Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-10-16T11:33:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandaarrudaabrantes.pdf: 2348279 bytes, checksum: dd8aa76615d3b8f3c2214dc84640f425 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T14:33:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandaarrudaabrantes.pdf: 2348279 bytes, checksum: dd8aa76615d3b8f3c2214dc84640f425 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T14:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandaarrudaabrantes.pdf: 2348279 bytes, checksum: dd8aa76615d3b8f3c2214dc84640f425 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / A presente tese foi desenvolvida a partir do questionamento referente às possíveis formas de identificações para os sujeitos que vivem a experiência transfronteiriça, não só por habitar o espaço intersticial da fronteira, mas por sua vivência entre-línguas e culturas de mais de um país. Nossa atenção volta-se, inicialmente, para a fronteira Uruguai/Brasil, por reconhecermos que o processo de colonização do norte uruguaio se deu a partir do estabelecimento de uma população lusófona que teve seus descendentes alfabetizados em língua espanhola ao mesmo tempo em que sua língua materna era conservada em âmbitos domésticos, o que acabou por determinar o surgimento e a manutenção de uma língua híbrida resultado do contato entre o português e o espanhol. Apoiando-nos nos estudos sociolinguísticos desenvolvidos desde a década de 50, do século passado, pudemos observar a permanência da língua materna híbrida que foi combatida e silenciada durante as sucessivas políticas linguísticas adotadas no Uruguai, até o seu recente reconhecimento como segunda língua do país e a tentativa de considerar o portunhol como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial pela UNESCO. Nossa pesquisa aponta para a literatura escrita em portunhol como forma de legitimação da língua híbrida e, a partir da seleção de uma série histórica do portunhol literário, optamos pela análise da obra do poeta artiguense Fabián Severo para comparar os procedimentos de escrita literária na mescla linguística. Baseando-nos no conceito de bi(pluri)linguajamento, proposto por Walter Mignolo (2003), consideramos que a experiência na mescla linguística estaria relacionada a um estilo de vida, assim, propusemo-nos a colocar em diálogo, através de uma perspectiva comparativista – método crítico próprio ao diálogo dentro das pesquisas em literatura e cultura do campo literário latino-americano –, a escrita literária em portunhol com a escrita em spanglish executada pela escritora chicana Gloria Anzaldúa para dar a entender como a língua se relaciona diretamente com os modos de identificação dos sujeitos transfronteiriços. Finalmente, abordamos como as políticas linguísticas vêm tratando do fato de que a língua nacional nem sempre é a língua materna de uma parcela da população. / The present thesis was developed based on the inquiring of possible forms of identification for the subjects living the cross-border experience, not only because they inhabit the interstitial space of the border, but also because of their experience between languages and cultures of more than one country. Our attention is focused initially on the Uruguay / Brazil border, since we recognize that the process of colonization in northern Uruguay was based on the establishment of a Portuguese and maintenance - speaking population whose descendants were literate in the Spanish language at the same time as their language was preserved in domestic settings, which eventually determined the emergence of a hybrid language resulting from the contact between Portuguese and Spanish. Based on the sociolinguistic studies developed since the 1950s, we have been able to observe the permanence of the hybrid mother tongue that was combated and silenced during the successive linguistic policies adopted in Uruguay until its recent recognition as the second language of the country and the attempt to consider portunhol as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. Our research points to literature written in portunhol as a way of legitimization of the hybrid language and, from the selection of a historical series of the literary portunhol, we opted for the analysis of the work of the Artiguense poet Fabian Severus to compare the procedures of literary writing in the linguistic mix . Based on the concept of bi (pluri) language, proposed by Walter Mignolo (2003), we consider that the experience in the linguistic fusion would be related to a lifestyle, so we proposed to put in dialogue, through a comparative perspective - a critical method specific to dialogue within Latin American literary and literary research - the literary writing in Portuguese with the Spanglish script written by the Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldúa to imply how the language relates directly to the modes identification of cross-border subjects. Finally, we discuss how linguistic policies have dealt with the fact that the national language is not always the mother tongue of a portion of the population.

Tout au long du XIXe siècle, le Costa Rica a construit son identité nationale sur l’idée de « pureté et de blancheur de la race costaricienne ». C’est dans ce paradigme identitaire qu’une population afro-caribéenne provenant majoritairement de la Jamaïque est arrivée sur la côte caribéenne pour travailler à la construction du chemin de fer et dans les plantations bananières à partir des années 1870. Cette population « noire », qui ne parlait pas l’espagnol, mais l’anglais et un créole à base d’anglais, constituait « un obstacle » au projet d’identité nationale. L’année 2015 marque un tournant, car le Costa Rica vient de se redéfinir comme une « République […] multiethnique et pluriculturelle » par un amendement constitutionnel de l’article premier. Cette thèse retrace le processus complexe d’intégration de la population afro-caribéenne au Costa Rica de 1870 à 2015 et défend l’idée qu’une reconfiguration du paradigme de l’identité nationale costaricienne s’est amorcée depuis la zone la plus périphérique du Costa Rica (la province de Limon) et en grande partie par le biais des revendications sociolinguistiques et identitaires de la population caribéenne. En effet, la politique linguistique concernant l’espagnol et les langues indigènes centrées sur la relation du citoyen à la langue officielle est contrariée par la pratique fortement ancrée du créole de Limon dans la Caraïbe costaricienne. L’apport théorique des linguistes Robert Le Page et Andrée Tabouret-Keller qui ont mis en évidence comment les choix langagiers constituent des « actes d’identités » par lesquels les locuteurs exposent discursivement leur identité personnelle, leurs affiliations à certains groupes et leurs aspirations à certains rôles sociaux a retenu notre attention pour montrer que l’utilisation du créole de Limon avec ses concepts et ses symboles propres dans le contexte plurilinguistique et diglossique de la Caraïbe costaricienne révèle des positionnements identitaires favorisant une reconfiguration de l’identité nationale. En 2010, l’UNESCO a classé le créole de Limon dans son Atlas des langues du monde en danger. Existe-t-il une campagne de revitalisation au Costa Rica ? Dans une perspective intersémiotique de l’étude des reconfigurations identitaires, la littérature et les arts de la Caraïbe costaricienne ont été envisagés comme des espaces privilégiés de représentation des identités plurielles et plurilingues et d’expression des revendications sociolinguistiques et identitaires de la population caribéenne. / Throughout the 20th century, Costa Rica built its own national identity on the “purity and whiteness” of the Costa Rican race. This is the identity paradigm in which the Jamaican population found itself upon arriving on the Caribbean coast in 1870 in order to work on the construction of railways and the banana plantations. This black, non-Spanish-speaking community was a barrier to the Costa Rican national identity project. However, the year 2015, marked a turning point. In virtue of an amendment to the first article of the Constitution, Costa Rica redefined itself as a “multiethnic, multicultural Republic”. This thesis retraces the complex process of integration undergone by the Costa Rican Afro-Caribbean community from 1870 to 2015. This study claims that the existence of this recent reconfiguration of the Costa Rican identity paradigm was in part fostered by one of the country’s most peripheral areas: Limon. The works of linguists such as Robert Le Page and André Tabouret-Keller have proven that linguistic choices can be considered as “identity claims or acts” by means of which a given speaker demonstrates his identity, his background and his aspirations. The people from Limon, by means of their sociolinguistic and identity claims, have thus helped start the aforementioned process of reconfiguration. The well-established use of Creole English clashes with the government’s official policy regarding the use of the official language of Spanish and the indigenous languages. Even though Creole English is spoken in Limon, in 2010 UNESCO classified it in its Atlas of the World’s Endangered Languages. Is there thus a campaign of revitalization in Costa Rica concerning Creole English? In an attempt to analyze the changing identity paradigm from an intersemiotic perspective, this study has chosen to focus on Caribbean literature and art as they both represent powerful mediums through which the expression of the Caribbean identity is portrayed and claimed.