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Teachers work in complex and demanding times with an increasing number of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (CLD) in classrooms. These students are over represented in statistics of under achievement. All teachers are teachers of academic language, and while no child is born with school language as a first language, for some students the match between home and school is more closely aligned than for other students. Teachers are expected to be culturally responsive, ensuring the languages and culture of students is visible in the classroom environment and the classroom curriculum. Despite the increasing knowledge about the specific strategies and approaches that will most effectively support CLD students in classrooms, the teaching of CLD students within mainstream contexts remains far from ideal. Teachers need support to access the principles of effective teaching of CLD learners that are available, and importantly to transfer the knowledge into classroom practice. Professional development and learning is linked to improved teacher practice and student learning outcomes. When teachers have opportunities to be engaged in successful elements of in-depth professional learning such as in-class modelling, observation and feedback, and co-construction of teaching and planning they are able to demonstrate improved pedagogical content knowledge. Their beliefs may also need to be challenged. The study was conducted in two schools in a large city in New Zealand where I am employed as an ESOL and literacy adviser. Using an action research method I was able to examine how a professional development and learning process shaped my own knowledge and practice as well as teacher knowledge and practice. The study fills a research space to gain insights into the effective professional learning processes that impact on teacher strategies and approaches with their CLD learners A central tenet of this research is that teachers can improve their practice of teaching CLD students and they can specifically learn strategies and approaches that are considered effective for them.

This dissertation documents the work of two teacher collaborators who brought a focus on linguistic and cultural diversity into their literacy teaching even while teaching in English medium schools. The research was carried out during eighteen months utilizing collaborative case study methodology in conjunction with two teachers in highly multilingual and multicultural public elementary schools in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). This study explores the pedagogical possibilities that are made available by teaching for transfer and highlights the resource that students’ linguistic diversity can be even when the instructional setting is monolingual. The dual language literacy pedagogies of the two teachers provide the basis for an analysis of the paths for knowledge construction and identity development that were made available for students through this work. I examine the role that teacher identity and societal influences play in enabling or constraining a redefinition of literacy for the increasingly globalized context of schools. The image of the child, of literacy and of bilingualism projected by the work of the two participating teachers shape the analysis of their identity and role definition as educators. By examining teaching practices that integrate students’ linguistic and cultural identities into the fabric of the literacy curriculum several themes are considered: (a) the role of teacher identity and choice in creating learning contexts that draw on students’ interests and prior knowledge, (b) the link between student engagement and a classroom ecology that values students’ identities and, (c) the different types of knowledge that are generated in the process of participating in the dual language literacy work. Results suggest that students were able to utilize their first language skills in the service of learning English. They also experienced a renewed motivation to extend their first language skills into the sphere of literacy as a result of its affirmation within the classroom. In the case of both first and second language development, students’ ability to engage cognitively and affectively in their literacy work was heightened by virtue of the integration of their language and culture into the curriculum.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the language policy and implementation outside and inside the classroom in a multilingual and multicultural international school. Specifically, it aims at giving an insight into how linguistic and cultural diversity is managed at Windhoek International School (WIS). It takes a specific interest in the kinds of language policy that determine which languages are used in education in a context where both teachers and learners are L1 speakers of a considerable number of different languages. The participants in this study are multilingual learners and teachers of WIS. The study uses data from the school records, a questionnaire, interviews and observation. The analysis of the data is descriptive, interpretive and explanatory. The findings of the study are that the language policy at WIS is articulated in such a manner that it encourages monolingual norms although the school’s community is multilingual. English is the MoI, used in official communication across the school and also as a language of communication with the school’s stakeholders. Other European languages, namely- French, German and Portuguese are officially taught as modern foreign languages. Significantly, none of the local Namibian languages are taught in the school. However, the school does not bar its learners and teachers from using their LotE especially outside of the classroom. The study also shows that the language ecology at WIS demonstrates a situation of polyglossia where English is on top of the language hierarchy. From the findings, it is suggested that since WIS recognises the multilingual and multicultural composition of its learners and teachers, its whole school policy should be looked at again to reflect current thinking in language-in-education policy. The policy should place emphasis on dynamic bilingualism by supporting and encouraging the teaching and learning of LotE, including local indigenous languages, as a means of scaffolding and as a means of bridging knowledge development in the school. However, for purposes of examination, the school should place emphasis on the extensive use of English to enable its learners to meet the requirements of external examiners. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie bestudeer die taalbeleid en implementering daarvan binne en buite klaskamerverband, by ‘n veeltalige en multikulturele internasionale skool. Spesifiek, is die doel om insae te gee in hoe talige en kulturele diversiteit by Windhoek Internasionale Skool (WIS) hanteer word. Dit stel belang in die verskillende soorte taalbeleid wat bepaal watter tale in onderrig en leer gebruik word in ‘n konteks waar sowel die onderwysers as die leerders eerstetaalsprekers is van ‘n aansienlike aantal verskillende tale. Die deelnemers in hierdie studie is veeltalige leerders en onderwysers aan die WIS. Die studie gebruik data wat bekom is uit skoolrekords, vraelyste, onderhoude en deur waarneming. Die analise van die data word gedoen in die vorm van beskrywing, interpretasie en verduideliking. Die bevindinge van die studie hou in dat die taalbeleid aan die WIS so geartikuleer is dat dit eentalige norme ondersteun, alhoewel die gemeenskap wat deur die skool bedien word, veeltalig is. Engels is die medium van onderrig (MvO/MoI) aan die skool, word in amptelike kommunikasie binne die skool gebruik, en is ook die kommunikasietaal by alle belanghebbendes van die skool (ouers, borge, ens.). Ander Europese tale, naamlik Frans, Duits en Portugees, word as moderne vreemde tale binne die skool se leerplan aangebied. Heel opvallend, word geeneen van die plaaslike Namibiese tale in die skool aangebied nie. Ten spyte van hierdie taalreëlings word leerders en onderwysers van die skool nie beperk in die gebruik van ander tale as Engels (LotEs) nie, veral buite die klaskamers. Die studie toon aan dat die taalomgewing by WIS tekenend is van ‘n sg. poliglossiese gemeenskap waar Engels in die taalhiërargie bo-aan te staan kom. Die bevindinge suggereer dat die WIS, in die lig van hulle erkenning van die veeltalige en multikulturele samestelling van die leerders en onderwysers, sy skoolbeleid in die geheel behoort te heroorweeg, sodat dit belyn word met die mees resente denke oor taal-in-onderrig-beleid. Die beleid behoort op dinamiese tweetaligheid klem te lê deur die onderrig en leer van ander tale as Engels (LotEs), ook plaaslike inheemse tale, aan te moedig en te ondersteun. Dit moet so gedoen word dat dit as “steierwerk”kan dien in die oorbrugging wat nodig is vir leer deur medium van ‘n tweede of vreemde taal. Daarbenewens word aanbeveel dat die skool vir eksamineringsdoeleindes aandag skenk aan die uitgebreide gebruik van Engels, sodat leerders in staat is om aan die vereistes wat eksterne eksaminatore stel, te beantwoord.

A dissertação analisa experiências de ensino bilíngue nos Centros de Experimentação de Educação e Formação (CEEF) e no Projeto de Apoio ao Ensino Bilíngue no Arquipélago de Ilhas Bijagós (PAEBB), em Bubaque, região de Bolama Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. Aborda a problemática da relação entre línguas e saberes locais, no processo de alfabetização e no currículo do Ensino Básico, com finalidade de reconhecer suas vantagens para a aprendizagem das crianças em escolarização inicial. Esta discussão é baseada na institucionalização do kriol e abre a possibilidade de integrar os conteúdos e práticas culturais no currículo local. A finalidade da introdução do kriol como língua de ensino é reduzir a distância entre a escola e a comunidade, assim como descolonizar o próprio currículo, saber e poder (QUIJANO, 2005). O ensino bilíngue dos CEEF e PAEBB integra saberes comunitários para estimular aprendizagens, utilizando e reconhecendo as línguas locais na escola. Essa premissa sustenta que as escolas devem associar-se à cultura autóctone e ao seu valor intrínseco. Entende-se que a inclusão dos saberes locais na escola pode facilitar aprendizagem e contextualizar os conhecimentos socioculturais locais. Com a introdução da língua local, o kriol, cria-se um espaço de convivência dos saberes local e universal e lança-se um repto aos educadores no sentido de serem responsáveis na produção e disseminação de conhecimento. A base teórica do trabalho é fundada no pensamento de Paulo Freire (1978), acerca da relação entre educação e cultura nos processos de alfabetização; Michael Apple (2000), base para pensar o currículo; Clifford Geertz (1997), para o conceito de cultura. O material empírico foi produzido em pesquisa de campo, com busca documental no Ministério de Educação e no escritório da Fundação para o Apoio ao Desenvolvimento dos Povos dos Arquipélagos de Bijagós (FASPEBI), na Guiné-Bissau, com recorte temporal entre 1986 e 2017. A produção documental para análise incluiu questionários sociolinguísticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores e estudantes de duas escolas vinculadas à FASPEBI. A partir da análise das experiências que agregam as línguas locais, destaca-se positivamente a integração do kriol como língua de ensino e a fusão de conteúdos disciplinares com saberes da tradição local. No entanto, ressalta-se a falta de formação superior e diplomada de professores no domínio de ensino bilíngue, a heterogeneidade de turmas, as dificuldades metodológicas e didáticas dos docentes. / The present pos-graduation dissertation analyzes bilingual education experiences in the Education and Training Experimentation Centers (CEEF) and the Bilingual Education Support Project in the Bijagós Islands (PAEBB), in Bubaque, Bolama region of Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. It addresses the issue of the relationship between languages and local knowledge, in the literacy process and in the Basic Education curriculum, in order to recognize its advantages for the learning of children in initial schooling. This discussion is based on the institutionalization of kriol and opens the possibility of integrating cultural content and practices into the local curriculum. The purpose of introducing Kriol as a teaching language is to reduce the distance between school and community, as well as decolonize one's own curriculum, knowledge and power (QUIJANO, 2005). The bilingual education of CEEF and PAEBB integrates community knowledge to stimulate learning, using and recognizing local languages in school. This premise maintains that schools must associate themselves with the indigenous culture and its intrinsic value. It is understood that the inclusion of local knowledge in school can facilitate learning and contextualize local socio-cultural knowledge. With the introduction of the local language, kriol, a space is created for the coexistence of local and universal knowledge, and a challenge is presented to educators in order to be responsible for the production and dissemination of knowledge. The theoretical basis of work is based on the thinking of Paulo Freire (1978), about the relationship between education and culture in literacy processes; Michael Apple (2000), basis for thinking the curriculum; Clifford Geertz (1997), for the concept of culture. The empirical material was produced in field research, with documentary search in the Ministry of Education and in the office of the Foundation for the Support to the Development of the Peoples of the Bijagós Archipelagos (FASPEBI), in Guinea-Bissau, with temporal cut between 1986 and 2017. The documentary production for analysis included sociolinguistic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with teachers and students from two schools linked to FASPEBI. From the analysis of the experiences that add the local languages, the integration of kriol as a teaching language and the fusion of disciplinary contents with local traditions are positively highlighted. However, there is a lack of superior and qualified teacher training in bilingual education, the heterogeneity of classes, the methodological and didactic difficulties of teachers.

A dissertação analisa experiências de ensino bilíngue nos Centros de Experimentação de Educação e Formação (CEEF) e no Projeto de Apoio ao Ensino Bilíngue no Arquipélago de Ilhas Bijagós (PAEBB), em Bubaque, região de Bolama Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. Aborda a problemática da relação entre línguas e saberes locais, no processo de alfabetização e no currículo do Ensino Básico, com finalidade de reconhecer suas vantagens para a aprendizagem das crianças em escolarização inicial. Esta discussão é baseada na institucionalização do kriol e abre a possibilidade de integrar os conteúdos e práticas culturais no currículo local. A finalidade da introdução do kriol como língua de ensino é reduzir a distância entre a escola e a comunidade, assim como descolonizar o próprio currículo, saber e poder (QUIJANO, 2005). O ensino bilíngue dos CEEF e PAEBB integra saberes comunitários para estimular aprendizagens, utilizando e reconhecendo as línguas locais na escola. Essa premissa sustenta que as escolas devem associar-se à cultura autóctone e ao seu valor intrínseco. Entende-se que a inclusão dos saberes locais na escola pode facilitar aprendizagem e contextualizar os conhecimentos socioculturais locais. Com a introdução da língua local, o kriol, cria-se um espaço de convivência dos saberes local e universal e lança-se um repto aos educadores no sentido de serem responsáveis na produção e disseminação de conhecimento. A base teórica do trabalho é fundada no pensamento de Paulo Freire (1978), acerca da relação entre educação e cultura nos processos de alfabetização; Michael Apple (2000), base para pensar o currículo; Clifford Geertz (1997), para o conceito de cultura. O material empírico foi produzido em pesquisa de campo, com busca documental no Ministério de Educação e no escritório da Fundação para o Apoio ao Desenvolvimento dos Povos dos Arquipélagos de Bijagós (FASPEBI), na Guiné-Bissau, com recorte temporal entre 1986 e 2017. A produção documental para análise incluiu questionários sociolinguísticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores e estudantes de duas escolas vinculadas à FASPEBI. A partir da análise das experiências que agregam as línguas locais, destaca-se positivamente a integração do kriol como língua de ensino e a fusão de conteúdos disciplinares com saberes da tradição local. No entanto, ressalta-se a falta de formação superior e diplomada de professores no domínio de ensino bilíngue, a heterogeneidade de turmas, as dificuldades metodológicas e didáticas dos docentes. / The present pos-graduation dissertation analyzes bilingual education experiences in the Education and Training Experimentation Centers (CEEF) and the Bilingual Education Support Project in the Bijagós Islands (PAEBB), in Bubaque, Bolama region of Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. It addresses the issue of the relationship between languages and local knowledge, in the literacy process and in the Basic Education curriculum, in order to recognize its advantages for the learning of children in initial schooling. This discussion is based on the institutionalization of kriol and opens the possibility of integrating cultural content and practices into the local curriculum. The purpose of introducing Kriol as a teaching language is to reduce the distance between school and community, as well as decolonize one's own curriculum, knowledge and power (QUIJANO, 2005). The bilingual education of CEEF and PAEBB integrates community knowledge to stimulate learning, using and recognizing local languages in school. This premise maintains that schools must associate themselves with the indigenous culture and its intrinsic value. It is understood that the inclusion of local knowledge in school can facilitate learning and contextualize local socio-cultural knowledge. With the introduction of the local language, kriol, a space is created for the coexistence of local and universal knowledge, and a challenge is presented to educators in order to be responsible for the production and dissemination of knowledge. The theoretical basis of work is based on the thinking of Paulo Freire (1978), about the relationship between education and culture in literacy processes; Michael Apple (2000), basis for thinking the curriculum; Clifford Geertz (1997), for the concept of culture. The empirical material was produced in field research, with documentary search in the Ministry of Education and in the office of the Foundation for the Support to the Development of the Peoples of the Bijagós Archipelagos (FASPEBI), in Guinea-Bissau, with temporal cut between 1986 and 2017. The documentary production for analysis included sociolinguistic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with teachers and students from two schools linked to FASPEBI. From the analysis of the experiences that add the local languages, the integration of kriol as a teaching language and the fusion of disciplinary contents with local traditions are positively highlighted. However, there is a lack of superior and qualified teacher training in bilingual education, the heterogeneity of classes, the methodological and didactic difficulties of teachers.

Orientador: Terezinha de Jesus Machado Maher / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MarciaAndreados_D.pdf: 1505589 bytes, checksum: c29a1ec89e18bfe3033080d55ce70293 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este estudo tem por finalidade descrever e discutir as representações de educadores da rede pública de um município do sudoeste do Paraná acerca dos conceitos de língua, cultura e identidade, com vistas a compreender os sentidos que atribuem à diversidade linguística e sociocultural presente no contexto em que atuam. Embora tal contexto inclua uma variedade étnica considerável, optou-se por aqui focalizar as representações construídas acerca da negritude e da indianidade dada à relevância desses grupos étnicos localmente. O corpus de análise desta tese reúne dados gerados durante atividades escritas e interações em sala de aula ocorridas ao longo de oito encontros com professores e gestores municipais realizados em um curso de formação docente promovido pelo CEFIEL - Centro de Formação Continuada do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem da UNICAMP. A pesquisa em questão é de cunho qualitativo/interpretativista e segue os preceitos epistemológicos advogados por Moita Lopes (2006) para estudos conduzidos no campo aplicado. O aparato teórico que deu sustentação ao trabalho orientou-se por contribuições advindas da Linguística Aplicada (COX e ASSIS-PETERSON, 2007; CESAR e CAVALCANTI, 2007; FABRÍCIO, 2006; MAHER, 2007), dos Estudos Culturais (HALL, 1997; WOODWARD, 2002), da Educação (SKLIAR, 2003; SILVA, 2005), da Antropologia (THOMAZ, 1995) e da Sociologia (ELIAS, 1994; BOURDIEU, 1998; FOUCAULT, 2002). Os resultados obtidos na análise dos dados sugerem que a) as concepções relativas aos três conceitos focalizados com as quais a maior parte dos sujeitos pesquisados opera contribuem para que atitudes etnocêntricas e pouco tolerantes para com o diferente sejam mantidas e/ou b) que eles desconhecem, ou preferem não reconhecer, a pluralidade linguística e sociocultural considerável do ambiente em que atuam profissionalmente. A expectativa é que este trabalho possa subsidiar a construção de currículos interculturais de formação de educadores que os torne capazes de trabalhar com a diferença de modo produtivo e respeitoso / Abstract: This study aims at describing and discussing the representations educators who work in public schools in a district of southeast Paraná have of concepts such as language, culture and identity in order to understand the meanings they attribute to local linguistic and socio-cultural diversity. Although the context these educators work in includes considerable ethnic variety, only representations of indigenous and afro-descendent people were examined considering the relevance of such ethnic groups in the area. The analyzed corpus include data collected during written activities and classroom interactions that occurred along eight encounters with teachers and school principals and assistants in a course sponsored by CEFIEL - Center for Continuing Education of the Institute of Language Studies of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). This study is qualitative and interpretative in nature and follows the epistemological principals suggested by Moita Lopes (2006) for applied research. The theoretical bases adopted was oriented by contributions from the fields of Applied Linguistics (COX e ASSIS-PETERSON, 2007; CESAR e CAVALCANTI, 2007; FABRÍCIO, 2006; MAHER, 2007), Cultural Studies (HALL, 1997; WOODWARD, 2002), Education (SKLIAR, 2003; SILVA, 2005), Anthropology (THOMAZ, 1995) and Sociology (ELIAS, 1994; BOURDIEU, 1998; FOUCAULT, 2002). Data analyses results suggest that most research subjects a) operate with theoretical conceptions in regard to the three focused concepts which contribute for the maintenance of ethnocentric beliefs and attitudes of disrespect for differences and /or b) do not know, or prefer not to acknowledge the considerable linguistic and socio-cultural plurality of the context in which the act professionally. The expectation is that the research here described can contribute to the elaboration of intercultural curricula for the education of school professionals thus enabling them to work with differences in school environments in more productive and respectful ways / Doutorado / Multiculturalismo, Plurilinguismo e Educação Bilingue / Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction / Charles Heerman / This was a case study of two middle schools in New Mexico. Using organization for instruction (Marks and Louis, 1997) as a crux, the purpose of the building level study was to explore the elements of school leadership, instruction, and middle level program and to infer aspects of language policy. The needs threshold was based on the timeliness of reexamining linguistic diversity and on the importance of language concerns in education, principally as they related to ELLs and other linguistically diverse students. The problem stemmed from dynamic, culturally evolving changes in the environment of the two middle schools under study. Changes from economic factors, district leadership, immigration, and demographic shifts in the local area affected the two buildings’ capacity to effectively deliver educational and language services. The significance of the study maintained that school level language planning was rapidly becoming a competing theme in the process of education and required attention in light of important environmental and sociological factors. Metaphor was employed to help symbolize increasing complexities (e.g., array of special interests, human and individual diversity, etc.) found in context of the school with reference to organization, leadership, instruction, and program. Since the research was a case study, no hypotheses were formulated; instead a major research question and four sub questions were posed. A mixed method, multiple sources of information methodology was used in the collection and analysis of data. Twenty (N = 20) participants made up of building leaders (n = 4) and teachers (n = 16) were interviewed. Tables of student achievement scores were presented along with other demographic data. Although interviewees reported sensitivity to linguistic diversity, findings pointed to a lack of knowledge about language policy at all levels on the part of building leaders and teachers. Implications drawn described the important role language policy formation could play in educational structuring of middle school programs and instruction. A list of recommendations provided criteria to follow in making decisions about the feasibility of conducting school level language planning and made suggestions for further research. An extensive bibliography of relevant sources and transcripts of interviews were provided.

The study discussed investigates the range and variability of cultural and linguistic diversity as represented in interdisciplinary text sets for science read-alouds in Grades K–3. Presenters share their analysis, discuss implications, and offer alternatives for locating texts that include culturally and linguistically relevant depictions of target topics.

No description available.