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Οι τυροκομικές μονάδες θεωρούνται παραγωγικές μονάδες έντονου υγειονομικού ενδιαφέροντος, καθώς τα υγρά απόβλητά τους είναι ρύποι υψηλού οργανικού φορτίου και η διαχείρισή τους αποτελεί μείζον περιβαλλοντικό ζήτημα. Υπολογίζεται ότι κατά μέσο όρο, ένα τυροκομείο που επεξεργάζεται 100 τόνους γάλακτος ανά ημέρα, παράγει τυρόγαλα που ρυπαίνει όσο τα απόβλητα μιας πόλης 55.000 κατοίκων (Sienkiewicz, T. & Riedel, C.-L., 1990). Τα απόβλητα του τυροκομείου συνίστανται κυρίως από αραιώσεις γάλακτος, παραπροϊόντα παραγωγής, λιπαντικά, απορρυπαντικά και αστικά λύματα, βασικός ρύπος, όμως, των υγρών αποβλήτων των τυροκομικών μονάδων είναι ο ορρός του γάλακτος. Αν εξαιρέσουμε περιπτώσεις παραγωγής νέων παραπροϊόντων από την περαιτέρω επεξεργασία του, κατά βάση ο ορρός γάλακτος απορρίπτεται χωρίς καμία επεξεργασία σε διάφορους υδάτινους αποδέκτες ή στο δίκτυο της αποχέτευσης, ελοχεύοντας ιδιαίτερους περιβαλλοντικούς κινδύνους. Η επεξεργασία των υγρών αποβλήτων των τυροκομείων και ιδιαιτέρως με βιολογικό τρόπο, είναι ένας περιβαλλοντικός τομέας με ιδιαίτερο ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον. Η χρήση βιομηχανικής κλίμακας μονάδας βιολογικής επεξεργασίας υγρών αποβλήτων τυροκομείου με αντιδραστήρες σταθερής κλίνης, με ανακυκλοφορία και με φυσικό αερισμό αποδεικνύεται εξαιρετικά αποδοτική, με ελάχιστο πάγιο και λειτουργικό κόστος και χαμηλό ενεργειακό αποτύπωμα. Στόχος της εργασίας αυτής ήταν να καταγραφεί η περιγραφή της συγκεκριμένης μονάδας βιολογικής επεξεργασίας, να θεμελιωθεί θεωρητικά η λειτουργία της και τέλος, να βελτιστοποιηθεί, έτσι ώστε η απόδοσή της να είναι ακόμα πιο ικανοποιητική. / --

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Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2016-11-14T15:02:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JerônimoAF_TESE.pdf: 2910496 bytes, checksum: 710748999f1a77136610042412f4396a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:34:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JerônimoAF_TESE.pdf: 2910496 bytes, checksum: 710748999f1a77136610042412f4396a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:42:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JerônimoAF_TESE.pdf: 2910496 bytes, checksum: 710748999f1a77136610042412f4396a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JerônimoAF_TESE.pdf: 2910496 bytes, checksum: 710748999f1a77136610042412f4396a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The rapid population growth associated with the increase of per capita consumption of goods, products and food have caused the increase in the production of urban solid waste and consequently the production of percolate. Therefore, treatment techniques or use of this liquid waste must be improved in order to minimize its environmental impact. This work was carried out on the premises of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido campus of the in the city of Mossoro, RN in order to evaluate the effects of application of landfill leachate in the cultivation of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L. cv. Energy).The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks in which we tested the application through irrigation of dilution percolate [T1 - water supply + mineral soil fertilization, T2 - 20% of percolate, T3 - 40% of percolate, T4 - 60% of percolated and T5 - 80% of percolated] with five treatments and four replications in a red-yellow eutrophic clay soil. In each portion, soil samples were collected at three depths (0.00 to 0.05, 0.05 to 0.15 and 0.15 at 0.30 m) with which was determined the chemical characteristics of the soil. Plant samples were collected to evaluate the growth characteristics at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAS (Days After Sow), biomass production of the airy part at the end of the cycle, crop yield at 90 and 120 DAS, as well as content and characterization of seed oil at 120 DAS. The application of percolated dilutions in the soil significantly influenced the pH, Ca, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Pb characteristics. The irrigated treatments with percolated dilutions showed no exchangeable sodium percentage values that indicate soil salinization, neither values of heavy metals that indicated contamination. Growth variables as plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves were influenced significantly by dilution, and the treatment T4 showed the best result. The plant biomass values were not affected by percolated dilutions. The crop yield was significantly influenced by dilution of percolated, and among the treatments that received dilutions, the one which performed better according to this variable was the treatment T2. In terms of oil content, the treatments that showed the best results were treatment T1 and treatment T4, with the values of 17.01 and 13.85%, respectively. The characteristics of oils of these two analyzed treatments present relative density, acid index, saponification index and fatty acids values suitable for biodiesel production. The fertigated castor bean tree cultivation with landfill leachate proved to be viable from the point of view of yield and growth as well as oil production as raw material for biodiesel production / O rápido crescimento populacional associado ao aumento do consumo per capita de bens, produtos e alimentos têm provocado o incremento na produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos e, consequentemente na produção de percolado. Por isso, técnicas de tratamento ou aproveitamento deste resíduo líquido devem ser aperfeiçoadas no sentido de minimizar seus impactos ambientais. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no campus da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido em Mossoró - RN com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diluições de percolado de aterros sanitários, como fonte hídrica e nutricional, no cultivo da Mamona (Ricinus communis L) cv. Energia. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados em que foi testada a aplicação, via irrigação, de diluições de percolado [T1 = água de abastecimento + adubação mineral do solo, T2 = 20% de percolado, T3 = 40% de percolado, T4 = 60% de percolado e T5 = 80% de percolado] com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições em um Argissolo vermelho-amarelo Eutrófico. Em cada parcela foram coletadas amostras de solo em três profundidades (0,00 a 0,05, 0,05 a 0,15 e 0,15 a 0,30 m) com as quais foram determinadas as características químicas do solo. Amostras de plantas foram coletadas para avaliação das características de crescimento aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após o semeio, produção de biomassa da parte aérea ao final do ciclo, rendimento da cultura aos 90 e 120 dias após o semeio, além de teor e caracterização do óleo da semente aos 120 dias após o semeio. A aplicação das diluições de percolado no solo influenciou significativamente as características pH, Ca, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd e Pb. Os tratamentos irrigados com diluições de percolado não apresentaram valores de porcentagem de sódio trocável que indicassem sodificação do solo, tão pouco valores de metais pesados que indicassem contaminação. As variáveis de crescimento altura de planta, diâmetro de caule e número de folhas foram influenciadas de forma significativa pelas diluições, apresentando melhor desempenho o tratamento 4. Os valores de biomassa da planta não foram influenciados pelas diluições de percolado. O rendimento da cultura foi influenciado significativamente pelas diluições de percolado, sendo que, entre os tratamentos que receberam diluições, o que apresentou melhor desempenho quanto a esta variável foi o tratamento 2. Quanto ao teor de óleo os tratamentos que apresentaram os melhores resultados foram os tratamentos 1 e 4, com os valores 17,01 e 13,85%, respectivamente. As características dos óleos dos dois tratamentos analisados apresentam valores de densidade relativa, índice de acidez, índice de saponificação e ácidos graxos livres apropriados para produção de biodiesel. O cultivo da mamoneira fertirrigada com percolado de aterro sanitário mostrou-se viável sob o ponto de vista de rendimento e crescimento, bem como da produção de óleo como matéria prima para fabricação de biodiesel / 2016-11-03

This research has investigated how environmental communication is reaching out in urban Kenya and what knowledge and attitude exists. Key aim was finding what perception stakeholders had on effective ways to communicate to reach goals of a sustainable development. Focus laid on solid and liquid waste, because of great improvements needed in infrastructure and behavior. In addition, comparison was made to current sustainability goals. Qualitative interviews with semi structured questions were conducted in Kitengela (Kajiado county) and Machakos Town (Machakos county), with six different target groups each and a total of 48 respondents. General knowledge of possibilities to reuse and recycle solid waste was quite high, but sewage is not very common to refer to as a resource. The sensitization today on the issues was mainly through schools and media. A perception was that people don’t care or know, but there are conversations about the menace of litter and sometimes dirty water. Nearly 75 % said service of clean water and environment would be worth almost any price. Many expressed frustrations on the lack of management and implications that follow when wanting to act well or create awareness, but no system to support a sustainable behavior. Suggestions of communicative methods had emphasis on reaching all age groups where people gather, like schools and churches/mosques. The approach should be positive with concrete feedback on profits of sustainable living, while presenting a vivid vision for everyone to work towards.

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Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-02-10T15:41:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielaCLC_TESE.pdf: 4246178 bytes, checksum: 20207749bc1ab3a6ac8d9f478a5dc381 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-21T14:53:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielaCLC_TESE.pdf: 4246178 bytes, checksum: 20207749bc1ab3a6ac8d9f478a5dc381 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-21T14:54:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielaCLC_TESE.pdf: 4246178 bytes, checksum: 20207749bc1ab3a6ac8d9f478a5dc381 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:54:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielaCLC_TESE.pdf: 4246178 bytes, checksum: 20207749bc1ab3a6ac8d9f478a5dc381 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / The leachate from landfills is a highly impactful liquid waste to the environment, making it essential to conducting research that provide a better and more precise characterization of the leachate produced in the cells of the landfill, considering the behavior of their constituents through soil, surface water and subterranean plants and, especially aimed at new techniques for treatment and disposal of the liquid waste in the environment. In this context, it objectified with the work, analyze the effect of the application of landfill leachate (PATS), through drip irrigation system, soil quality and sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus L.) in the Brazilian semiarid region. For accomplishment of this work, it was mounted an experimental area at the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido – UFERSA, Campus Mossoró. Each experimental bit was built in the dimensions of 2.0 x 5.0 m, and spacing of 2.0 m between blocks and 1.0 m between plots of the same block, where was cultivated the sunflower, cultivar BRS 324, in soil classified as argisoil red-yellow eutrophic. They treatments were: T1 – 100 % water (control); T2 – 80 % water and 20% PATS; T3 – 60 % water and 40 % of PATS; T4 – 40 % water and 60% PATS; and T5 – 20 % water and 80 % of PATS. During the experimental period, they were analyzed in parallel the chemical characteristics of soil and crop productivity, the physicochemical characteristics of the leachate and the supply mains water, and the performance of drip irrigation units. It adopted the delineation in blocks randomized with five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) and four repetitions, and to perform the statistical analysis was used statistical computer program Sisvar 5.6. The results indicated that only CEes , P, Fe and Zn suffered significant effects of different dosages PATS applied in interaction with the application time and for the two depths analyzed. The concentrations of N, Ca, Mg, Fe and Cd decreased considerably during the time of sampling. The levels of pH, CEes, N, P, Na, Ca, M.O., SB, CTC, T, V, PST, Mn, Zn and Pb decreased over the soil profile, and Fe increased. The concentrations of Cu, Ni and Cd were practically constant, the K and Mg did not show a pattern of variation, and Al3+, H + Al and m were null. In relation to culture, it showed that the variables AP, NF, DCaule, DCapítulo, weight of seeds, P, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb showed statistically significant differences between the treatments. Analyzing the changes in drip irrigation system performance caused by the application of leachate from landfills, it was found that there was a partial clogging of drippers where the fact that the setting time and amount of irrigation through valves alter the pressure service, decreasing the deposition of sediments and biofilm formation within the drippers lines. The treatment showed better results with respect to vegetative characteristics, production and sunflower plant tissue composition was the treatment T3 (water requirement of the crop with 60 % of AA and 40 % of PATS), and that high concentrations of PATS applied to the soil cause a reduction in quality and hence decrease in biomass of this culture and/or high concentrations in the plant tissue / O percolado de aterros sanitários é um resíduo líquido altamente impactante ao meio ambiente, tornando indispensável à realização de pesquisas que propiciem uma melhor e mais precisa caracterização do percolado produzido nas células dos aterros sanitários, considerando o comportamento dos seus constituintes do meio solo, águas superficiais e subterrâneas e plantas, visando especialmente novas técnicas de tratamento e disposição desse resíduo líquido no meio ambiente. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com o trabalho, analisar o efeito da aplicação de percolado de aterros sanitários (PATS), via sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, na qualidade do solo e no cultivo de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) no semiárido brasileiro. Para realização deste trabalho, montou-se uma área experimental, na Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido – UFERSA, Campus Mossoró-RN. Cada parcela experimental foi construída nas dimensões de 2,0 x 5,0 m, e com espaçamento de 2,0 m entre blocos e de 1,0 m entre parcelas do mesmo bloco, onde foi cultivado o girassol, cultivar BRS 324, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico. Utilizaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: T1 – 100 % de água da rede de abastecimento (testemunha); T2 – 80 % de água da rede de abastecimento e 20 % de PATS; T3 – 60 % de água da rede de abastecimento e 40 % de PATS; T4 – 40 % de água da rede de abastecimento e 60 % de PATS; e, T5 – 20 % de água da rede de abastecimento e 80 % de PATS. Durante o período experimental, foram analisados, paralelamente as características químicas do solo e de produtividade da cultura, as características físico-químicas do percolado e da água da rede de abastecimento, e o desempenho das unidades de irrigação por gotejamento. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (T1, T2, T3, T4 e T5) e quatro repetições, e para a realização das análises estatísticas foi utilizado o programa computacional estatístico Sisvar 5.6. Os resultados indicaram que apenas a CE1:2,5, P, Fe e Zn sofreram efeitos significativos das distintas dosagens de PATS aplicadas em interação com o tempo de aplicação e em relação as duas profundidades analisadas. As concentrações de N, Ca, Mg, Fe e Cd diminuíram consideravelmente no decorrer do tempo de amostragem. Os valores de pH, CE1:2,5, N, P, Na, Ca, M.O., SB, CTC, t, V, PST, Mn, Zn e Pb diminuíram, ao longo do perfil do solo, e Fe aumentou. As concentrações de Cu, Ni e Cd foram praticamente constantes, as de K e Mg não apresentaram um padrão de variação, e os valores de Al3+, H+Al e m foram nulos. Já com relação à cultura, evidenciou-se que as variáveis AP, NF, DCaule, DCapítulo, Peso das sementes, P, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn e Pb apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os tratamentos aplicados. Analisando as alterações no desempenho de sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, causadas pela aplicação de percolado de aterros sanitários, constatou-se que houve entupimento parcial dos gotejadores, onde o fato da regulagem do tempo e volume de irrigação por meio de válvulas alterou a pressão de serviço, diminuindo a deposição de sedimentos e formação de biofilme no interior das linhas gotejadoras. O tratamento que apresentou melhor resultado com relação às características vegetativas, de produção e composição do tecido vegetal do girassol foi o tratamento T3 (necessidade hídrica da cultura com 60% de AA e 40% de PATS), e que, elevadas concentrações de PATS aplicadas no solo causam redução na sua qualidade e, consequentemente, diminuição na produção de biomassa dessa cultura e/ou elevadas concentrações no tecido vegetal / 2017-02-09