Virgin aggregate is being used faster than it is being made available creating a foreseeable shortage in the future. Despite this trend, the availability of demolished concrete for use as recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is increasing. Using this waste concrete as RCA conserves virgin aggregate, reduces the impact on landfills, decreases energy consumption and can provide cost savings. However, there are still many unanswered questions on the beneficial use of RCA in concrete pavements. This research addresses the many technical and cost-effective concerns regarding the use of RCA in concrete pavements by identifying concrete mixture and proportioning designs suitable for jointed plain concrete pavements; constructing test sections using varying amounts of RCA; monitoring performance through testing, condition surveys and sensor data; modeling RCA pavement performance; and predicting life cycle costs. The research was carried out as a partnership between the Centre for Pavement and Transportation Technology (CPATT) at the University of Waterloo, the Cement Association of Canada, Dufferin Construction, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The literature review provides an overview of sustainability and key performance indicators, the material properties of RCA both as an aggregate and in concrete, concrete mixture and proportioning designs with RCA, performance of existing RCA pavements, and the implementation of RCA highlighting some examples where RCA has been used successfully. Twelve preliminary mixes were developed using three total cementitious contents amounts of 315 kg/m3, 330 kg/m3, and 345 kg/m3 to determine four suitable mixes with varying coarse RCA contents (0%, 15%, 30% and 50%) to place at the CPATT test track. At 28-days, all of the twelve mixes exceed the 30 MPa design strength. Four test sections containing 0%, 15%, 30% and 50% coarse RCA were constructed in June 2007. The test sections had identical cross sections consisting of 250 mm portland cement concrete (PCC), 100 mm asphalt-stabilized OGDL and a 450 mm granular base. For each coarse RCA content, one slab was instrumented with six vibrating wire concrete embedment strain gages to measure long-term longitudinal and transverse strain due to environmental changes, two vibrating wire vertical extensometers to monitor slab curling and warping, two vibrating wire inter-panel extensometers to monitor joint movement, and two maturity meters to measure maturity and temperature. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) testing showed that the mixes containing RCA exhibited similar or improved performance when compared to the conventional concrete for compressive and flexural strength, freeze-thaw durability and coefficient of thermal expansion. Pavement performance of the four test sections was evaluated using visual surveys following the Ontario Ministry of Transportation’s Manual for Condition rating of Rigid Pavements. Nine pavement evaluations have been performed every two to four months since construction. All test sections are in excellent condition with pavement condition index (PCI) values greater than 85 after two years in-service and approximately three hundred thousand Equivalent Single Axle Loads. Sensor data from the strain gauges, and vertical and inter-panel extensometers are providing consistent results between the test sections. Long-term performance modeling using the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (ME-PDG) showed improved performance with respect to cracked slabs, joint faulting, and pavement roughness as the RCA content increased. Multivariable sensitivity analysis showed that the performance results were sensitive to CTE, unit weight, joint spacing, edge support, surface absorption, and dowel bar diameter. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) illustrated the savings that can be expected using RCA as a replacement aggregate source as the cost of virgin aggregate increase as the sources becomes depleted. Multivariable sensitivity analysis showed that the LCCA results were sensitive to construction costs, discount rate, and maintenance and rehabilitation quantities.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a model for assessing cost effectiveness of applying lean tools. The model consists of eight phases: it starts by understanding customers' requirements using Voice of Customer (VOC) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tools. In phase 2, the current state of plant is assessed using lean profile charts based on Balanced Scorecard (BSC) measures. In phase 3 and phase 4, identification of critical problem(s) and generating of improvement suggestion(s) are performed. Phase 5 provide evaluation of the cost effectiveness of implementing the suggested lean methods based on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and phase 6 prefers the right alternative based on multiple criteria decision making (MCDM). In phase 7 the selected alternative is supposed to be implemented and finally the user should monitor and control the process to make sure that the improvement is going as planned. The model was verified successfully using a case study methodology at one Swedish sawmill called Södra Timber in Ramkvilla, one part of Södra group. Results obtained from the study showed that the production and human resources perspectives are the most critical problem areas that need to be improved. They got the lowest scores in the lean profile, 63% and 68%, respectively. Using value stream mapping (VSM) it was found that the non value added (NVA) ratios for the core and side products are 87.4% and 90.4%, respectively. Using the model, three improvement alternatives were suggested and evaluated using LCCA and MCDM. Consequently, implementing 5S got the highest score, second came redesigning the facility layout. However, it was estimated that 4.7 % of NVA for the side product would be reduced by redesigning the facility layout. The recommendations were suggested for the company to improve their performance. The novelty of the thesis is based on the fact that it addresses two main issues related to lean manufacturing: firstly, suggesting lean techniques based on assessment of lean profile that is based on BSC and QFD, and secondly assessing the cost effectiveness of the suggested lean methods based on LCCA and MCDM. This thesis provides a generalized model that enables the decision-maker to know and measure, holistically, the company performance with respect to customer requirements. This will enable the company to analyze the critical problems, suggest solutions, evaluate them and make a cost effective decision. Thus, the company can improve its competitiveness.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to develop a model for assessing cost effectiveness of applying lean tools. The model consists of eight phases: it starts by understanding customers' requirements using Voice of Customer (VOC) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tools. In phase 2, the current state of plant is assessed using lean profile charts based on Balanced Scorecard (BSC) measures. In phase 3 and phase 4, identification of critical problem(s) and generating of improvement suggestion(s) are performed. Phase 5 provide evaluation of the cost effectiveness of implementing the suggested lean methods based on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and phase 6 prefers the right alternative based on multiple criteria decision making (MCDM). In phase 7 the selected alternative is supposed to be implemented and finally the user should monitor and control the process to make sure that the improvement is going as planned. The model was verified successfully using a case study methodology at one Swedish sawmill called Södra Timber in Ramkvilla, one part of Södra group. Results obtained from the study showed that the production and human resources perspectives are the most critical problem areas that need to be improved. They got the lowest scores in the lean profile, 63% and 68%, respectively. Using value stream mapping (VSM) it was found that the non value added (NVA) ratios for the core and side products are 87.4% and 90.4%, respectively. Using the model, three improvement alternatives were suggested and evaluated using LCCA and MCDM. Consequently, implementing 5S got the highest score, second came redesigning the facility layout. However, it was estimated that 4.7 % of NVA for the side product would be reduced by redesigning the facility layout. The recommendations were suggested for the company to improve their performance. The novelty of the thesis is based on the fact that it addresses two main issues related to lean manufacturing: firstly, suggesting lean techniques based on assessment of lean profile that is based on BSC and QFD, and secondly assessing the cost effectiveness of the suggested lean methods based on LCCA and MCDM. This thesis provides a generalized model that enables the decision-maker to know and measure, holistically, the company performance with respect to customer requirements. This will enable the company to analyze the critical problems, suggest solutions, evaluate them and make a cost effective decision. Thus, the company can improve its competitiveness.</p>

Selecting a suitable power source, during the design process, for a stand-alone soya business unit is challenging and complex. Especially with the aim of optimizing electrical and thermal energy, as well as minimizing the life cycle cost. During the design and development of a soya business unit it was realized that a design tool is needed to assist with the decision making process when selecting a power source. Waste heat can be recovered from either or both the exhaust gas and cooling system of the power source and can be utilized in the soya process. Research of available literature revealed no design tool to assist with the decision making process of the stand-alone business unit and consequently lead to this study. This dissertation presents different possible power sources that could be utilized in supplying energy to the business unit, as well as design tools available. Advantages and disadvantages of the different power sources are discussed. The shortfalls of a number of the available design tools are also discussed. A diesel generator set was selected as the preferred power source for the business unit. Criteria for this selection included the price per kWhe generated, the ease of maintenance, the availability of the diesel generators in rural areas and the availability of diesel as a fuel. The diesel engine was characterized through experimental work for a more in depth understanding of the energy profile of the engine at part load conditions. These results were used as guidelines in the development of the design tool. The design tool was developed with the aim of being user friendly and versatile. The time intervals of the required load of the business unit are flexible. Different types of power sources and fuels can be used within the design tool. User defined heat exchangers are utilized to calculate the possible heat recovery from the power source. The design tool matches the available energy of different power sources at part load conditions with the required load profile of the soya business unit. It then eliminates power sources that would not be able to deliver the minimum required energy. The running cost is calculated for each of the remaining power sources and the power source with the minimum annualized cost, which includes capital cost, maintenance cost and fuel cost, is suggested. The design tool was verified against a base load condition of the soya business unit and the suggested power source showed a saving of 31,4% in electrical energy, an increased overall efficiency of 24,9% and a saving in annualized cost of 27,3%. The design tool can be used to optimize specific components and design options within a combined heat and power system. Sensitivity analysis can be performed with the design tool to determine various influences on the designed system. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Upon consultation with NPS faculty, the School has determined that this thesis may be released to the public, its distribution is unlimited effective August 25, 2011. / One result of the break-up of the Soviet Union is that the DOD has been forced to reevaluate the roles of each of the Armed Services based on the declining resource pool. From the Marine Corps' evaluation of itself came the Combined Arms Regiment (CAR) concept. The objective of this study was to develop an estimate of the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of the two possible vehicles used with the CAR and the CAR's components. Standard cost factors are used to cost out the various organizations involved. Two supporting analyses done in this study are: an evaluation of the Marine Corps' role in national security and how the CAR could be used to support that security role, and a comparison of the vehicle option operating characteristics which was done to enrich the dimensions under which the CAR could be evaluated. The results of the study are a tool which can help Marine Corps planners make more informed decisions in regards to the CAR concept. The final conclusion, based on the assumption that any CAR would act as a follow-on element of the MAGTF, was that although the CAR(LAV) was a workable option, the CAR using upgraded AAVs was the better, more cost effective option.

Selecting a suitable power source, during the design process, for a stand-alone soya business unit is challenging and complex. Especially with the aim of optimizing electrical and thermal energy, as well as minimizing the life cycle cost. During the design and development of a soya business unit it was realized that a design tool is needed to assist with the decision making process when selecting a power source. Waste heat can be recovered from either or both the exhaust gas and cooling system of the power source and can be utilized in the soya process. Research of available literature revealed no design tool to assist with the decision making process of the stand-alone business unit and consequently lead to this study. This dissertation presents different possible power sources that could be utilized in supplying energy to the business unit, as well as design tools available. Advantages and disadvantages of the different power sources are discussed. The shortfalls of a number of the available design tools are also discussed. A diesel generator set was selected as the preferred power source for the business unit. Criteria for this selection included the price per kWhe generated, the ease of maintenance, the availability of the diesel generators in rural areas and the availability of diesel as a fuel. The diesel engine was characterized through experimental work for a more in depth understanding of the energy profile of the engine at part load conditions. These results were used as guidelines in the development of the design tool. The design tool was developed with the aim of being user friendly and versatile. The time intervals of the required load of the business unit are flexible. Different types of power sources and fuels can be used within the design tool. User defined heat exchangers are utilized to calculate the possible heat recovery from the power source. The design tool matches the available energy of different power sources at part load conditions with the required load profile of the soya business unit. It then eliminates power sources that would not be able to deliver the minimum required energy. The running cost is calculated for each of the remaining power sources and the power source with the minimum annualized cost, which includes capital cost, maintenance cost and fuel cost, is suggested. The design tool was verified against a base load condition of the soya business unit and the suggested power source showed a saving of 31,4% in electrical energy, an increased overall efficiency of 24,9% and a saving in annualized cost of 27,3%. The design tool can be used to optimize specific components and design options within a combined heat and power system. Sensitivity analysis can be performed with the design tool to determine various influences on the designed system. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Syfte:Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar projektering av en järnvägsanläggning ur ett livscykelperspektiv. Målet är att tydliggöra vad Trafikverket behöver ta hänsyn till vid projektering av en järnvägsanläggning för att kunna uppnå de krav som ställs på järnvägsanläggningen samt öka förutsägbarheten för livscykelkostnaden. Frågeställningar:Hur kan projektering av järnvägsanläggningar förbättras ur ett livscykelperspektiv? Vilka faktorer behöver Trafikverket ta hänsyn till vid projekteringsfasen för att säkerställa tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva järnvägsanläggningar? Hur kan en arbetsmetodik formas för att främja en kostnadseffektiv järnvägsanläggning? Metod:Följande studie är baserad på en kvalitativ fallstudie. Metoden är baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentationsmetodik för att erhålla empiriska data. Litteraturstudien och det teoretiska ramverket är baserade på expertgranskade tidskrifter, vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker som täcker studieområdena. Slutsats:Studien har visat att projektering av järnvägsanläggningar ur ett livscykelperspektiv kan förbättras genom att ta fram konkreta underlag för att stödja de besluts som ska tas. Beslutsunderlag för järnvägsanläggningen bör baseras på olika analyser för att kunna värdera vilket alternativ som ger den mest kostnadseffektiva anläggningen samtidigt som det återspeglar de efterfrågade målen och kraven. Analyser ska inte enbart baseras på tekniska konstruktion utan även driften samt underhållet behöver beaktas eftersom de har en stor inverkan på utfallet av kapaciteten, prestandan och kostnader över hela anläggningens livscykel. Vidare har studien visat vikten av att ha tillförlitliga system som kan ge information om anläggningen och även all data som krävs för att utföra analyser. / Purpose:The purpose of the study is to investigate which factors affect life-cycle planning of a railway infrastructure. The aim is to clarify what the Swedish Transport Administration needs to take into account when planning a railway infrastructure in the future in order to meet the requirements and increase the predictability of life-cycle costs. Research questions:How can railway infrastructure planning phase be improved based on a life-cycle perspective? What factors do the Swedish Transport Administration need to take into account during the planning phase to ensure reliable and cost-effective railway infrastructure? How can a working methodology be designed to promote a cost-effective railway infrastructure? Method:The following study is based on a qualitative case study. The literature study and the theoretical framework are based on peer-reviewed journals, scientific articles and books that covers the areas of the study. The empirical data collection is based on semi-structured interviews and reports from different administrative authority. Conclusion:This study has shown that planning of railway infrastructure from a life-cycle perspective can be improved by concrete evidence to support the decisions to be taken. The decisions basis for the railway infrastructure should be based on various analysis in order to evaluate the most cost-effective option while reflecting the desired goals and requirements. However, analysis should not only be based on the technical design. It should also consider operation and maintenance, since they have a major impact on the outcome of capacity, performance and cost throughout the life-cycle of railway infrastructure. Furthermore, the study has demonstrated the importance of having reliable systems that can provide information about the railway infrastructure and all data required for carrying out analysis.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar projektering av en järnvägsanläggning ur ett livscykelperspektiv. Målet är att tydliggöra vad Trafikverket behöver ta hänsyn till vid projektering av en järnvägsanläggning Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar projekteringen av järnvägsanläggningar utifrån ett Life Cycle Managementlångsiktigt hållbarhetsperspektiv perspektiv med fokus en centralpunkt inom på Integrated Logistic Support. Med detta avser studien att ge förslag på för atthur organisationen kunnakan uppnå långsiktiga lönsamhetsmål de krav som ställs på järnvägsanläggningen samt öka förutsägbarheten för livscykelkostnaden. Frågeställningar: Hur kan projektering av järnvägsanläggningar förbättras ur ett långsiktigtlivscykel perspektiv? Vilka faktorer behöver Trafikverket ta hänsyn till vid projekteringsfasen för att säkerställa tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva järnvägsanläggningar? Hur kan en arbetsmetodik formas för att främja en kostnadseffektiv järnvägsanläggning? Metod: Följande studie är baserad på en kvalitativ fallstudie av Trafikverket. Metoden är baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentationsmetodik för att erhålla empiriska data. Litteraturstudien och det teoretiska ramverket är baserade på expertgranskade tidskrifter, vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker som täcker studieområdena. Slutsats: Studien har visat att projektering av järnvägsanläggningar ur ett livscykelperspektiv kan förbättras genom att ta fram konkreta underlag för stödja de besluts som ska tas. Beslutsunderlag för järnvägsanläggningen bör baseras på olika analyser för att kunna värdera vilket alternativ som ger den mest kostnadseffektiva anläggningen samtidigt som det återspeglar de efterfrågade målen och kraven. Analyser ska inte enbart baseras på tekniska konstruktion utan även driften samt underhållet behöver beaktas eftersom de har en stor inverkan på utfallet av kapaciteten, prestandan samt kostnaderna över hela anläggningens livscykel. Vidare har studien visat vikten av att ha tillförlitliga system som kan ge information om anläggningen och även all data som krävs för att utföra analyser. / Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate which factors affect the longlife cycle-term planning of a railway infrastructure. The aim is to clarify what the Swedish Transport Administration needs to take into account when planning a railway infrastructure in the future in order to meet the requirements and increase the predictability of life cycle costs. Research questions: How can railway infrastructure planning phase be improved based on a life cycle long-term perspective? What factors do the Swedish Transport Administration need to take into account during the planning phase to ensure reliable and cost-effective railway infrastructure? How can a working methodology be designed to promote a cost-effective railway facility? Method: The following study is based on a qualitative case study of Swedish Transport Administration. The literature study and the theoretical framework are based on peer-previewed journals, scientific articles and books that covers the areas of the study. The empirical data collection is based on semi-structured interviews and reports from different administrative authority. Conclusion: This study has shown that planning of railway infrastructure from a life cycle perspective can be improved by concrete evidence to support the decisions to be taken. The decisions basis for the railway infrastructure should be based on various analysis in order to evaluate the most cost-effective option while reflecting the desired goals and requirements. However, analysis should not only be based on the technical design. It should also consider operation and maintenance, since they have a major impact on the outcome of capacity, performance and cost throughout the life cycle of the railway infrastructure. Furthermore, the study has demonstrated the importance of having reliable systems that can provide information about the railway infrastructure and all data required for carrying out analysis.

Sammanfattning Datum: 2018-05-31 Nivå: Examensarbete i Industriell ekonomi, 30 ECTS Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, EST, Mälardalens Högskola Författare: Elias Kirilmaz &amp; Jennifer Quach Titel: Projektering av en järnvägsanläggning ur ett livscykelperspektiv: En fallstudie om hur infrastrukturförvaltare kan förbättra projektering av stora tekniska system med fokus på livscykelperspektivet Nyckelord: Project, Life Cycle Cost, Railway, Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Integrated logistic support, ILS, Asset Management, Long-termLarge technical systems, LTS Handledare: Pär Blomkvist &amp; Christian Johansson Norbäck Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar projektering av en järnvägsanläggning ur ett livscykelperspektiv. Målet är att tydliggöra vad Trafikverket behöver ta hänsyn till vid projektering av en järnvägsanläggning Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar projekteringen av järnvägsanläggningar utifrån ett Life Cycle Managementlångsiktigt hållbarhetsperspektiv perspektiv med fokus en centralpunkt inom på Integrated Logistic Support. Med detta avser studien att ge förslag på för atthur organisationen kunnakan uppnå långsiktiga lönsamhetsmål de krav som ställs på järnvägsanläggningen samt öka förutsägbarheten för livscykelkostnaden. Frågeställningar: Hur kan projektering av järnvägsanläggningar förbättras ur ett långsiktigtlivscykel perspektiv? Vilka faktorer behöver Trafikverket ta hänsyn till vid projekteringsfasen för att säkerställa tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva järnvägsanläggningar? Hur kan en arbetsmetodik formas för att främja en kostnadseffektiv järnvägsanläggning? Metod: Följande studie är baserad på en kvalitativ fallstudie av Trafikverket. Metoden är baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentationsmetodik för att erhålla empiriska data. Litteraturstudien och det teoretiska ramverket är baserade på expertgranskade tidskrifter, vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker som täcker studieområdena. Slutsats: Studien har visat att projektering av järnvägsanläggningar ur ett livscykelperspektiv kan förbättras genom att ta fram konkreta underlag för stödja de besluts som ska tas. Beslutsunderlag för järnvägsanläggningen bör baseras på olika analyser för att kunna värdera vilket alternativ som ger den mest kostnadseffektiva anläggningen samtidigt som det återspeglar de efterfrågade målen och kraven. Analyser ska inte enbart baseras på tekniska konstruktion utan även driften samt underhållet behöver beaktas eftersom de har en stor inverkan på utfallet av kapaciteten, prestandan samt kostnaderna över hela anläggningens livscykel. Vidare har studien visat vikten av att ha tillförlitliga system som kan ge information om anläggningen och även all data som krävs för att utföra analyser. / ABSTRACT Date: 2018-05-31 Level: Degree Project in Industrial Engineering and Management, 30 ECTS Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Elias Kirilmaz &amp; Jennifer Quach Title: Design a railway infrastructure from a lifecycle perspective: A case study on how infrastructure administrator can improve large technical systems by focusing on life cycle perspective during the planning phase. Keywords: Project, Life Cycle Cost, Railway, Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Integrated logistic support, ILS, Asset Management, Long-termLarge technical systems, LTS Tutor: Pär Blomkvist &amp; Christian Johansson Norbäck Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate which factors affect the longlife cycle-term planning of a railway infrastructure. The aim is to clarify what the Swedish Transport Administration needs to take into account when planning a railway infrastructure in the future in order to meet the requirements and increase the predictability of life cycle costs. Research questions: How can railway infrastructure planning phase be improved based on a life cycle long-term perspective? What factors do the Swedish Transport Administration need to take into account during the planning phase to ensure reliable and cost-effective railway infrastructure? How can a working methodology be designed to promote a cost-effective railway facility? Method: The following study is based on a qualitative case study of Swedish Transport Administration. The literature study and the theoretical framework are based on peer-previewed journals, scientific articles and books that covers the areas of the study. The empirical data collection is based on semi-structured interviews and reports from different administrative authority. Conclusion: This study has shown that planning of railway infrastructure from a life cycle perspective can be improved by concrete evidence to support the decisions to be taken. The decisions basis for the railway infrastructure should be based on various analysis in order to evaluate the most cost-effective option while reflecting the desired goals and requirements. However, analysis should not only be based on the technical design. It should also consider operation and maintenance, since they have a major impact on the outcome of capacity, performance and cost throughout the life cycle of the railway infrastructure. Furthermore, the study has demonstrated the importance of having reliable systems that can provide information about the railway infrastructure and all data required for carrying out analysis.

Vattentillgången på Öland har under en lång tid varit mycket ansträngd och har kommit till en punkt då det inte längre är hållbart. För att nå en mer långsiktig lösning planerar Mörbylånga kommun med hjälp av Norconsult att bygga ett vattenreningsverk. Detta kommer att rena bräckt vatten ifrån Kalmarsund samt processvatten ifrån Guldfågeln AB, som tillsammans kommer att fungera som ett komplement till det redan befintliga sötvattnet. Två pilotanläggningar som renar processvatten ifrån en industri, genom ultrafilter kombinerat med omvänd osmos, har utvärderats. En metod för att sammanställa de kostsamma driftparametrarna elförbrukning, förbrukning av kemikalier samt underhållsarbete vid drift och membranens inköpskostnad genom en LCC har tagits fram. Denna metod ger en ungefärlig totalkostnad per kubikmeter av det renade vattnet. Även vattenkvaliteten på ingående råvatten, vattnet mellan membranen samt det utgående vattnet har analyserats. Detta för att undersöka att processerna fungerar som den ska, samt ge en indikation på vilka mineraler som kommer att behöva tillsättas i efterhand. Pilot B blir ca fem kronor dyrare per kubikmeter jämfört med Pilot A. De totala kostnaderna, 9.70 – 10.79 kr/m3 för Pilot A och 15.19 – 15.28 kr/m3 för Pilot B, kan jämföras med den nuvarande kostnaden för en kubikmeter vatten i Mörbylånga, 15 kr/m3, samt den kostnad kommunen betalade sommaren 2016 för att frakta vatten i tankbilar, 70 kr/m3.