Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: Multiphoton fluorescence excitation microscopy (MPM) is an invaluable tool for studying processes in tissue in live animals by enabling biologists to view tissues up to hundreds of microns in depth. Unfortunately, imaging depth in MPM is limited to less than a millimeter in tissue due to spherical aberration, light scattering, and light absorption. Spherical aberration is caused by refractive index mismatch between the objective immersion medium and sample. Refractive index heterogeneities within the sample cause light scattering. We investigate the effects of refractive index mismatch on imaging depth in MPM. Methods: The effects of spherical aberration on signal attenuation and resolution degradation with depth are characterized with minimal light absorption and scattering using sub-resolution microspheres mounted in test sample of agarose with varied refractive index. The effects of light scattering on signal attenuation and resolution degradation with depth are characterized using sub-resolution microspheres in kidney tissue samples mounted in optical clearing media to alter the refractive index heterogeneities within the tissue. Results: The studies demonstrate that signal levels and axial resolution both rapidly decline with depth into refractive index mismatched samples. Interestingly, studies of optical clearing with a water immersion objective show that reducing scattering increases reach even when it increases refractive index mismatch degrading axial resolution. Scattering, in the absence of spherical aberration, does not degrade axial resolution. The largest improvements in imaging depth are obtained when both scattering and refractive index mismatch are reduced. Conclusions: Spherical aberration, caused by refractive index mismatch between the immersion media and sample, and scattering, caused by refractive index heterogeneity within the sample, both cause signal to rapidly attenuate with depth in MPM. Scattering, however, seems to be the predominant cause of signal attenuation with depth in kidney tissue. Kenneth W. Dunn, Ph.D., Chair

O conhecimento da estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica depende de estimativas robustas de biomassa e de como variam suas taxas de absorção de luz. Assim, é essencial descrever a relação entre grupos taxonômicos e seus morfotipos. Este trabalho investigou a influência da forma do fitoplâncton, por meio de sua razão S/V no coeficiente de absorção de luz. Comunidades fitoplanctônica de plataforma continental foram detalhadas taxonomicamente e categorizada como morfotipos para o cálculo de biomassa fitoplanctônica, razão S/V e tamanho médio, e relações com o coeficiente de absorção de luz foram exploradas. A razão Carbono:Clorofila-a variou entre a superfície e máximo de fluorescência, enquanto a biomassa permaneceu constante, sendo diatomáceas e dinoflagelados os principais grupos formadores de biomassa. Observamos morfotipos exclusivos a um dado grupo taxonômico, contudo, os intervalos de S/V são compartilhados entre grupos taxonômicos e entre morfotipos. A conversão entre biovolume e biomassa deve incorporar informações taxonômicas. A S/V média da comunidade não mostrou relação com a magnitude da absorção de luz pelo fitoplâncton. Os resultados puderam comprovar a baixa performance de modelos para a determinação de tamanho do fitoplâncton por pigmentos e sugerem que a fotoaclimatação deve ser incorporada para a discriminação bio-ótica do fitoplâncton marinho / Acurate descriptions of phytoplankton community structures depends on reliable estimation of biomass and on the understanding of light absorption. It is crucial to trace relationships between taxonomic groups and geometrical morphotypes. We investigated the influence of phytoplankton shapes in the light absorption coefficient by investigating surface/volume (S/V) ratios. Phytoplankton communities from the continental shelf were detailed taxonomicaly and also categorized in geometrical morphotypes in order to calculate phytoplankton biomass, S/V ratios and size to explore relatioships with spectral light absorption coefficients. The Carbon-to-Chlorophyll ratio varied between surface and the chlorophyll maximum deph while biomass remain fairly constant, and both diatoms and dinoflagellates were the main groups present in high biomass. Exclusive morfotypes were observed for some taxonomic groups, however, S/V ratios ranges were shared by distinct taxonomic groups and morphotypes. The conversion between biovolume and biomass must take taxonomic composition into account. The mean S/V for a community show no relatioship with the magnitude of ligth absorption. The results show a low performance of pigment-based models for description of fitoplankton size classes and highlight the importance of incorporating photooaclimation for bio-optical discrimination of marine phytoplankton communities

O conhecimento da estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica depende de estimativas robustas de biomassa e de como variam suas taxas de absorção de luz. Assim, é essencial descrever a relação entre grupos taxonômicos e seus morfotipos. Este trabalho investigou a influência da forma do fitoplâncton, por meio de sua razão S/V no coeficiente de absorção de luz. Comunidades fitoplanctônica de plataforma continental foram detalhadas taxonomicamente e categorizada como morfotipos para o cálculo de biomassa fitoplanctônica, razão S/V e tamanho médio, e relações com o coeficiente de absorção de luz foram exploradas. A razão Carbono:Clorofila-a variou entre a superfície e máximo de fluorescência, enquanto a biomassa permaneceu constante, sendo diatomáceas e dinoflagelados os principais grupos formadores de biomassa. Observamos morfotipos exclusivos a um dado grupo taxonômico, contudo, os intervalos de S/V são compartilhados entre grupos taxonômicos e entre morfotipos. A conversão entre biovolume e biomassa deve incorporar informações taxonômicas. A S/V média da comunidade não mostrou relação com a magnitude da absorção de luz pelo fitoplâncton. Os resultados puderam comprovar a baixa performance de modelos para a determinação de tamanho do fitoplâncton por pigmentos e sugerem que a fotoaclimatação deve ser incorporada para a discriminação bio-ótica do fitoplâncton marinho / Acurate descriptions of phytoplankton community structures depends on reliable estimation of biomass and on the understanding of light absorption. It is crucial to trace relationships between taxonomic groups and geometrical morphotypes. We investigated the influence of phytoplankton shapes in the light absorption coefficient by investigating surface/volume (S/V) ratios. Phytoplankton communities from the continental shelf were detailed taxonomicaly and also categorized in geometrical morphotypes in order to calculate phytoplankton biomass, S/V ratios and size to explore relatioships with spectral light absorption coefficients. The Carbon-to-Chlorophyll ratio varied between surface and the chlorophyll maximum deph while biomass remain fairly constant, and both diatoms and dinoflagellates were the main groups present in high biomass. Exclusive morfotypes were observed for some taxonomic groups, however, S/V ratios ranges were shared by distinct taxonomic groups and morphotypes. The conversion between biovolume and biomass must take taxonomic composition into account. The mean S/V for a community show no relatioship with the magnitude of ligth absorption. The results show a low performance of pigment-based models for description of fitoplankton size classes and highlight the importance of incorporating photooaclimation for bio-optical discrimination of marine phytoplankton communities

Previous research in InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) employing semi-classical drift-diffusion models has used reduced polarization constants without much physical explanantion. This paper investigates possible physical explanations for this effective polarization reduction in InGaN LEDs through the use of the simulation software SiLENSe. One major problem of current LED simulations is the assumption of perfectly discrete transitions between the quantum well (QW) and blocking layers when experiments have shown this to not be the case. The In concentration profile within InGaN multiple quantum well (MQW) devices shows much smoother and delayed transitions indicative of indium diffusion and drift during common atomic deposition techniques (e.g. molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition). In this case the InGaN square QW approximation may not be valid in modeling the devices' true electronic behavior. A simulation of a 3QW InGaN/GaN LED heterostructure with an AlGaN electron blocking layer is discussed in this paper. Polarization coefficients were reduced to 70% and 40% empirical values to simulate polarization shielding effects. QW shapes of square (3 nm), trapezoidal, and triangular profiles were used to simulate realistic QW shapes. The J-V characteristic and electron-hole wavefunctions of each device were monitored. Polarization reduction decreased the onset voltage from 4.0 V to 3.0 V while QW size reduction decreased the onset voltage from 4.0 V to 3.5 V. The increased current density in both cases can be attributed to increased wavefunction overlap in the QWs.

The topic of this thesis is the interaction between gas jet flow and a liquid film dragged by a solid substrate. This method, known as jet-wiping, is used in several industrial processes. Hot-dip galvanization of steel strips is an important application, where jet wiping is used to control the thickness of the liquid zinc that is applied on a continuous steel substrate. Unsteady phenomena in the process lead to the creation of waves on the liquid film, which is known as undulation. This unwanted phenomenon deteriorates the quality of the final product.<p>The aim of the current study is to identify the causes of the undulation and propose possible solutions to tackle the problem. This is achieved through studying the hydrodynamic interaction between the gas jet flow and the liquid film. Experiments on a laboratory test facility and numerical simulations with 3 different Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes are employed for that purpose. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

V oblasti nových nízkomolekulárních organických materiálů patří deriváty difenyldiketopyrrolopyrrolu (DPP), používané dříve jako barviva a pigmenty, k objektům vysokého zájmu pro jejich potencionální aplikace v moderních technologiích. Studium jejich optických vlastností ve vztahu k jejich chemické struktuře umožní využití jejich vysokého potenciálu ve vývoji pokročilých inteligentních materiálů. Přehled chemických a fyzikálních vlastností DPP derivátů a zhodnocení současného stavu řešené problematiky jsou uvedeny v teoretické části této práce. Tři hlavní procesy studované v této práci jsou: klasická absorpce a emise, dvoufotonová absorpce (TPA) a zesílená spontánní emise (ASE). Výsledky budou diskutovány a shrnuty ve dvou částech: první zahrnuje první dvě výše zmíněné oblasti a druhá problematiku zesílené spontánní emise.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des travaux complémentaires conduits à ICARE-CNRS (Orléans), partie A et à l’Université de Fudan (Shanghai), partie B. Partie A : les 2-et 3-carène sont deux composés organiques volatils biogéniques importants présents dans l’atmosphère dont les voies de dégradation sont encore mal connues. Afin de déterminer les constantes de vitesse des réactions de ces espèces avec l’ozone, nous avons utilisé trois systèmes expérimentaux complémentaires : des chambres de simulation d’ICARE de 7300L et 80000L (HELIOS) et un réacteur à flux laminaire. Les rendements de certains produits de réactions, le radical hydroxyle (OH), le formaldéhyde (HCHO) et le monoxyde de carbone (CO) ont aussi été déterminés. D’autre part, pour avoir une meilleure compréhension d’intermédiaires de réaction formés lors de l’ozonolyse, appelés intermédiaires de Criegee, un réacteur à flux laminaire à deux étages a été mis en place pour mesurer leurs constantes de vitesse de réaction avec SO2, NO2 et O3. Partie B : les impacts du “black carbon (BC)” et du “brown carbon (BrC)” constituent une incertitude majeure dans les modèles climatiques actuels. Des rapports récents indiquent que la morphologie et l’évolution des BC et BrC dans l’atmosphère jouent un rôle important sur la capacité d’absorption de ces particules. Afin d’étudier leurs comportements, des mélanges de particules (BC-BrC) ont été exposés en chambre de simulation atmosphérique à l'acide sulfurique, au mélange ammoniac / triéthylamine, et à la vapeur d'eau de manière séquentielle. / In this thesis, we present a complementary work conducted at ICARE-CNRS (Orléans), Part A and at Fudan University (Shanghai), Part B. Part A: 2-and 3-carene are two important biogenic volatile organic compounds present in the atmosphere. The knowledge on their degradation pathways and the corresponding products are still poor. Using complementary reaction systems-ICARE 7300 L and HELIOS 80000 L simulation chambers, vertical laminar flow reactor, their kinetic rate constants for reaction with ozone were determined. Additionally, important product formation yields, hydroxyl radical (OH), formaldehyde (HCHO) and carbon monoxide (CO) have been determined with indication to their corresponding formation routes from the ozonolysis of carene. To have a better understanding on reactions of Criegee intermediates (CIs) generated through ozonolysis in the atmosphere, a horizontal 2-stage laminar flow reactor was set up to measure the rate constants of CIs with SO2, NO2 and O3. Part B: Radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) in the atmosphere, as well as that of brown carbon (BrC), remains to be a major uncertainty in current climate models. Recent reports indicate that the absorption enhancement of BC and BrC particles is determined by evolution of morphology and mixing state during the atmospheric processing. Laboratory-generated BC-BrC mixture particles (BC-BrC) were exposed to sulfuric acid, ammonia/triethylamine, and water vapor sequentially to investigate the alternation in light absorption, morphology and mixing state during simulated atmospheric processing.

Das wesentliche Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Struktur von kleinen organischen Molekülen, deren Anordnung in der Dünnschicht und der Effizienz organischer Solarzellen zu beleuchten. Die Kombination der komplementären Methoden spektroskopischer Ellipsometrie (VASE) und Röntgenstreuung, vor allem der unter streifendem Einfall (GIXRD), hat sich als sehr effiient für die Strukturuntersuchungen organischer Dünnschichten erwiesen. Zusammen geben sie einen detailreichen Einblick in die intermolekulare Anordnung, die Kristallinität, die molekulare Orientierung, die optischen Konstanten n und k und die Phasenseparation von organischen Schichten. Zusätzlich wird die Topografie der organischen Dünnschicht mit Rasterkraftmikroskopie untersucht. Der erste Fokus liegt auf der Analyse des Dünnschichtwachstums von Zink-Phthalocyanin (ZnPc) Einzelschichten. Für alle untersuchten Schichtdicken (5, 10, 25, 50 nm) und Substrattemperaturen (Tsub=30°C, 60°C, 90°C) zeigt ZnPc ein kristallines Schichtwachstum mit aufrecht stehenden ZnPc Molekülen. Um effiziente organische Solarzellen herzustellen, werden Donor- und Akzeptormoleküle üblicherweise koverdampft. Bei der Mischung von Donor- und Akzeptormolekülen bildet sich eine gewisse Phasenseparation aus, deren Form wesentlich für die Ladungsträgerextraktion entlang der Perkolationpfade ist. Der Ursprung dieser Phasenseparation wird innerhalb dieser Arbeit experimentell für ZnPc:C60 Absorber-Mischschichten untersucht. Um die Ausprägung der Phasenseparation zu variieren, werden verschiedene Tsub (30°C, 100°C, 140°C) und Mischverhältnisse (6:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:6) bei der Koverdampfung von ZnPc und C60 angewendet. GIXRD Messungen zeigen, dass hier der bevorzugte Kristallisationsprozess von C60 Molekülen die treibende Kraft für eine effiziente Phasenseparation ist. Solarzellen, die ZnPc:C60 Mischschichten mit verbesserter Phasenseparation enthalten (Tsub=140°C, 1:1), zeigen eine verbesserte Ladungsträgerextraktion und somit eine höhere Effizienz von 3,0% im Vergleich zu 2,5% für die entsprechende Referenzsolarzelle (Tsub=30°C, 1:1). Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Molekülorientierung auf die Dünnschichtabsorption beispielhaft an ZnPc und Diindenoperylen (DIP) untersucht. DIP und ZnPc Moleküle, die auf schwach wechselwirkenden Substraten wie Glas, SiO2, amorphen organischen Transportschichten oder C60 aufgedampft sind, zeigen eine eher stehende Orientierung innerhalb der Dünnschicht in Bezug zur Substratoberfläche. Im Gegensatz dazu führt die Abscheidung auf stark wechselwirkenden Substraten, wie z.B. einer Gold- oder Silberschicht oder 0.5 nm bis 2 nm dünnen PTCDA (3,4,9,10-Perylentetracarbonsäuredianhydrid) Templatschichten laut GIXRD und VASE Messungen dazu, dass sich die ZnPc und DIP Moleküle eher flach liegend orientieren. Dies führt zu einer wesentlich besseren Dünnschichtabsorption da das molekulare Übergangsdipolmoment jeweils innerhalb der Ebene des ZnPc und des DIP Moleküls liegt. Ein Einbetten von Gold- oder Silberzwischenschichten in organischen Solarzellen führt leider zu keinen klaren Abhängigkeiten, da die verbesserte Absorption durch die flach liegenden Moleküle von Mikrokavitäts- und plasmonischen Effekten überlagert wird. Ebenso wenig führte das Einfügen einer PTCDA-Zwischenschicht in organischen Solarzellen zum Erfolg, da hier Transportbarrieren den Effekt der verbesserten Absorption überlagern. Das letzte Kapitel konzentriert sich auf den Einfluss der Molekülstruktur auf das Dünnschichtwachstum am Beispiel von DIP und dessen Derivaten Ph4-DIP und P4-Ph4-DIP, Isoviolanthron und Bis-nFl-NTCDI (N,N-Bis(fluorene-2-yl)-naphthalenetetra-carboxylic Diimid) Derivaten. GIXRD Messungen belegen deutlich, dass die sterischen Behinderungen, hervorgerufen durch die Phenylringe (für Ph4-DIP und P4-Ph4-DIP) und Seitenketten (für Bis-nFl-NTCDI), ein amorphes Schichtwachstum induzieren. Im Vergleich sind die Dünnschichten von DIP und Bis-HFl-NTCDI kristallin. Bezüglich der Molekülorientierung und folglich der Absorption von DIP und dessen Derivaten kann ein starker Einfluss des Schichtwachstums beobachtet werden. In Solarzellen verhindert die Präsenz der Phenylringe eine effiziente Phasenseparation der Mischschichten aus (P4-)Ph4-DIP:C60, was zu einer verschlechterten Ladungsträgerextraktion und damit zu einem reduzierten Füllfaktor (FF) von 52% im Vergleich zu dem entsprechender DIP:C60 Solarzellen mit FF=62% führt Die Untersuchungen an der Bis-nFl-NTICDI Serie zeigen ein ähnliches Ergebnis: Auch hier zeichnen sich die amorphen Schichten aus Bis-nFl-NTCDI Molekülen mit Seitenketten durch schlechtere Transporteigenschaften aus als nanokristalline Bis-HFl-NTCDI Schichten. / The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate correlations between the molecular structure of small organic molecules, their arrangement in thin films, and the solar cell performance. For structure analysis of the organic thin films, the combination of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) as complementary methods turned out to be a powerful combination. Using both methods, it is possible to obtain information about the crystallinity, crystallite size, intermolecular arrangement, mean molecular orientation, optical constants n and k, and phase separation within thin films. In addition, the topography of thin films is analyzed by atomic force microscopy. First, the thin film morphology of pristine zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) films deposited at different substrate temperatures (Tsub=30°C, 60°C, 90°C) and for varying film thicknesses (5, 10, 25, 50 nm) is investigated. The ZnPc films grow highly crystalline with an upright standing molecular orientation with respect to the substrate surface for all investigated Tsub and all film thicknesses. In effcient organic solar cells, donor and acceptor molecules are commonly co-deposited to form a blend absorber film. This is usually accompanied by a certain phase separation between donor and acceptor molecules leads to a formation of percolation paths necessary to extract electrons and holes towards the electrodes. For ZnPc:C60 blends the origin of this phase separation process is analyzed by investigating different degrees of phase separation induced by film deposition at different Tsub (30°C, 100°C, 140°C) and for different blend ratios (6:1, ... , 1:6 (vol%)). GIXRD measurements indicate that the preferred crystallization of C60 is the driving force for good phase separation. Solar cells with improved phase separation of ZnPc:C60 blends (Tsub=140°C, 1:1) reveal a better charge carrier extraction and thus enhanced effciencies of 3.0% in comparison to 2.5% for the reference device (Tsub=30°C, 1:1). In the second part, the impact of molecular orientation within the absorber thin films on light harvesting is examined for pristine ZnPc and diindenoperylene (DIP) films. For film deposition on weakly interacting substrates like glass, SiO2, amorphous organic transport films, or C60, the orientation of DIP and ZnPc molecules is found to be upright standing. In contrast, GIXRD and VASE measurements show that films deposited onto strongly interacting substrates like Au and Ag, as well as on thin PTCDA templating layers lead to nearly flat-lying ZnPc and DIP molecules. Since the molecular transition dipole moment is oriented in the plane of the DIP and ZnPc molecules, the light absorption in films with flat-lying molecules is strongly improved. Unfortunately, an implementation of Au or Ag sublayers in organic solar cells does not result in reliable dependencies since the enhanced absorption by an improved molecular orientation is superimposed by different effects like microcavity and plasmonic effects. The implementation of PTCDA interlayers leads to transport barriers making the solar cell data interpretation difficult. In the last part, the influence of molecular structure on thin film growth is studied for DIP and its derivatives Ph4-DIP and P4-Ph4-DIP, isoviolanthrone, and Bis-nFl-NTCDI derivatives. GIXRD measurements reveal that steric hindrance is induced by the addition of side chains (for Bis-nFl-NTCDI) and phenyl rings (for Ph4-DIP and P4-Ph4-DIP) (N,N-Bis(fluorene-2-yl)-naphthalenetetra-carboxylic diimide) leading to an amorphous thin film growth. In contrast, DIP films and Bis-HFl-NTCDI films are found to be crystalline. The mean molecular orientation and hence the absorption is strongly affected by the different growth modes of DIP and its derivatives. In OSC, the presence of the phenyl rings prevents an effcient phase separation for (P4-)Ph4-DIP:C60 blends which causes diminished charge extraction in comparison to the crystalline DIP:C60 blends. For the Bis-nFl-NTCDI series, the transport properties are significantly worse in the amorphous films composed of Bis-nFl-NTCDI derivatives with alkyl chains in comparison to the nanocrystalline films made of the bare Bis-HFl-NTCDI.

Le domaine de la science des matériaux et plus particulièrement celui des matériaux hybrides suscite un intérêt croissant en raison de leurs nombreuses applications. Dans ce travail, deux stratégies synthétiques ont été considérées pour la synthèse de matériaux hybrides.Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à une approche de synthèse directe en faisant réagir des ligands organiques de type oligophénylène avec de l’isopropoxyde de titane. Malheureusement, ces réactions ont conduit à la précipitation de solides amorphes ne permettant pas la caractérisation de ces produits.Dans une seconde partie, une approche de synthèse séquentielle qui consiste à synthétiser un objet précondensé pouvant s’auto-Assembler dans un second temps avec des ligands organiques a été proposée. Cette approche nous a conduits à synthétiser une nouvelle brique de formule Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr)8 et de trois dérivés de formules analogues Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr’)8 (pyr’ = pyridines substituées) obtenus par échange de ligands. Ces complexes, qui présentent des propriétés d’absorption dans le visible, ont été étudiés par spectroscopie d’absorption UV-Vis et grâce à des calculs théoriques. Puis nous avons utilisé le motif [Ti10O12(cat)8] pour générer des matériaux hybrides via des substitutions de ligands par des molécules polytopiques comme la 4,4’-Bipyridine et la poly(4-Vinylpyridine). / In the field of materials science, hybrid materials are of crucial importance due to their numerous applications. In this work, two strategies were considered to synthesize such hybrid materials.In a first part, we have tackled a one step synthetic approach by reacting resorcinol-Based oligophenylene organic ligands with titanium isopropoxide. Unfortunately, these reactions led to amorphous solids and no further structural information concerning these precipitates was obtained.In a second part, we have described a sequential approach which first concerns the preparation of pre-Ordered systems that are, in a second step, self-Assembled with organic linkers. Thus, our approach deals with the preparation of a new building block formulated as Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr)8 and three derivatives formulated as Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr’)8 (pyr’ = substituted pyridine) obtained by ligands exchange. These complexes exhibit visible light absorption properties that were studied through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Then, the [Ti10O12(cat)8] motif was used to generate hybrid materials via ligands substitutions with polytopic ligands such as 4,4’-Bipyridine and poly(4-Vinylpyridine).

The interest in the detail knowledge about elementary electronic processes during photogeneration of charge carriers, which allow achieving higher efficiency of organic solar cells, grows with advent of the commercial organic solar cells production. The thesis is focused on study of photogeneration of charge carriers in organic semiconductors, especially in -conjugated polymer materials. First part of the thesis summarized state of the art in studies of photogeneration of charge carriers in polymer solar cells. Subsequent experimental and results part are focused on study of polymeric solar cells prepared from electron donor polymers MDMO-PPV, Tg-PPV, PCDTBT and PCBTDPP and electron acceptor derivates of fullerenes PC60BM and PC70BM. Results of the thesis are divided in tree main parts: 1) study of charge transfer between electron donor and electron acceptor materials by optical methods, 2) study of charge transfer between electron donor and electron acceptor materials by optoelectrical methods and 3) development of organic solar cells on flexible substrates. The last part is focused largely on deposition methods of active materials thin layer.