade para os módulos de Verma clássico e imaginário. / The extended affine TKK Lie algebras belong to a class of Lie algebras called extended affine Lie algebras of type $A_1$. They are obtained from a semilattice on $\\mathbbR^n$. We studied the structure of the Verma type modules for the extended affine TKK algebra obtained from a semi-lattice (non-lattice) on $\\mathbbR^2$. Fixing a set of positive isotropic roots called standard we found four orbits of the Borel subalgebra each of which give distinct Verma modules for the extended affine TKK algebra. We studied the structures of their submodules and found a criteria for irreducibility for the classic and imaginary Verma modules.

<p>The study of symmetries is an essential tool in modern physics. The analysis of symmetries is often carried out in the form of Lie algebras and their representations. Knowing the representation theory of a Lie algebra includes knowing how tensor products of representations behave. In this thesis two methods to study and decompose tensor products of representations of non-compact Lie algebras are presented and applied to sl(2,R). We focus on products containing non-unitary representations, especially the product of a unitary highest weight representation and a non-unitary finite dimensional. Such products are not necessarily decomposable. Following the theory of B. Kostant we use infinitesimal characters to show that this kind of tensor product is fully reducible iff the sum of the highest weights in the two modules is not a positive integer or zero. The same result is obtained by looking for an invariant coupling between the product module and the contragredient module of some possible submodule. This is done in the formulation by Barut & Fronsdal. From the latter method we also obtain a basis for the submodules consisting of vectors from the product module. The described methods could be used to study more complicated semisimple Lie algebras.</p>

No description available.

The study of symmetries is an essential tool in modern physics. The analysis of symmetries is often carried out in the form of Lie algebras and their representations. Knowing the representation theory of a Lie algebra includes knowing how tensor products of representations behave. In this thesis two methods to study and decompose tensor products of representations of non-compact Lie algebras are presented and applied to sl(2,R). We focus on products containing non-unitary representations, especially the product of a unitary highest weight representation and a non-unitary finite dimensional. Such products are not necessarily decomposable. Following the theory of B. Kostant we use infinitesimal characters to show that this kind of tensor product is fully reducible iff the sum of the highest weights in the two modules is not a positive integer or zero. The same result is obtained by looking for an invariant coupling between the product module and the contragredient module of some possible submodule. This is done in the formulation by Barut &amp; Fronsdal. From the latter method we also obtain a basis for the submodules consisting of vectors from the product module. The described methods could be used to study more complicated semisimple Lie algebras.

A composition algebra is a non-zero algebra endowed with a strictly non-degenerate, multiplicative quadratic form. Finite-dimensional composition algebras exist only in dimension 1, 2, 4 and 8 and are in general not associative or unital. Over the real numbers, such algebras are division algebras if and only if they are absolute valued, i.e. equipped with a multiplicative norm. The problem of classifying all absolute valued algebras and, more generally, all composition algebras of finite dimension remains unsolved. In dimension eight, this is related to the triality phenomenon. We approach this problem using a categorical language and tools from representation theory and the theory of algebraic groups. We begin by considering the category of absolute valued algebras of dimension at most four. In Paper I we determine the morphisms of this category completely, and describe their irreducibility and behaviour under the actions of the automorphism groups of the algebras. We then consider the category of eight-dimensional absolute valued algebras, for which we provide a description in Paper II in terms of a group action involving triality. Then we establish general criteria for subcategories of group action groupoids to be full, and applying this to the present setting, we obtain hitherto unstudied subcategories determined by reflections. The reflection approach is further systematized in Paper III, where we obtain a coproduct decomposition of the category of finite-dimensional absolute valued algebras into blocks, for several of which the classification problem does not involve triality. We study these in detail, reducing the problem to that of certain group actions, which we express geometrically. In Paper IV, we use representation theory of Lie algebras to completely classify all finite-dimensional absolute valued algebras having a non-abelian derivation algebra. Introducing the notion of quasi-descriptions, we reduce the problem to the study of actions of rotation groups on products of spheres. We conclude by considering composition algebras over arbitrary fields of characteristic not two in Paper V. We establish an equivalence of categories between the category of eight-dimensional composition algebras with a given quadratic form and a groupoid arising from a group action on certain pairs of outer automorphisms of affine group schemes

Techn. University, Diss., 2006--Darmstadt.

Understanding the structure and complexity of a polynomial family is a fundamental problem of arithmetic circuit complexity. There are various approaches like studying the lower bounds, which deals with nding the smallest circuit required to compute a polynomial, studying the orbit and stabilizer of a polynomial with respect to an invertible transformation etc to do this. We have a rich understanding of some of the well known polynomial families like determinant, permanent, IMM etc. In this thesis we study some of the structural properties of the polyno-mial family called the Nisan-Wigderson polynomial family. This polynomial family is inspired from a well known combinatorial design called Nisan-Wigderson design and is recently used to prove strong lower bounds on some restricted classes of arithmetic circuits ([KSS14],[KLSS14], [KST16]). But unlike determinant, permanent, IMM etc, our understanding of the Nisan-Wigderson polynomial family is inadequate. For example we do not know if this polynomial family is in VP or VNP complete or VNP-intermediate assuming VP 6= VNP, nor do we have an understanding of the complexity of its equivalence test. We hope that the knowledge of some of the inherent properties of Nisan-Wigderson polynomial like group of symmetries and Lie algebra would provide us some insights in this regard. A matrix A 2 GLn(F) is called a symmetry of an n-variate polynomial f if f(A x) = f(x): The set of symmetries of f forms a subgroup of GLn(F), which is also known as group of symmetries of f, denoted Gf . A vector space is attached to Gf to get the complete understanding of the symmetries of f. This vector space is known as the Lie algebra of group of symmetries of f (or Lie algebra of f), represented as gf . Lie algebra of f contributes some elements of Gf , known as continuous symmetries of f. Lie algebra has also been instrumental in designing e cient randomized equivalence tests for some polynomial families like determinant, permanent, IMM etc ([Kay12], [KNST17]). In this work we completely characterize the Lie algebra of the Nisan-Wigderson polynomial family. We show that gNW contains diagonal matrices of a speci c type. The knowledge of gNW not only helps us to completely gure out the continuous symmetries of the Nisan-Wigderson polynomial family, but also gives some crucial insights into the other symmetries of Nisan-Wigderson polynomial (i.e. the discrete symmetries). Thereafter using the Hessian matrix of the Nisan-Wigderson polynomial and the concept of evaluation dimension, we are able to almost completely identify the structure of GNW . In particular we prove that any A 2 GNW is a product of diagonal and permutation matrices of certain kind that we call block-permuted permutation matrix. Finally, we give explicit examples of nontrivial block-permuted permutation matrices using the automorphisms of nite eld that establishes the richness of the discrete symmetries of the Nisan-Wigderson polynomial family.

Orientador: Plamen Emilov Kochloukov / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T03:42:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_DiogoDinizPereiradaSilvae_D.pdf: 1168055 bytes, checksum: 49c676076235e3eef6f8a27594f092f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo sobre identidades polinomiais graduadas em álgebras não associativas. Mais precisamente estudamos as identidades polinomiais graduadas da álgebra de Lie das matrizes de ordem 2 com traço zero com as três graduações naturais, a Z2-graduação, a Z2 _ Z2-graduação e a Z-graduação, neste caso conseguimos uma nova demonstração baseada em métodos elementares dos resultados de [27] que não se baseia em resultados da Teoria de Invariantes, estes resultados foram publicados em [30]. Estudamos também as identidades graduadas da álgebra de Jordan das matrizes simétricas de ordem 2, neste caso obtivemos bases para as identidades graduadas dessa álgebra de Jordan em todas as possíveis graduações, obtivemos também bases para as identidades fracas para os pares (Bn; Jn) e (B; J), onde Bn e B denotam as álgebras de Jordan de uma forma bilinear simétrica não degenerada nos espaços vetoriais Vn e V respectivamente, onde Vn tem dimensão n e V tem dimensão 1, esses resultados estão no artigo [29], aceito para publicação / Abstract: In this thesis we study graded identities in non associative algebras. Namely we study graded polynomial identities for the Lie algebra of the 2_2 matrices with trace zero with it's three natural gradings, the Z2-grading, the Z2_Z2-grading and the Z-grading, in this case we obtained a new proof of the results of [27] that doesn't involve use of Invariant Theory, this results were published in [30]. We also studied the graded identities of the Jordan algebra of the symmetric matrices of order two, we obtained basis for the graded identities of this Jordan algebra in all possible gradings, we also obtained basis for the weak identities of the pairs (Bn; Jn) and (B; J), where Bn and B are the Jordan algebras of a symmetric bilinear form in a the vector spaces Vn and V respectively, where Vn has dimension n and V has countable dimension, this results are in the article [29], accepted for publication / Doutorado / Álgebra Não-Comutativa / Doutor em Matemática