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With the increase in federal funding for the 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21st CCLC) after-school program, more intricate evaluations are needed to assess the needs and successes of the programs. And with many programs targeting students of minority and limited-English proficiency (LEP) status, additional analyses should focus on these targeted populations. This study examines a regional 21st CCLC program with math and English standardized test scores (CRT scores) for students prior to participation and after two years of participation. These test scores were used to create a score change variable, which provides a unique approach to assessing after-school programs. Analyses indicate that LEP participants are the furthest behind and have the most to gain by participating in the program. Also, the type of activity participated in matters. Overall, participants benefit from both academic and enrichment activities, but LEP participants benefit most from academic activities and from higher participation. Site coordinators need to be aware of the different types of participants and structure programs accordingly.

By examining Run Length Limited (RLL) coding, we discover a way to compress the ones and zeros of our binary data by using differential coding. We also chat a bit about magnetic storage media.

<p> The Three Beam Gamma Densitometers developed by AECL-WNRE for measurement of void fraction in flowing steam/water mixtures were investigated to determine the major causes of drift and slow response to changes in void fraction. Available remedies were evaluated. The study indicated the following: (1) Using the existing current mode system, considerable reductions in drift and response time may be possible through the following inexpensive modifications: (a) design changes in the photo multiplier tube high voltage circuit, (b) replacement of the detectors with Cadmium Telluride semi-conductor detectors, (c) replacement of the scintillation phosphor with one which exhibits no afterglow such as Bismuth Germanate or Cesium Fluoride, (d) matching voltages of photo multiplier tube outside wall and photocathode, (e) improved stabilization of high voltage and detector temperature. (2) Drift would probably be reduced to less than 0.1%/hour if the existing current mode system were replaced with a simple integral counting mode system at an approximate cost of $5,200 per densitometer. (3) Additions to the above counting mode system of a single channel analyser (S.C.A.) and an automatic gain control unit which uses a reference light would probably completely eliminate drift as well as substantially improve system response. This would require an additional $4,900 per densitometer. </p> <p> It is recommended that these modifications be implemented in the same order as above, on a trial basis, as far as further expenditure is justified.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

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If there is a single song in which nations, governments, human rights organizations, communities, and parents harmoniously blend their voices, it is that being literate is valuable and valued. Being literate entails one's access to and interaction with text in one's environment (Harris & Hodges, 1995). However, in developing countries, print is hard to come by due to several factors. What is of significance, though, is that despite the absence of readily available print environments that are prevalent in the developed world, one still sees highly literate persons emerging from poor developing countries. This study sought to investigate how those who become literate achieve literacy despite growing up in places where print is not readily available. It was a search for factors that supported and enabled the participants to become literate persons. This investigation searched for an answer to the umbrella question: What are the conditions that promote literacy development in a print-limited environment? In order to answer this question, six postgraduate degree holding Malawian teacher educators were interviewed. The interviews generated six to literacy autobiographies, i.e. stories of how they acquired literacy skills in English, a second language, when print resources were limited. From an analysis of those stories, themes emerged that indicated prevailing commonalities in the study participants' literacy developmental paths. The major themes that emerged were parental involvement in children's literacy development, influence of teachers on developing literacy, the role of peers and siblings as learners develop literacy, presence of text in the environment, literacy practices of participants as they grew up, and participants' perceptions of literacy and its development. The study showed that literacy acquisition is a complex developmental phenomenon (Luke, 2002). It is a process that emerges from a combination of complementary factors. What emerged from the study is that, even in print-limited environments, there are facilitating conditions that enhance an individual's literacy development. The facilitating conditions were various people who helped learners acquire literacy, the availability of text, the meaningfulness of texts and tasks, the learners' intrinsic motivation, and the differences that evolved over time in the relationships between the learners and those with whom they interacted. / Ph. D.

This research examined how the North Carolina A & T State University Cooperative Extension program has helped limited-resource farmers realize economic, environmental, and social outcomes through its 1890 Extension education program. Since1990, there has been little research on recent contributions of 1890 Extension programs for this audience. This inquiry described educational collaborative efforts among the North Carolina A & T Extension program, North Carolina State University (NCSU), other 1862 land-grant universities, community-based organizations, and government agencies providing nonformal education and services to limited-resource farmers. Personal interviews were conducted with two Extension specialists, one associate, two agents, and two agricultural and natural resource technicians. A focus group was conducted with nine limited-resource farmers.The findings revealed that the Farmers Adopting Computer Training (FACT), Plasticulture, and Pastured-Swine programs have helped enhance limited-resource farmers' economic, environmental, and social outcomes. In addition, the participants confirmed caring, trust, and relationship building as qualities that encouraged their participation. However, participants indicated that scheduling Extension programs that conflict with planting and harvesting season and programs that do not address farmers' needs and issues prevent their participation in Extension programs. Furthermore, North Carolina A & T Extension programs involved farmers in program planning through advisory committees and mentoring other farmers. Participants indicated that NC A & T collaborates with North Carolina State University, community-based organizations, and other government agencies to meet the needs of limited-resource farmers.The data suggest that the following improvements and changes for the North Carolina A & T Extension program: (a) use the outcome-based evaluation approach to evaluate Extension programs, (b) provide training for Extension faculty on program planning models, (c) continue the FACT, plasticulture, and pastured-swine production programs, (d) educate faculty in other schools and colleges at NC A & T State University about Extension programs, and (e) develop joint programs with other schools and colleges at North Carolina A & T State University. / Ph. D.