Communication in professional settings is essential to arriving at end results. Managers use speech acts to delegate, instruct, and in other ways get subordinates to perform everyday tasks. The present study aims to investigate how speech acts are performed using different politeness strategies, how these politeness strategies affect the motivation in subordinates, and how politeness can be used strategically in specific situations. The results indicate that politeness strategies used by managers are important for the motivation of subordinates and that different situations and different individuals call for different politeness strategies. Thus it is necessary for managers to make conscious and strategic linguistic choices adapted to specific situations and individuals.

La rencontre permanente des langues et des identités culturelles est une évolution incontournable qui fait suite à l’accroissement de la mobilité des populations au cours de ces dernières années. Elle entraîne une évolution de la composition des sociétés qui implique une éducation linguistique adaptée aux nouveaux besoins de communication plurielle des individus. Les alliances interlinguistiques et l’intercompréhension de plusieurs langues sont des stratégies favorisant le plurilinguisme et permettant de gérer les conflits éventuels dus aux chocs interculturels et interlinguistiques. Les compétences métacognitives transversales et les capacités intellectuelles polyvalentes que ces stratégies plurilingues développent semblent parfaitement adaptées aux besoins de notre société mondialisée qui demande des capacités de réflexion stratégique pour faciliter la résolution des problèmes interculturels. / The permanent contact between languages and cultural identities is an incontrovertible evolution that results from the last few years’ increase in the population mobility. It brings an evolution in the composition of societies that involves a linguistic education which is adapted in the people’s need for plural communication. Interlinguistic alliances and intercomprehension of several languages are strategies that promote pluringuism and permit to settle the disputes resulting from intercultural and interlinguistic shocks. Metacognitive transversal skills and the polyvalent intellectual abilities developed by these plurilingual strategies seem to be perfectly adapted in the needs of our globalized society which demands abilities of strategic reflection in order to facilitate solving intercultural problems.

Hösten 2016 genomförde vi en studie i en svensk grundskola i en årskurs 2 med syfte att kartlägga några elevers inställning till att lära sig det engelska språket och hur den inställningen påverkades av högläsning av engelsk barnlitteratur. Syftet var också att kartlägga om högläsning påverkade elevernas passiva ordförråd samt om eleverna använde någon form av språklig strategi vid mötet av okända ord under högläsningen.    De datainsamlingsmetoder som användes i studien var 71 strukturerade elevintervjuer, enkla observationer av tre undervisningstillfällen med högläsning av en ny engelskspråkig skönlitterär text vid varje och ett ordtest som genomfördes före och efter de tre undervisningstillfällena.   Studiens resultat antyder att högläsning av engelsk barnlitteratur inte har påverkat elevernas inställning till att lära sig engelska markant, men att eleverna var positiva till högläsning i engelskundervisningen. Resultatet visar även att elevernas passiva ordförråd verkar ha ökat efter de tre undervisningstillfällena, samt att cirka hälften av eleverna kunde rapportera att de använt någon språklig strategi i mötet med de engelska texterna, till exempel att använda bilderna eller likheter med det svenska språket.    Vår slutsats är att högläsning av engelsk barnlitteratur i undervisningen kan bidra till att upprätthålla elevers språkliga nyfikenhet och positiva inställning till att lära sig engelska samt att de utökar sitt passiva ordförråd. En annan slutsats är att alla elever bör ges möjlighet i undervisningen att utveckla förmågan att använda språkliga strategier i enlighet med Skolverket (2011b). / The autumn of 2016, we conducted a study in a Swedish grade 2 class with the aim to identify some pupils´ attitudes to learning the English language and how those attitudes were influenced by the reading aloud of English children´s literature. The aim was also to see whether reading aloud influenced the pupils´ passive vocabulary and whether they used some form of linguistic strategies when encountering unknown words during the listening.    The data collection methods used in the study were 71 structured interviews with the pupils, simple observations of three lessons with reading aloud of English children´s literature and word tests conducted before and after the three lessons.    The study´s results suggest that the reading aloud of English children´s literature did not affect the pupils´ attitudes towards learning English significantly, but that the pupils were positive towards reading aloud during English classes. The results further indicate that the pupils´ passive vocabulary increased after the three lessons, and that about half of them used a linguistic strategy when encountering unknown words during the reading, for example use of pictures and of the similarity to the Swedish language.    A conclusion of this study is that reading aloud of English children´s literature in teaching can help to maintain pupils´ linguistic curiosity and positive attitudes to learning English, as well as expand their passive vocabulary. Another conclusion is that all pupils should be given the opportunity in class to develop the ability to use linguistic strategies according to Skolverket (2011b).

This study examines the response of Generation Z females in Sweden to fast fashion web advertisements incorporating six linguistic persuasion strategies. The aim is to identify which of these strategies can be effectively employed in this context to persuade the targeted demographic. An online survey consisting of twelve fast fashion web advertisements was distributed over the social media platforms Instagram, Facebook, and LinkedIn. The respondents' objective was to choose a preferred advertisement from two options, one featuring a linguistic strategy of persuasion and another where the linguistic strategy had been changed or removed, while the respondents had to consider questions related to the linguistic strategies’ persuasive aims. The result from 44 target respondents revealed that the strategies of reader pronouns, directives, and the subject position effectively reached their persuasive aims, while the results for boosters, rhetorical questions, and engagement markers were inconclusive. Still, open-ended non-mandatory answers indicated that the three strategies that got inconclusive results also received negative reactions from the demographic and therefore likely failed at their persuasive aims.

This study sought to examine linguistic and discursive strategies used to construct messages reflective of the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy for Zimbabwe of 1999 by government and private newspapers. Such analysis was perceived to be important since media content has a bearing on Zimbabweans‘ perception and attitudes regarding HIV and AIDS prevention, treatment and control. The study was aimed at comparing messages from newspapers with views by the people of Zimbabwe regarding the implementation of the policy. Findings reveal that empowerment programmes particularly those targeting women and children are lagging behind as Zimbabweans, literature and newspaper data sources testify. In addition, information sources concur that cultural (For example, stigmatisation, polygamy, religious practices, spouse inheritance) and structural (For example, patriarchy, masculinity, bureaucracy, politics) are stumbling blocks that negatively affect the implementation of the policy. Further, even though private and government newspapers do not fully agree on the portrayal of human agents, there is a general consensus between newspaper reports and Zimbabweans that people still face socio-economic and econo-political challenges that militate against the smooth implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Government newspapers tend to downplay aspects which reveal inadequacies of government activities. The study notes this as betrayal of use of ideological squares both by government and private newspapers whereby certain aspects regarding the implementation of the policy are either downplayed or highlighted to influence perception. The study reveals that newspaper reports used nominalisation, quantification, positive politeness, thematisation, rhematisation, intertextuality, euphemism, proverbs, idioms, action verbs, metaphors and citation of experts as linguistic and discursive strategies both for agenda setting and building purposes regarding the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Other devices used particularly in the encoding of Operation Murambatsvina are, claptraps, deictic referencing, personal pronouns, adjectives and direct speech. The study attributes problems regarding the Zimbabwean HIV and AIDS intervention model to the top – down approach inherent in the policy. Hence, the call for an adoption of an unhu/hunhu/ubuntu inspired bottom – up HIV and AIDS intervention model in Zimbabwe. This would inculcate pro-family, pro-village, pro-nation/people and ―servant leadership‖ (Mangena and Chitando, 2011) values in the fight against the pandemic through the embracing of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Unfortunately, such values largely continue to elude the radar of the current top – down HIV and AIDS intervention model cuurently in use in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana dos Santos Cristino.pdf: 1353094 bytes, checksum: b2d7384b589b3b92a00a9607815843dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims at investigating the occurrence of code-switching in the speech of a late bilingual subject, under sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives. Code-switching or code alternation is a communicative strategy used by bilingual speakers in a given social situation. The word bilingual primarily describes someone who is proficient in two languages. This term can, however, also include the many people in the world who have varying degrees of proficiency in three, four or even more languages simultaneously (Wei, 2000) Adopting the parameters of qualitative research, we have done a case study of a 39-year-old Nigerian male bilingual who has lived in Brazil for about 6 years working as an English teacher and is married to a Brazilian. The data was collected by means of five different instruments: audio and video recording of an oral presentation of the subject to a group of students in a Brazilian school in a bilingual context (English/Portuguese), followed by an interview session; a closed individual interview recorded on audio tape, made by means of discrete questions; a written questionnaire in order to collect some personal data about the subject; a visual perception test to detect the preferential language in a free speech context; and an auto-confrontation or reflexive interview. Only the passages where the code-switching phenomenon occured were transcribed and analyzed. Some sentences of this corpus were selected for acoustic analysis and some charts of duration and F0 measures were made to analyze some prosody aspects of the native speaker when speaking the first language and the second language. The final results indicate that: (1) although the subject prefers the mother tongue (English), code-switching occurs in both ways: first language second language / second language first-tongue language; (2) the data analyses suggest that the subject uses different strategies for choosing lexical items, according to the context, the interlocutor, and the place, and that the change of the linguistic code appears most of the time initiated by the OK interjection. The emotional aspect is also worth mentioning: the subject is always worried about the interlocutor and wants to know whether he has made himself clear. The pronunciation of Portuguese words are heavily influenced by his first language; (3) we could observe, from the acoustic analyses , that the intonation curve of the yes/no questions produced in English bears much resemblance to English melodic patterning in that the subject keeps the the intonational aspects of the matrix language; (4) there is considerable alteration in the fonotaxe of some words used by the speaker; (5) the altered lexical item is replaced by words belonging to the same syntactic level / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de code-switching na fala de um sujeito bilíngüe tardio (inglês/português), enfocando aspectos prosódicos e de uso lexical, sob uma perspectiva sociolingüística e psicolingüística. Code-switching ou alternância no código lingüístico é uma estratégia comunicativa usada pelo falante bilíngüe de acordo com a situação socialmente estabelecida. A palavra bilíngüe descreve primariamente alguém que seja proficiente em duas línguas. Este termo pode porém, ser usado para incluir muitas pessoas no mundo que tenham diversos níveis de proficiência em duas, três ou mais línguas simultaneamente (Wei, 2000). Seguindo os parâmetros da pesquisa qualitativa, fIzemos um estudo de caso de um bilíngüe do sexo masculino, com 39 anos de idade, nacionalidade Nigeriana, professor de língua inglesa, residente no Brasil há aproximadamente 6 anos e casado com uma brasileira. Os dados foram coletados por meio de cinco instrumentos distintos: gravação em áudio e vídeo de uma apresentação oral do sujeito de pesquisa acima citado a um grupo de alunos de uma escola brasileira em contexto bilíngüe (inglês/português), seguida de sessão de perguntas; uma entrevista fechada individual gravada em áudio, composta por perguntas pontuais; um questionário escrito para levantamento de dados pessoais do sujeito da pesquisa; um teste de percepção visual, para detectarmos a língua preferencialmente escolhida para o discurso livre; e uma auto-confrontação ou entrevista reflexiva. Foram transcritos e analisados apenas os trechos que ocorrem o code-switching. Foram selecionadas algumas sentenças deste corpus para a análise acústica e elaborados alguns gráficos das medidas de duração de F0 para análise dos aspectos prosódicos do falante nativo quando produz na primeira língua e na segunda língua. Os resultados obtidos indicam que: (1) embora o sujeito tenha preferência pela língua materna (inglês), o code-switching ocorre nos dois sentidos: primeira língua segunda língua / segunda língua primeira língua; (2) a análise dos dados trouxe à tona que o sujeito utiliza diferentes estratégias para escolha do léxico, de acordo com o contexto, do interlocutor, do local, e a mudança do código lingüístico aparece na maioria das vezes iniciado com a interjeição Ok . A questão emocional também aparece como um fator: o sujeito sempre se preocupa com o interlocutor, e com a compreensão das mensagens. A pronúncia das palavras do português é fortemente influenciada pela primeira língua do sujeito; (3) com o auxílio da análise acústica pudemos verificar que a curva entoacional de frases interrogativas totais produzidas em português revelam traços prosódicos do inglês, ou seja, o sujeito mantém a língua matriz nos aspectos entoacionais; (4) a fonotaxe sofre alteração em algumas palavras pelo falante utilizada; (5) o léxico alterado é substituído por palavras do mesmo nível sintático

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vagner Aparecido de Moura.pdf: 2050412 bytes, checksum: d6f379035d70eceec41857496f2df58d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-04 / The advent of globalization has provoked changings in economical, social and politic aspects that produced global competitive, which demands qualified professionals in order to deal not only with language abilities but also with new technology in an environment in constant changings. So, realize a large growth, in the Brazilin University context, of E-Learning with focuses on offering lifelong education, flexible and less costly in financial terms. This growth guides us to delimitate the research s theme through two questions: What is current circumstance of E-Learning in the Brazilian University? How are universities working with linguistic strategies in the virtual environment?. From this guidelines, this research has a goal to focus negative and positive aspect of situation of Brazilian University E-Learning , the interlocutioner`s role in the virtual environment , linguistic strategies, used by mediators in the education process. The dissertation was divided in four Chapters: the Chapter (1) has a goal to approach social role of education in the development of human beings through Paulo Freire ( 1970; 1979), Libâneo ( 1985), Argumento ( 1985) and Tragtenberg (1974), several definitions of E-Learning, according to Peters (1973), Perriault (1996), Belloni ( 1999), presents overview of E Learning in Brazil, the modalities of communication between mediator and apprentice and their standards; the Chapter II intends approaching the concept of interaction, according to Homberg ( 1985), Barbera (2001), Quintana (2001) and methodology proposals, which defines the apprentice and mediator´s role in the virtual environment; the Chapter(III) examines the contributions of some authors as Benveniste (1989; 1995), Koch ( 2004; 2007) about language like intersubjective action and the Chapter (IV) was made an analysis of Moodle, used by a private university located in São Paulo, and the linguistic strategies used by mediators in the education process / O advento da globalização provocou mudanças em termos econômicos, políticos e sociais que engendraram uma competitividade global, que demanda profissionais qualificados para lidar não só com a linguagem, mas também com as novas tecnologias em um ambiente em constantes mutações. Assim, nota-se um crescimento vultoso, no contexto universitário brasileiro, da modalidade de ensino a distância, com propósito de fornecer uma educação continuada, flexível e menos onerosa em termos financeiros. Esse crescimento norteou-nos a delimitar o tema da pesquisa por intermédio de duas indagações: Qual a situação atual do ensino a distância no contexto universitário? Como as instituições de ensino superior estão trabalhando as estratégias lingüísticas no ambiente virtual. Partindo dessa diretriz, este trabalho tem como objetivo abordar os aspectos positivo e negativo da conjuntura da EaD no ensino superior brasileiro, o papel dos interlocutores no ambiente virtual (aprendizes e mediadores), as estratégias lingüísticas, utilizadas pelos mediadores no processo de ensino/aprendizagem. A dissertação foi dividida em quatro capítulos: o Capítulo I tem o propósito de apresentar o papel social da educação na formação do indivíduo, por meio de um embasamento teórico alicerçado em Paulo Freire (1970; 1979), Libâneo (1985), Argumento (1985) e Tragtenberg (1974), as várias definições de EaD, segundo Peters (1973), Perriault (1996), Belloni (1999) etc, o panorama atual da educação a distância no Brasil, as modalidade de comunicação entre o mediador e o aprendiz e seus respectivos modelos; o Capítulo II pretende-se abordar o conceito de interação, segundo os autores Holmberg (1985), Barbera (2001), Quintana (2001) e as propostas metodológicas, que definem o papel do aprendiz e mediador no ambiente virtual; o Capítulo III analisa-se as contribuições de alguns teóricos Benveniste (1989: 1995), Koch (2004:2007) acerca da linguagem como forma de ação intersubjetiva e o Capítulo IV foi feito uma análise do ambiente virtual moodle, utilizada por uma universidade particular sediada em São Paulo, para ministrar o seu curso de graduação a distância, e também, foram analisadas as estratégias lingüísticas empregadas pelos mediadores no processo de interação entre os discentes

This study sought to examine linguistic and discursive strategies used to construct messages reflective of the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy for Zimbabwe of 1999 by government and private newspapers. Such analysis was perceived to be important since media content has a bearing on Zimbabweans‘ perception and attitudes regarding HIV and AIDS prevention, treatment and control. The study was aimed at comparing messages from newspapers with views by the people of Zimbabwe regarding the implementation of the policy. Findings reveal that empowerment programmes particularly those targeting women and children are lagging behind as Zimbabweans, literature and newspaper data sources testify. In addition, information sources concur that cultural (For example, stigmatisation, polygamy, religious practices, spouse inheritance) and structural (For example, patriarchy, masculinity, bureaucracy, politics) are stumbling blocks that negatively affect the implementation of the policy. Further, even though private and government newspapers do not fully agree on the portrayal of human agents, there is a general consensus between newspaper reports and Zimbabweans that people still face socio-economic and econo-political challenges that militate against the smooth implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Government newspapers tend to downplay aspects which reveal inadequacies of government activities. The study notes this as betrayal of use of ideological squares both by government and private newspapers whereby certain aspects regarding the implementation of the policy are either downplayed or highlighted to influence perception. The study reveals that newspaper reports used nominalisation, quantification, positive politeness, thematisation, rhematisation, intertextuality, euphemism, proverbs, idioms, action verbs, metaphors and citation of experts as linguistic and discursive strategies both for agenda setting and building purposes regarding the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Other devices used particularly in the encoding of Operation Murambatsvina are, claptraps, deictic referencing, personal pronouns, adjectives and direct speech. The study attributes problems regarding the Zimbabwean HIV and AIDS intervention model to the top – down approach inherent in the policy. Hence, the call for an adoption of an unhu/hunhu/ubuntu inspired bottom – up HIV and AIDS intervention model in Zimbabwe. This would inculcate pro-family, pro-village, pro-nation/people and ―servant leadership‖ (Mangena and Chitando, 2011) values in the fight against the pandemic through the embracing of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Unfortunately, such values largely continue to elude the radar of the current top – down HIV and AIDS intervention model cuurently in use in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages)