[ES] Una alternativa para reducir el consumo de materias primas y los impactos ambientales derivados del cemento Portland es la sustitución parcial del clínker por adiciones minerales de subproductos agroindustriales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar los efectos de la extracción de potasio sobre la reactividad de las biopuzolanas a partir de cenizas puras de caña de azúcar y caña energética, y evaluar las ganancias ambientales potenciales en compuestos de cemento Portland, buscando producir cenizas reactivas y sostenibles, y potasio para su aplicación como fertilizante. La caña energética y la caña de azúcar se caracterizaron morfológicamente mediante microscopio electrónico de barrido y EDS, se analizó el suelo recolectado durante la extracción de ambas variedades. Ambas cañas fueron calcinadas a una temperatura de 600 °C con una velocidad de 4 °C/min y un tiempo de exposición de 120 min. Las cenizas fueron lavadas para la extracción de potasio, cloro y azufre, y molidas para obtener el mismo rango granulométrico, luego se realizó el análisis de la solución extraída del lavado, y, por otra parte, sobre las cenizas se llevaron a cabo los análisis de masa específica real, granulometría, fluorescencia de rayos X, pérdida al fuego, difracción de rayos X, termogravimetría, microscopía electrónica de barrido con EDS, y determinación de sílices amorfa y cristalina. En pastas de hidróxido de calcio y puzolanas se realizó análisis de fijación de cal por termogravimetría, microscopía electrónica de barrido con EDS, evaluación de reactividad puzolánica por conductividad y pH, y método de Frattini. En las pastas de puzolanas y cemento se realizó la prueba de porosidad por intrusión de mercurio. Se evaluó la influencia de las cenizas y humo de sílice en el comportamiento de los morteros de cemento Portland, con ensayos de masa específica, absorción de agua, porosidad aparente, resistencia a la compresión y carbonatación acelerada. Se utilizó la técnica de Evaluación del Ciclo de Vida para evaluar los impactos ambientales potenciales de los morteros con reemplazo parcial de ceniza de caña energética, de caña de azúcar y humo de sílice en comparación con el mortero de referencia (sin reemplazos). La quema de caña energética genera un 78% más de ceniza en comparación con la caña de azúcar. Las cenizas de hoja de la caña energética presentaron mayor cantidad de sílice que las de caña de azúcar; por otro lado, los tallos presentaron un alto contenido de potasio. El análisis de la solución de lavado de ceniza indicó la posibilidad de utilizar esta solución en fertirrigación debido a los altos valores de potasio y azufre en el agua. El humo de sílice, la ceniza de paja de caña de azúcar, la ceniza de paja de caña energética y la mezcla de cenizas de caña energética (tallo y paja) fueron las muestras que presentaron alta puzolanicidad. Los morteros con sustitución del 10% de cenizas, fueron los que presentaron mejores resultados en cuanto a resistencia mecánica. En general, la sustitución de contenidos superiores al 10% de ambas cenizas mejora considerablemente el comportamiento ambiental de los morteros, debido al menor consumo de cemento, y a la generación de los subproductos de la extracción de sacarosa, (como el residuo filtrado y vinaza) y el potasio extraído del lavado de las cenizas, que evitan la producción de agroquímicos para la agricultura. Teniendo en cuenta el comportamiento ambiental y la resistencia a la compresión, los morteros con mejores resultados son aquellos con un 10% de ceniza de caña energética, ya que alcanzan los valores más altos de resistencia a la compresión y buenos valores de desempeño ambiental. Por lo tanto, la ceniza de la caña de azúcar y de la caña energética se pueden utilizar para su incorporación en materiales cementantes, especialmente la ceniza de caña energética. Sin embargo, el potasio y el cloro deben extraerse hasta que estén dentro de los niveles aceptables para su uso en compuestos de cemento. / [CA] L'alternativa per a reduir el consum de matèries primeres i els impactes que origina la producció de ciment Pòrtland implicaria substituir parcialment el clínquer per minerals obtinguts de subproductes agroindustrials. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és investigar els efectes de l'extracció del potassi en la reactivitat de les bioputzolanes, a partir de les cendres de la canya de sucre i de la canya energètica, i a més a més avaluar els beneficis ambientals com a component del ciment Pòrtland. La finalitat seria produir cendres reactives més sostenibles que podran ser utilitzades com a putzolanes, així com potassi com a fertilitzant. La canya de sucre i la canya energètica es caracteritzaren morfològicament mitjançant microscòpia electrònica de rastreig amb espectroscòpia d'energia dispersiva de raigs X, i es va analitzar el sòl després de la recol·lecció de les plantes. Ambdues canyes foren calcinades a 600¿°C de temperatura, a una velocitat d'escalfament de 4¿°C/min durant un temps màxim d'exposició de 120 minuts. Després de la calcinació, les cendres foren rentades per a extraure el potassi, el clor i el sofre i a continuació foren moltes fins a obtindre la granulometria adequada. Finalment, es va fer l'anàlisi de la solució aquosa del rentat, i diferents anàlisis de les cendres: massa específica real, granulometria làser, fluorescència de raigs X, pèrdua al foc, difracció de raigs X, termogravimetria, microscòpia electrònica de rastreig amb espectroscòpia d'energia dispersiva de raigs X, avaluació de reactivitat putzolànica per conductivitat i pH, i mètode Frattini. Les pastes de putzolana i de ciment se'n van sotmetre a la prova de porositat per intrusió de mercuri. Es va avaluar com influeix la cendra de la canya de sucre, la cendra de la canya energètica i el fum de sílice en els morters de ciment Pòrtland, amb assajos de massa específica, absorció d'aigua, porositat aparent, resistència a la compressió i carbonatació accelerada. La tècnica d'Avaluació del Cicle de Vida, va ser utilitzada per a valorar els impactes ambientals possibles dels morters amb substitució parcial de cendra de canya de sucre, cendra de canya energètica i fum de sílice i comparar-los amb els morters de referència (sense reemplaçaments). La canya energètica genera un 78% més de cendra per hectàrea que la canya de sucre tradicional, per altra banda, les cendres de les fulles de la canya energètica tenen un major contingut de sílice i la tija una gran quantitat de potassi. Els resultats de l'anàlisi de les solucions de les cendres rentades, ens indiquen que és possible utilitzar aquesta solució en fertirrigació per l'alt contingut en potassi i sofre. El fum de sílice, la cendra de la palla de la canya de sucre, la de la palla de canya energètica i LA de la mescla de canya energètica (tija i palla) foren les mostres amb millors resultats de reactivitat putzolànica. Els morters substituïts amb un 10% de cendra de canya de sucre i de cendra de canya energètica són els que presentaren millors resultats de resistència mecànica. En general, amb substitucions superiors al 10% de les cendres de canya de sucre i de canya energètica millora considerablement el comportament ambiental dels morters, gràcies a un menor consum de ciment, i a la generació de subproductes de l'extracció de sacarosa (com residus de filtres i vinassa), i del potassi obtingut de rentar les cendres que eviten la producció de productes químics per a l'agricultura. Si tenim en compte el comportament ambiental i la resistència a la compressió, els morters amb un 10% de cendra de canya energètica són els que presenten millors resultats, ja que registren els valors més alts a la compressió. En resum, podem afirmar que les cendres de la canya de sucre i de la canya energètica poden ser utilitzades per a afegir-les als materials cimentants, especialment, la cendra de canya energètica, sempre que els nivells de potassi i clor estiguen dins dels nivells permesos per al seu ús en el ciment. / [EN] An alternative to reduce the consumption of raw materials and the environmental impacts arising from the production of Portland cement is the partial replacement of clinker by mineral additions using agro-industrial by-products. The present research aimed to investigate the effects of potassium extraction on the reactivity of biopozzolans from from sugarcane and energy cane, and to evaluate the potential environmental gains of its use in Portland cement composites, seeking to produce reactive and sustainable ash that can be used as pozzolan and potassium for application as a fertilizer. Energy cane and sugar cane were morphologically characterized using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and the soil ,in which both varieties grew, analyzed. Both canes were calcined at a temperature of600 °C with a heating rate of 4 °C/min and a maximum exposure time of 120 min. After burning, the ashes were washed for the extraction of potassium, chlorine and sulfur and, then ground to obtain the same granulometric range; the analysis of the solution extracted from the washing was carried out, and, for the obtained ashes, real specific mass, laser granulometry, X-ray fluorescence, loss on fire, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and determination of amorphous and crystalline silica were carried out. In calcium hydroxide/ash pastes, the lime fixation analysis by thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, pozzolanic reactivity evaluation by conductivity and pH, and Frattini method were performed. In cement/ash pastes, the porosity test by mercury intrusion was carried out. The influence of energy cane ash, sugar cane and silica fume on the performance of Portland cement mortars was evaluated, by means specific mass, water absorption, apparent porosity, compressive strength and accelerated carbonation tests. The Life Cycle Analysis technique was used to assess the potential environmental impacts of mortars with partial replacement of energy cane ash, sugar cane ash and silica fume compared to the reference mortar (without replacements). The burning of energy cane generates 78% more ash per hectare compared to conventional sugarcane, the leaf ashes of the energy cane had a higher amount of silica than the sugar cane one; on the other hand, the stalks showed high potassium content. The analysis of the ash washing solution indicated the possibility of using this solution in fertigation due to the high values of potassium and sulfur that were solubilized in the water. Silica fume, sugar cane straw, energy cane straw, and the mixture of energy cane (stem and straw) were the ashes that showed high pozzolanicity. The mortars with replacement of 10% of sugarcane ash, and 10% of energy cane, were the ones that presented the best results in terms of mechanical strength. In general, the substitution of contents above 10% of sugarcane and energy cane ashes improves the environmental performance of mortars considerably, due to the lower consumption of cement, the co-products generated in the extraction of sucrose, such as filter and vinasse, and the potassium extracted from washing the ash, which avoid the production of agrochemicals for agriculture. Taking into account environmental performance and compressive strength, the mortars with the best results are those with 10% energy cane ash, as they achieve the highest compressive strength and good environmental performance values. Thus, ashes from sugarcane and energy cane can be used for incorporation into cementitious composites, especially energy cane ash. However, potassium and chlorine must be extracted until they are within acceptable levels for the use of ashes in cementitious composites. / Pitolli Lyra, G. (2023). Aplicação das cinzas da indústria sucroalcooleira como biopozolanas e Kfertilizante: cana-de-açúcar e cana-energia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/193853

The apparel and footwear industry’s contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the fifth largest per industry, equal to that of livestock, after electricity and heat, oil and gas, agriculture, and transportation (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). For industry-wide emissions reduction, investing in renewable energy and energy efficiency programs across highest impacting life cycle phases offer the most effective solution. However, identifying the highest impacting life cycles phases shows varied results depending on the particular type of business model under examination. This paper responds to the lack of existing data and empirical research on how to accurately measure, report and reduce carbon emissions across the highly complex and globally interconnected apparel value chain. This is done through a single case study investigation of an Icelandic fashion brand. A hybrid approach of a standard Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Sustainable Global Value Chain (SGVC) functions to produce a Hotspot Identification Tool (HIT) to establish a holistic portrayal of business operations in relation to emission impacts and level of controllability across Scopes. The conceptual analysis and qualitative results identify the most relevant emission hotspots to lie within the company’s privately owned manufacturing facilities, as well as the procurement phase, due to its direct connection with and influence on material production, user phase, and end-of-life. The main obstacle in this pursuit is identified as restriction of resources in terms of time, capital and expertise. It is suggested that this be overcome by joining a Multi-Stakeholder Initiative where resources and expertise is pooled in a pre-competitive manner to reach common objectives. The investigation further suggests a need for global fashion brands to leverage their influential position on down- and upstream activities across the value chain, i.e. with their supply chain partners and consumers. I argue that fashion brands play an integral role in supporting local efforts to build a decarbonisation pathway towards climate neutral economies on a global scale.

Uma das formas mais integradas, completas e eficazes para a gestão ambiental de atividades produtivas é baseada no ciclo de vida do produto, sendo a avaliação do ciclo de vida sua principal ferramenta. O produto avaliado é o álcool etílico hidratado combustível, por ser passível de melhorias ambientais durante seu ciclo de vida, alternativo frente aos fósseis e de grande importância estratégica para o Estado de São Paulo e para o Brasil. O objetivo é a avaliação do ciclo de vida do álcool etílico hidratado combustível utilizando o método EDIP (Environmental Development of Industrial Products) e introduzindo as avaliações exergéticas e emergéticas na avaliação e valoração do impacto. A estrutura metodológica está baseada nas normas da série NBR-ISO 14.040 e ISO 14.040. Os resultados do EDIP mostram que a atividade da colheita de cana apresenta o maior potencial de impacto para o consumo de recursos renováveis, o aquecimento global, a formação fotoquímica de ozônio troposférico, a acidificação e a toxicidade humana. O preparo do solo apresenta maior potencial para o consumo de recursos não renováveis e para a ecotoxicidade da água. O trato cultural apresenta maior influência na eutrofização e na ecotoxicidade do solo. Pela exergia, verifica-se que, para cada litro de álcool consumido, há uma perda de exergia pelas emissões atmosféricas de seu ciclo de vida, considerando que 25% da cana colhida seja crua, equivalente à exergia de, aproximadamente, 1,38 litro de álcool. Pela emergia, 69% do consumo de energia solar equivalente é realizado pelo veículo automotor. Portanto, a fim de adequar ambientalmente o ciclo de vida do etanol hidratado combustível, indica-se a eliminação da queimada, a redução do uso de agrotóxicos, de combustível fóssil e formas mais eficientes de uso do álcool combustível. / One of the most integrated, complete and efficacious means for the environmental management of productive activities is based on the life cycle of the product, whose main tool is the life cycle assessment. The assessed product is the hydrated ethylic alcohol fuel because of the environmental improvement possibilities during its life cycle, an alternative for fossil fuel and its great strategic importance to Sao Paulo State and Brazil. The goal is the life cycle assessment of hydrated ethylic alcohol fuel using EDIP (Environmental Development of Industrial Products) method and introducing exergy and emergy methods on the impact assessment and valuation. The methodological structure is based on the norms NBR-ISO 14.040 and ISO 14.040 series. The EDIP results show that the sugar cane harvesting activity presents the highest potential impact for the renewable resources consumption, the global warming, the photochemical ozone formation, the acidification and the human toxicity. The soil preparation activity presents the highest potential for the non-renewable resources and the ecotoxicity in water. The cultivation activity presents the highest potential for the nutrient enrichment and the ecotoxicity in soil. With the exergy method, it is verified that for each liter of alcohol consumed, there is an exergy lost by the atmospheric emissions of its life cycle, considering 25% of the total sugar cane cultivated and harvested is not burned, which is equivalent to the exergy of, approximately, 1.38 liter of alcohol. By the emergy method, 69% of the equivalent solar energy consumption is performed by the vehicle. Therefore, in order to achieve an environmentally benign life cycle of the hydrated ethylic alcohol fuel, it is indicated the sugar cane burning elimination, pesticides and fossil fuel reduction and more efficient manners of using alcohol fuel.

Cette thèse de doctorat, a consisté, dans une première partie, à introduire d’une part, la notion de l’analyse du cycle de vie « ACV » et celle des biocarburants. D’autre part, à présenter l’intérêt d’appliquer une ACV sur des biocarburants afin de valoriser leurs bilans énergétiques et analyser leurs impacts environnementaux face aux carburants conventionnels. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons comparé, d’un point de vue énergétique et environnemental, 3 scénarios de production d’électricité : 2 scénarios de cogénération (turbine à vapeur et ORC) pour la production d’énergie électrique et thermique à partir de biomasse, et un scénario de cogénération par moteur diesel. Ces scénarios sont comparés à l’aide de deux méthodes orientées « analyse des dommages »: Eco-indicateur 99 (E) et IMPACT2002+Dans une troisième partie, on a abordé la valorisation du biogaz sous forme de carburant dans des moteurs "dual fuel" pour des engins agricoles dans le but de déterminer l’impact environnemental lié à l’utilisation de ce carburant alternatif au diesel par rapport aux autres biocarburants. Les méthodes Eco-indicateur 99 (E) et CML ont été utilisées ici. On a pu ainsi identifier les principaux polluants générés à chaque étape du cycle de vie de l’agrocarburant et les étapes qui ont les plus grands impacts environnementaux et on a identifié, selon nos critères et par rapport au contexte, le scénario énergétique le plus compatible avec le principe de développement durable. / This thesis has consisted in a first part to introduce, on one hand, the concept of each of: lifecycle assessment "LCA" and biofuels, on the other hand, to present the benefits of applying aLCA on biofuels to evaluate their energy balances and to analyze their environmental impactsagainst conventional fuels.In a second part, we compared, from point of view energetic and environmental, 3 scenariosof electricity production: 2 scenarios of cogeneration (steam turbine and ORC) for theproduction of electrical energy and of heat from biomass, and a scenario of cogeneration by adiesel engine, these scenarios have been compared using two damage-oriented analysismethods: Eco-indicator 99 (E) and IMPACT2002 +In a third part, we worked on the evaluation of methane as fuel in "dual fuel" engines foragricultural purpose, the aim was to determine the environmental impact associated with theuse of this alternative fuel for diesel compared to other biofuels. Methods Eco-indicator 99(E) and CML have been used here.We were able to identify the main pollutants generated at each stage of the life cycle ofbiofuel and the steps that have the greatest environmental impacts, and to identify, accordingto our criteria and to the context the energy scenario the most consistent with the principle ofsustainable development.

The production and consumption of information and communication technology (ICT) products and services continue to grow worldwide. This trend is accompanied by a corresponding increase in electricity use by ICT, as well as direct environmental impacts of the technology. Yet a more complicated picture of ICT’s effects is emerging. Positive indirect effects on environmental sustainability can be seen in substitution and optimization (enabling effects), and negative indirect effects can be seen in additional demand due to efficiency improvements (rebound effects). A variety of methods can be employed to model and assess these direct and indirect effects of ICT on environmental sustainability. This doctoral thesis explores methods of modeling and assessing environmental effects of ICT, including electronic media. In a series of five studies, three methods were at times applied in case studies and at others analyzed theoretically. These methods include life cycle assessment (LCA) and complex systems modeling approaches, including System Dynamics (SD) and agent-based (AB) modeling. The first two studies employ the LCA approach in a case study of an ICT application, namely, the tablet edition of a Swedish design magazine. The use of tablets has skyrocketed in recent years, and this phenomenon has been little studied to date. Potential environmental impacts of the magazine’s tablet edition were assessed and compared with those of the print edition. The tablet edition’s emerging version (which is marked by a low number of readers and low reading time per copy) resulted in higher potential environmental impacts per reader than did the print edition. However, the mature tablet edition (with a higher number of readers and greater reading time per copy) yielded lower impacts per reader in half the ten impact categories assessed. While previous studies of electronic media have reported that the main life-cycle contributor to environmental impacts is the use phase (which includes operational electricity use as well as the manufacture of the electronic device), the present study did not support those findings in all scenarios studied in this thesis. Rather, this study found that the number of readers played an important role in determining which life-cycle phase had the greatest impacts. For the emerging version, with few readers, content production was the leading driver of environmental impacts. For the mature version, with a higher number of readers, electronic storage and distribution were the major contributors to environmental impacts. Only when there were many readers but low overall use of the tablet device was the use phase the main contributor to environmental impacts of the tablet edition of the magazine. The third study goes beyond direct effects at product- and service-level LCAs, revisiting an SD simulation study originally conducted in 2002 to model indirect environmental effects of ICT in 15 European countries for the period 2000-2020. In the current study, three scenarios of the 2002 study were validated in light of new empirical data from the period 2000–2012. A new scenario was developed to revisit the quantitative and qualitative results of the original study. The results showed, inter alia, that ICT has a stimulating influence on total passenger transport, for it makes it more cost- and time-efficient (rebound effects). The modeling mechanism used to represent this rebound effect is further investigated in the fourth study, which discusses the feedback loops used to model two types of rebound effects in passenger transport (direct economic rebound and time rebound). Finally, the role of systems thinking and modeling in conceptualizing and communicating the dynamics of rebound effects is examined. The aim of the fifth study was to explore the power of systems modeling and simulation to represent nonlinearities of the complex and dynamic systems examined elsewhere in this thesis. That study reviews previous studies that have compared the SD and AB approaches and models, summarizing their purpose, methodology, and results, based on certain criteria for choosing between SD and AB approaches. The transformation procedure used to develop an AB model for purposes of comparison with an SD model is also explored. In conclusion, first-order or direct environmental effects of ICT production, use, and disposal can be assessed employing an LCA method. This method can also be used to assess second-order or enabling effects by comparing ICT applications with conventional alternatives. However, the assessment of enabling effects can benefit from systems modeling methods, which are able to formally describe the drivers of change, as well as the dynamics of complex social, technical, and environmental systems associated with ICT applications. Such systems methods can also be used to model third-order or rebound effects of efficiency improvements by ICT. / Den ökande produktionen och konsumtionen av produkter och tjänster inom informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) leder till en ökning av den globala elanvändningen samt direkta miljökonsekvenser kopplade till IKT. Men IKT har även indirekta miljömässiga effekter. Dessa kan vara positiva till exempel genom substitutions- och optimeringseffekter eller negativa genom att till exempel ge upphov till ytterligare efterfrågan på grund av effektivisering (så kallade reboundeffekter). Olika metoder kan användas för att modellera och bedöma både direkta och indirekta effekter av IKT. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka metoder för modellering samt att studera miljöeffekter av IKT och elektronisk media med hjälp av livscykelanalys (LCA) och även modellering av komplexa och dynamiska system, samt simuleringsteknik, så som System Dynamics (SD) och agentbaserad (AB) modellering. Avhandlingen omfattar fem artiklar (artikel I-V). Artikel I &amp; II beskriver resultaten från en fallstudie där miljöeffekter kopplade till en svensk tidskrift studeras med LCA. Tidskriftens version för surfplatta samt motsvarande tryckta version studeras och jämförs. Artikel III går ett steg vidare från produktnivåns LCA. Artikeln återkopplar till en SD simuleringsstudie som ursprungligen genomfördes under 2002. Simuleringsstudien gällde framtida miljöeffekter av IKT i 15 europeiska länder med tidspespektivet 2000-2020. I artikeln valideras tre scenarier från simuleringsstudien med hjälp av nya empiriska data från 2000-2012 och ett nytt scenario modelleras. Kvantitativa och kvalitativa resultat från den ursprungliga studien diskuteras. Till exempel visar artikel III att IKT har en stimulerande effekt på den totala persontrafiken genom att göra den mer kostnads- och tidseffektiv (reboundeffekt). Modelleringsmekanismen som används för att representera denna reboundeffekt diskuteras vidare i artikel IV. Artikeln belyser och diskuterar den återkopplingsslinga (feedback-loop) som används för att modellera två typer av reboundeffekter kopplade till persontrafik (direkt ekonomisk rebound och tidsrelaterad rebound) samt jämför med en tidigare studie. Artikel IV behandlar också den roll systemtänkande och modellering kan spela i konceptualisering och kommunikation av reboundeffekters dynamik. För att ytterligare undersöka systemmodelleringens och simuleringens möjligheter att representera icke-linjära komplexa och dynamiska system (exempel på sådana diskuteras i artikel III och IV), sammanställer artikel V tidigare studier som jämför SD och AB-metoder och -modeller.  Studiernas mål och metod summeras och resultaten med avseende på vilka kriterier som presenteras för att välja mellan SD och AB sammanställs. Även processen för att omvandla en befintlig SD-modell till en AB-modell beskrivs. Avhandlingens slutsats är att LCA och systemmodelleringsmetoder kan vara användbara för att studera IKTs direkta effekter så väl som indirekta effekter på miljön. / <p>QC 20150813</p>

En raison de la demande croissante d’énergie dans le monde et des nombreux dommages causés par l’utilisation des énergies fossiles, la contribution des énergies renouvelables a augmenté de manière significative dans le mix énergétique global dans le but de progresser vers un développement plus durable. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à l’élaboration d’une méthodologie générale pour la conception de systèmes photovoltaïques, basée sur les principes d’écoconception, en tenant compte simultanément des considérations technico-économiques et environnementales. Afin d’évaluer la performance environnementale des systèmes PV, une technique d’évaluation environnementale basée sur l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) a été utilisée. Le modèle environnemental a été couplé d’une manière satisfaisante avec le modèle de conception d’un système PV connecté au réseau pour obtenir un modèle global, apte à un traitement par optimisation. Le modèle de conception du système PV résultant a été développé en faisant intervenir l’estimation du rayonnement solaire reçu dans une zone géographique concernée, le calcul de la quantité annuelle d’énergie produite à partir du rayonnement solaire reçu, les caractéristiques des différents composants et l’évaluation des critères technico-économiques à travers le temps de retour énergétique et le temps de retour sur investissement. Le modèle a ensuite été intégré dans une boucle d’optimisation multi-objectif externe basée sur une variante de l’algorithme génétique NSGA-II. Un ensemble de solutions du Pareto a été généré représentant le compromis optimal entre les différents objectifs considérés dans l’analyse. Une méthode basée sur une Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) est appliquée pour détecter et enlever les objectifs redondants de l’analyse sans perturber les caractéristiques principales de l’espace des solutions. Enfin, un outil d’aide à la décision basé sur M- TOPSIS a été utilisé pour sélectionner l’option qui offre un meilleur compromis entre toutes les fonctions objectifs considérées et étudiées. Bien que les modules photovoltaïques à base de silicium cristallin (c-Si) ont une meilleure performance vis-à-vis de la production d’énergie, les résultats ont montré que leur impact environnement est le plus élevé des filières technologiques de production de panneaux. Les technologies en « couches minces » présentent quant à elles le meilleur compromis dans tous les scénarios étudiés. Une attention particulière a été accordée aux processus de recyclage des modules PV, en dépit du peu d’informations disponibles pour toutes les technologies évaluées. La cause majeure de ce manque d’information est la durée de vie relativement élevée des modules photovoltaïques. Les données relatives aux procédés de recyclage pour les technologies basées sur CdTe et m-Si sont introduites dans la procédure d’optimisation par l’écoconception. En tenant compte de la production d’énergie et du temps de retour sur énergie comme critères d’optimisation, l’avantage de la gestion de fin de vie des modules PV a été confirmé. Une étude économique de la stratégie de recyclage doit être considérée et étudiée afin d’avoir une vision plus globale pour la prise de décision. / Because of the increasing demand for the provision of energy worldwide and the numerous damages caused by a major use of fossil sources, the contribution of renewable energies has been increasing significantly in the global energy mix with the aim at moving towards a more sustainable development. In this context, this work aims at the development of a general methodology for designing PV systems based on ecodesign principles and taking into account simultaneously both techno-economic and environmental considerations. In order to evaluate the environmental performance of PV systems, an environmental assessment technique was used based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The environmental model was successfully coupled with the design stage model of a PV grid-connected system (PVGCS). The PVGCS design model was then developed involving the estimation of solar radiation received in a specific geographic location, the calculation of the annual energy generated from the solar radiation received, the characteristics of the different components and the evaluation of the techno-economic criteria through Energy PayBack Time (EPBT) and PayBack Time (PBT). The performance model was then embedded in an outer multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization loop based on a variant of NSGA-II. A set of Pareto solutions was generated representing the optimal trade-off between the objectives considered in the analysis. A multi-variable statistical method (i.e., Principal Componet Analysis, PCA) was then applied to detect and omit redundant objectives that could be left out of the analysis without disturbing the main features of the solution space. Finally, a decision-making tool based on M-TOPSIS was used to select the alternative that provided a better compromise among all the objective functions that have been investigated. The results showed that while the PV modules based on c-Si have a better performance in energy generation, the environmental aspect is what makes them fall to the last positions. TF PV modules present the best trade-off in all scenarios under consideration. A special attention was paid to recycling process of PV module even if there is not yet enough information currently available for all the technologies evaluated. The main cause of this lack of information is the lifetime of PV modules. The data relative to the recycling processes for m-Si and CdTe PV technologies were introduced in the optimization procedure for ecodesign. By considering energy production and EPBT as optimization criteria into a bi-objective optimization cases, the importance of the benefits of PV modules end-of-life management was confirmed. An economic study of the recycling strategy must be investigated in order to have a more comprehensive view for decision making.

L’objectif de ce travail est de développer un cadre méthodologique et générique d’éco-conception de procédés chimiques couplant des outils de modélisation et de simulation traditionnels de procédés (HYSYS, COCO, ProSimPlus et Ariane), d’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV), d’optimisation multiobjectif basée sur des Algorithmes Génétiques et enfin des outils d’aide à la décision multicritère (ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, M-TOPSIS). Il s’agit de généraliser, d’automatiser et d’optimiser l’évaluation des impacts environnementaux au stade préliminaire de la conception d’un procédé chimique. L’approche comprend trois étapes principales. Les deux premières correspondent d’une part aux phases d’analyse de l’inventaire par calcul des bilans de matière et d’énergie et d’autre part à l’évaluation environnementale par ACV. Le problème du manque d’information ou de l’imprécision dans les bases de données classiques en ACV pour la production d’énergie notamment sous forme de vapeur largement utilisée dans les procédés a reçu une attention particulière. Une solution proposée consiste à utiliser un simulateur de procédés de production d’utilités (Ariane, ProSim SA) pour contribuer à alimenter la base de données environnementale en tenant compte de variations sur les conditions opératoires ou sur les technologies utilisées. Des sous-modules « énergie » sont ainsi proposés pour calculer les émissions relatives aux impacts liés à l’utilisation de l’énergie dans les procédés. La troisième étape réalise l’interaction entre les deux premières phases et l’optimisation multi-objectif qui met en jeu des critères économiques et environnementaux. Elle conduit à des solutions de compromis le long du front de Pareto à partir desquelles les meilleures sont choisies à l’aide de méthodes d’aide à la décision. L’approche est appliquée à des procédés de production continus : production de benzène par hydrodéalkylation du toluène HDA et production de biodiesel à partir d’huiles végétales. Une stratégie à plusieurs niveaux est mise en oeuvre pour l'analyse de l'optimisation multi-objectif. Elle est utilisée dans les deux cas d'étude afin d'analyser les comportements antagonistes des critères. / The objective of this work is to propose an integrated and generic framework for eco-design coupling traditional modelling and flowsheeting simulation tools (HYSYS, COCO, ProSimPlus and Ariane), Life Cycle Assessment, multi-objective optimization based on Genetic Algorithms and multiple criteria decision-making methods MCDM (Multiple Choice Decision Making, such as ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, M-TOPSIS) that generalizes, automates and optimizes the evaluation of the environmental criteria at earlier design stage. The approach consists of three main stages. The first two steps correspond respectively to process inventory analysis based on mass and energy balances and impact assessment phases of LCA methodology. Specific attention is paid to the main issues that can be encountered with database and impact assessment i.e. incomplete or missing information, or approximate information that does not match exactly the real situation that may introduce a bias in the environmental impact estimation. A process simulation tool dedicated to production utilities, Ariane, ProSim SA is used to fill environmental database gap, by the design of specific energy sub modules, so that the life cycle energy related emissions for any given process can be computed. The third stage of the methodology is based on the interaction of the previous steps with process simulation for environmental impact assessment and cost estimation through a computational framework. The use of multi-objective optimization methods generally leads to a set of efficient solutions, the so-called Pareto front. The next step consists in identifying the best ones through MCDM methods. The approach is applied to two processes operating in continuous mode. The capabilities of the methodology are highlighted through these case studies (benzene production by HDA process and biodiesel production from vegetable oils). A multi-level assessment for multi-objective optimization is implemented for both cases, the explored pathways depending on the analysis and antagonist behaviour of the criteria.

Cette thèse de doctorat, a consisté, dans une première partie, à introduire d’une part, la notion de l’analyse du cycle de vie « ACV » et celle des biocarburants. D’autre part, à présenter l’intérêt d’appliquer une ACV sur des biocarburants afin de valoriser leurs bilans énergétiques et analyser leurs impacts environnementaux face aux carburants conventionnels. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons comparé, d’un point de vue énergétique et environnemental, 3 scénarios de production d’électricité : 2 scénarios de cogénération (turbine à vapeur et ORC) pour la production d’énergie électrique et thermique à partir de biomasse, et un scénario de cogénération par moteur diesel. Ces scénarios sont comparés à l’aide de deux méthodes orientées « analyse des dommages »: Eco-indicateur 99 (E) et IMPACT2002+Dans une troisième partie, on a abordé la valorisation du biogaz sous forme de carburant dans des moteurs "dual fuel" pour des engins agricoles dans le but de déterminer l’impact environnemental lié à l’utilisation de ce carburant alternatif au diesel par rapport aux autres biocarburants. Les méthodes Eco-indicateur 99 (E) et CML ont été utilisées ici. On a pu ainsi identifier les principaux polluants générés à chaque étape du cycle de vie de l’agrocarburant et les étapes qui ont les plus grands impacts environnementaux et on a identifié, selon nos critères et par rapport au contexte, le scénario énergétique le plus compatible avec le principe de développement durable. / This thesis has consisted in a first part to introduce, on one hand, the concept of each of: lifecycle assessment "LCA" and biofuels, on the other hand, to present the benefits of applying aLCA on biofuels to evaluate their energy balances and to analyze their environmental impactsagainst conventional fuels.In a second part, we compared, from point of view energetic and environmental, 3 scenariosof electricity production: 2 scenarios of cogeneration (steam turbine and ORC) for theproduction of electrical energy and of heat from biomass, and a scenario of cogeneration by adiesel engine, these scenarios have been compared using two damage-oriented analysismethods: Eco-indicator 99 (E) and IMPACT2002 +In a third part, we worked on the evaluation of methane as fuel in "dual fuel" engines foragricultural purpose, the aim was to determine the environmental impact associated with theuse of this alternative fuel for diesel compared to other biofuels. Methods Eco-indicator 99(E) and CML have been used here.We were able to identify the main pollutants generated at each stage of the life cycle ofbiofuel and the steps that have the greatest environmental impacts, and to identify, accordingto our criteria and to the context the energy scenario the most consistent with the principle ofsustainable development.

Alors que nous faisons face à une crise biologique majeure, acteurs institutionnel et ONGs exhortent les entreprises à s’engager pour enrayer cette érosion écologique. L’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser, évaluer et faire évoluer la contribution potentielle des entreprises à la conservation de la biodiversité dans le cadre de leur responsabilité sociétale (RSE).Un cadre d’analyse est développé pour évaluer la prise en charge par une entreprise de ses responsabilités écologiques en termes de moyens – les initiatives RSE a priori favorables à la biodiversité mises en œuvre – et de résultats – la compatibilité des activités de l’entreprise avec la conservation de la biodiversité. Après avoir caractérisé les initiatives RSE à partir de l’étude d’engagements d’entreprises endossés comme contributions à la Stratégie nationale pour la biodiversité, une méthode est proposée pour détecter si les activités d’une entreprise sont écologiquement non-durables. Le postulat est que le respect des capacités de charge des écosystèmes est un prérequis à la conservation effective de la biodiversité. Cette méthode, adaptée de l’évaluation environnementale absolue de la durabilité, est appliquée, dans le cadre de deux projets de recherche-intervention, au portfolio alimentaire du Groupe Casino et au cycle de vie de deux installations de stockage de déchets dangereux de SARP Industries. Des orientations stratégiques visant à éviter-réduire-compenser les pressions non durables sont proposées. Soulignant l’importance de renforcer la prise en charge des pressions étendues, cette thèse ouvre plus largement des perspectives pour les secteurs d’activité et les politiques publiques. / As we are experiencing a major biological crisis, institutional actors and NGOs are calling on businesses to engage efforts aiming at halting biodiversity loss. The objective of the thesis is to analyze and evaluate the potential contribution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to biodiversity conservation.A framework is developed to analyze to which extent a company takes in charge its ecological responsibilities. After characterizing CSR initiatives based on the case study of business commitments to contribute to the French National Biodiversity Strategy, a method is proposed to test whether business activities exert unsustainable pressures on ecosystems. It is assumed that compatibility with ecosystems’ carrying capacities is a prerequisite for effective biodiversity conservation. This method, adapted from the “absolute environmental sustainability assessment” (AESA) approach, is applied in the context of research-intervention projects to the food portfolio of the mass-market retailer Groupe Casino and to the life cycle of two facilities of SARP Industrie specialized in the disposal and storage of hazardous waste. The comparison of the company’s environmental footprints with the ecological constraints is used to draw a comprehensive strategy based on the mitigation hierarchy. As our results highlight the opportunity to strengthen the management of extended pressures through CSR, possible implications for sectors and public policies are discussed.

Uma das formas mais integradas, completas e eficazes para a gestão ambiental de atividades produtivas é baseada no ciclo de vida do produto, sendo a avaliação do ciclo de vida sua principal ferramenta. O produto avaliado é o álcool etílico hidratado combustível, por ser passível de melhorias ambientais durante seu ciclo de vida, alternativo frente aos fósseis e de grande importância estratégica para o Estado de São Paulo e para o Brasil. O objetivo é a avaliação do ciclo de vida do álcool etílico hidratado combustível utilizando o método EDIP (Environmental Development of Industrial Products) e introduzindo as avaliações exergéticas e emergéticas na avaliação e valoração do impacto. A estrutura metodológica está baseada nas normas da série NBR-ISO 14.040 e ISO 14.040. Os resultados do EDIP mostram que a atividade da colheita de cana apresenta o maior potencial de impacto para o consumo de recursos renováveis, o aquecimento global, a formação fotoquímica de ozônio troposférico, a acidificação e a toxicidade humana. O preparo do solo apresenta maior potencial para o consumo de recursos não renováveis e para a ecotoxicidade da água. O trato cultural apresenta maior influência na eutrofização e na ecotoxicidade do solo. Pela exergia, verifica-se que, para cada litro de álcool consumido, há uma perda de exergia pelas emissões atmosféricas de seu ciclo de vida, considerando que 25% da cana colhida seja crua, equivalente à exergia de, aproximadamente, 1,38 litro de álcool. Pela emergia, 69% do consumo de energia solar equivalente é realizado pelo veículo automotor. Portanto, a fim de adequar ambientalmente o ciclo de vida do etanol hidratado combustível, indica-se a eliminação da queimada, a redução do uso de agrotóxicos, de combustível fóssil e formas mais eficientes de uso do álcool combustível. / One of the most integrated, complete and efficacious means for the environmental management of productive activities is based on the life cycle of the product, whose main tool is the life cycle assessment. The assessed product is the hydrated ethylic alcohol fuel because of the environmental improvement possibilities during its life cycle, an alternative for fossil fuel and its great strategic importance to Sao Paulo State and Brazil. The goal is the life cycle assessment of hydrated ethylic alcohol fuel using EDIP (Environmental Development of Industrial Products) method and introducing exergy and emergy methods on the impact assessment and valuation. The methodological structure is based on the norms NBR-ISO 14.040 and ISO 14.040 series. The EDIP results show that the sugar cane harvesting activity presents the highest potential impact for the renewable resources consumption, the global warming, the photochemical ozone formation, the acidification and the human toxicity. The soil preparation activity presents the highest potential for the non-renewable resources and the ecotoxicity in water. The cultivation activity presents the highest potential for the nutrient enrichment and the ecotoxicity in soil. With the exergy method, it is verified that for each liter of alcohol consumed, there is an exergy lost by the atmospheric emissions of its life cycle, considering 25% of the total sugar cane cultivated and harvested is not burned, which is equivalent to the exergy of, approximately, 1.38 liter of alcohol. By the emergy method, 69% of the equivalent solar energy consumption is performed by the vehicle. Therefore, in order to achieve an environmentally benign life cycle of the hydrated ethylic alcohol fuel, it is indicated the sugar cane burning elimination, pesticides and fossil fuel reduction and more efficient manners of using alcohol fuel.