Gabriel García Márquez, in an interview with Plinio Apuleyo, described Cien Años de Soledad as a “poetical synthesis of the tropic”, which he accomplished by putting together “a few scattered elements, but united by a very subtle and real subjective coherence” (Apuleyo Mendoza, 1993, p. 17). Considering this idea, we could identify the two most important elements for the writer when conceiving the novel: first, the specific poetical language, which we could name as “style”, and second, that coherent subjective reality, which is reached, together with stylistic features, with elements of his local reality, some of which are referred to in this research as Realia. The poetical style of the novel is characterized by, among other stylistic features, the frequent use of a regional and familiar register, which contribute to build up its specific tone and atmosphere. The Realia refer to and describe a local reality at the same time that they participate in the configuration of the narrative world. Both elements, being language and culture specific respectively, could be problematic in a process of translation. Given the importance of these language features in the composition of the novel, the question about their interlingual transfer results relevant for the reception and interpretation of the novel in translation. How did translators achieve the transfer of such strong contextual-dependent elements? Could the readers of those translations experience the effect of nostalgia, familiarity and even intimacy as many of the Spanish version readers claim to feel each time they read the novel? My objective with this dissertation is to analyze stylistic issues and Realia used by Gabriel García Márquez in Cien Años de Soledad (1967) and their translation into French (1968) and English (1970). This analysis aims to determine the effect spectrum of the translation formulations in the recreation of the novel in both target languages (TLs). It is important to mention that even if this analysis is developed within some relevant issues of translation studies, its purpose is not to extensively discuss abstract translation theories. Additionally, being the focus linguistic constructions that could be problematic in a process of translation between the ST and the selected TTs, the selection of Realia and Style features follows this aim, leaving outside the analysis many other narrative elements of GGM’s fictional universe. Moreover, the analysis of style features is a mere observation and a hypothesis about the translations. I do not pretend to reduce the universe of style mechanisms used in the novel to the selected categories and annotations that I made in this thesis. These discussions, which exceed the borders of our proposal, are potential material for further research. How do we plan to achieve the objectives of our research? In a first moment, with a theoretical exploration of the key discussions and problematics about literary translation and about this specific novel. Later on, with the selection of examples of both Realia and Style features and their subsequent analysis as textual units using a comparative-descriptive model. And, additionally, by considering as causal conditions - following the causal model - the shifts, contrasts and modifications carried out by the formulations in both target texts as well as extra textual issues affecting the way the translators decided on these formulations. With the results of the comparative and causal analysis in hand, we are able to arrive at a characterization of the effect spectrum of the translation formulations in both translated texts.:CHAPTER I-Introduction CHAPTER II- The original is unfaithful to the translation: a theoretical approach on literary translation issues 1.Literary translation: a cultural and linguistic transfer 1.1. Issues of literary translation 1.1.1. Sense Vs. form or “les belles infidèles” 1.1.2. Source or target language orientation 1.1.3. Equivalence, adaptation, approximation 1.1.4. Untranslatability 1.2. Cultural- oriented approaches 1.2.1. Rewriting and manipulation 1.2.2. The restitution of meaning 1.2.3. Skopos or functional theory 1.2.4. The translator’s invisibility 1.2.5. Integrated approach on translation: linguistics, literature and culture 2. Narrative register in translation 2.1. Referential level: Realia 2.2. Textual level: Style 3. The literary translator: individuality and style 4. Cultural translation 4.1. Cultural translation: an overview 4.2. Cultural translation and interlingual translation 4.3. Cultural translation and the translation of Realia and style CHAPTER III- Hasta las cosas tangibles eran irreales: on magical realism and Cien Años de Soledad 1. Magical realism: The background of a term 2. Subverting the real: Magical realism and its neighboring genres 3. Magical realism’s style in Cien Años de Soledad 3.1. Local color and sense of absurdity 3.2. The ‘brick tone’ 4. Historical, social and literary contextualization of Cien Años de Soledad and its translations 4.1. The writer 4.2. The novel 4.2.1. Social, political and literary panorama during the sixties 4.2.2. The plot 4.2.3. Literary construction 4.2.4. Political dimension of CAS: between reality and realism 4.3. The translations: why focusing on the English and French version? 4.3.1. The English translation: socio-cultural context of TC1 and description of TT1 4.3.2. The French translation: socio-cultural context of TC2 and description of TT2 CHAPTER IV- Macondo era entonces una aldea de veinte casas de barro y cañabrava: Realia and the foundation of the fictional world 1. The definition of Realia 2. Categorization of Realia in the novel 3. Descriptive analysis: Realia in ST and in TTs 3.1. Natural environment: vegetation 3.2. Natural environment: animals 3.3. Natural environment: geography 3.4. Social interactions: social practices 3.5. Social interaction: oral traditions 3.6. Social interactions: Forms of address 3.7. Social interactions: Politics 3.8. Material heritage: Food 3.9. Material heritage: Tools 3.10. Material heritage: Constructions 3.11. Material heritage: Ritual objects 4. Formulation techniques for translating Realia in TTs 4.1. Formulation techniques 4.1.1. Elimination 4.1.2. Adapted formulation 4.1.3. General formulation 4.1.4. Descriptive formulation 4.1.5. Denotative formulation 4.1.6. Loan formulation 4.1.7. Inferred formulation 4.1.8. Textual functional formulation 4.1.9. Borrowing formulation 4.1.10. Combinations 4.1.11. Frequency of use 4.2. Orientation 4.3. Interferences 4.3.1. Literary interferences 4.3.2. Socio-Linguistic interferences 4.3.3. Semantic interferences 4.3.4. External interferences CHAPTER V- Las claves definitivas de Melquíades: Style and the fuzziness of reality 1. Hyperbolization- Outsized reality 1.1. Adjectivisation 1.2. Natural metaphors 1.3. Fixed locutions and statements 2. Orality effect- radio bemba 2.1. Swear words 2.2. Euphemisms 2.3. Irony 2.4. Colloquial lexical choices 2.5. Neologisms 3. Summary CHAPTER VI- Macondo era ya un pavoroso remolino de polvo y escombros : The effect spectrum of translation in the novel Cien Años de Soledad 1.Gregory Rabassa’s translation: fluent, standard, exoticizing 1.1. Formulation techniques and orientation in local unities 1.2. Influences, restrictions and priorities in Rabassa’s translation of Cien Años de Soledad 1.2.1. Influences: between the actual and the implied translator 1.2.2. Textual and extra textual restrictions 1.2.3. Rabassa’s translation decisions priorities 1.3. The effect spectrum of Rabassa’s translation 1.3.1. Fluency 1.3.2. Standard register 1.3.3. Exoticization: the foreign as magical 2. Claude and Carmen Durand’s translation: colloquial, foreignizing, functional 2.1. Formulation techniques and orientations in local units 2.2.Influences,restrictions and priorities in Durand’s translation 2.2.1. Influences: between the actual and the implied translator 2.2.2. Textual and extra textual restrictions 2.2.3. Priorities for the translation decisions 2.3. The effect spectrum of Durand’s translation 2.3.1. Colloquial register 2.3.2. Foreignising 2.3.3. Functional 3. Summary CHAPTER VII- Ya nadie podia saber a ciencia cierta dónde estaban los límites de la realidad: Final considerations 1. The borders of reality: magic and realism 2. Domestication, foreignization, exoticization 3. The translator’s voice in literary criticism 4. Summary and outlook BIBLIOGRAPHY

Los estudios sobre traducción se han enfocado desde sus inicios en la literatura. En el contexto de la literatura latinoamericana, la marginalidad cobró un papel importante en las producciones de Julio Ramón Ribeyro. La presente investigación pretende analizar la traducción de la representación de la marginalidad a través de la descripción de los personajes y escenarios. Análisis previos de La palabra del mudo han tratado la marginalidad de los personajes desde enfoques socioeconómicos y étnico-raciales. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo, planteamos un nuevo enfoque para el abordaje de esta temática, es decir, lo psicosocial. En este trabajo, se empleará una metodología cualitativa a través del análisis de contenidos y el análisis textual contrastivo. De esta manera, se elaborará un libro de códigos que servirá en la identificación de los elementos textuales en los que se evidencia la marginalidad y, a continuación, se realizará el análisis de las técnicas de traducción empleadas con el objetivo de identificar si existen cambios en la representación de la marginalidad en la lengua de destino. / Translation studies have focused on literature since their early days. In the context of Latinoamerican literature, marginality played an important role in Julio Ramón Ribeyro’s narrative production. This investigation aims to analyze the translation of marginality representation through the description of characters and settings. Previous analyses of La palabra del mudo have addressed marginality of the characters from socioeconomic and etno-racial approaches. For the purpose of this investigation, we propose a new approach to address marginality, the psychosocial approach. Therefore, a qualitative methodology will be applied using content analysis and contrastive-textual analysis. A codebook will be designed to identify the textual elements in which marginality is found, followed by an analysis of translation techniques applied in order to identify any changes in the representation of marginality in the target language. / Trabajo de investigación

The thesis analyzes the Czech translation of Korean novel The Vegetarian by Han Kang. First, the relevant theory of translation is presented, then the means of spoken Czech and Korean are analyzed. At the end of the theoretical part of the work, the researcher briefly deals with the issue of speech of characters in literature and mentions the specifics of literary translation with regard to aesthetic and pragmatic effects of the way speech acts were transformed to the target language. The practical part of the thesis consists of a comparative analysis of passages of the source and target text based on Pym's typology of translation solutions. Particular attention will be paid to passages of the characters' speech and the ways in which it was translated from Korean into Czech.

Existe cierto debate en cuanto a la función de la traducción de lenguas andinas. En vista a que las lenguas andinas han experimentado un largo proceso de colonización surge el supuesto de la subordinación lingüística por cuestiones de hegemonía. Este paradigma se manifiesta en diferentes escenarios sociales del mundo y en el Perú suscita, principalmente, en el entorno literario peruano que experimenta la participación de literatos quechua. La presente investigación pretende explorar los objetivos y mecanismos de los agentes del entorno literario andino a fin de analizar la función que ha tenido la traducción en la producción de literatura quechua. Por ello, se tendrá como referencia a los escritores vinculados al grupo editorial peruano Pakarina Ediciones, quienes suscitan un caso relevante en la literatura quechua debido a su amplia producción textual quechua bilingüe y la innovadora producción textual quechua monolingüe. Mediante entrevistas de tipo semiestructurada, la presente investigación analizará la actividad y perspectiva de los autores-traductores y el editor de Pakarina Ediciones con respecto al rol de la traducción en la literatura quechua del Perú. / There is a considerable debate about the translation of indigenous languages due to colonization history that has apparently prompted linguistical subordination. This possible subordination occurs in many social areas around the world, but in Peru, it could be mainly evident in Peruvian literature which deals with the active intervention of Quechua writers. This research will explore Peruvian Quechua writers’ objectives and strategies for analyzing the function of translation in Quechua literature. Particularly, this research will focus on agents of Pakarina Ediciones which is a Peruvian editorial that implies a relevant case due to the considerable bilingual Quechua literature and innovator monolingual Quechua literature. Through some semi-structured interviews, this study will analyze the activity and perspective of writers-translators and the editor of Pakarina Ediciones about translation function on Peruvian Quechua literature. / Trabajo de investigación

La traducción literaria es un complejo proceso que demanda un alto grado de competencia por parte del traductor. Uno de los más grandes retos a los que se enfrenta el traductor literario, aparte de los aspectos lingüísticos y culturales presentes en la obra, es el estilo del autor. Se conoce el especial cuidado que prestaba Jane Austen a su selección de palabras y a sus estrategias narrativas. En el caso de Lady Susan, existe muy poco análisis en cuanto a sus traducciones al español. El presente estudio pretende observar cómo los personajes de la obra caracterizan a los mismos a través de modificadores y predicativos en dos traducciones al español de la obra epistolar Lady Susan de Jane Austen. La metodología para analizar el corpus presenta un enfoque cualitativo y emplea un análisis textual contrastivo. / Literary translation is a complex process that demands a high degree of competence from the translator. One of the greatest challenges faced by the literary translator, apart from the linguistic and cultural aspects present in the work, is the style of the author. Jane Austen's special care for word selection and narrative strategies is well known. In the case of Lady Susan, there is very little analysis regarding the translations into Spanish. This study aims to observe how the characters in the book are characterized through modifiers and predicatives in two Spanish translations of Jane Austen's epistolary novel Lady Susan. The methodology for analyzing the corpus has a qualitative approach and uses a contrastive textual analysis. / Trabajo de investigación

This paper considers some of the questions posed by literary translations both from and into Swahili. While the questions a translator might address as she proceeds with each translation may be the same, their differing answers often highlight the translator’s different position towards, and history with, each target language, as well as her aesthetic and political commitments in each. The projects discussed are Mlenge Fanuel Mgendi’s comic short story Starehe gharama (Comfort is Expensive) about a young schoolboy’s misadventure on a daladala bus in Dar es Salaam and Tope Folarin’s Caine Prize shortlisted story Genesis (Mwanzo), in which two Nigerian boys living in the American Midwest witness their mother’s struggle with her new surroundings.

Existen diferentes propuestas sobre los métodos de traducción literaria, así como análisis de las tendencias de su uso. En el caso del crime fiction, que destaca por su manera de representar la violencia, se ha propuesto que las convenciones del género y las decisiones editoriales dictan el método a emplear. Sin embargo, este género se divide en distintos subgéneros con sus propias características. La presente investigación aborda la traducción al francés de la novela Un lugar llamado Oreja de perro (2008) para analizar la manera en que se traduce el discurso sobre la representación de la violencia colectiva contra la población campesina tras el Conflicto Armado Interno (2005-2006). En ese sentido, debido a que este discurso recurre a elementos estilísticos vinculados con contextos fuertemente arraigados a la cultura origen, las opciones de traducción se encuentran limitadas por las diferencias culturales. Mediante el análisis de contenido y el análisis textual contrastivo, se propone identificar los segmentos del texto origen que presentan los elementos que construyen el discurso sobre la representación de la violencia y, posteriormente, analizarlos en contraste con su traducción al francés a nivel comunicativo, pragmático y semiótico identificando las técnicas y métodos utilizados. / Several methods of literary translation, as well as tendencies in their use, have been proposed. In the case of crime fiction, which stands out for its representation of violence, it has been proposed that genre conventions and editorial decisions dictate the preferred method. Nevertheless, this genre comprises various subgenres with specific characteristics. This research approaches the French translation of Un lugar llamado Oreja de Perro (2008) in order to analyze how the discourse about the representation of collective violence against rural population after the Peruvian Internal Armed Conflict (2005-2006) is translated. In this regard, since this discourse relies on stylistic elements linked to contexts deeply rooted in the source culture, the translation options are limited by cultural differences. The study draws upon content analysis and contrastive analysis to identify the source segments where the elements constructing the discourse about violence representation are present, and to analyze them in contrast to their French translation on a communicative, pragmatic, and semiotic level, identifying the techniques and methods used. / Trabajo de investigación

La sangre de la aurora cuenta la historia de tres mujeres de la sociedad peruana durante el conflicto armado interno. La novela está dividida en fragmentos narrados por las protagonistas —Marcela, Melanie y Modesta— quienes conforman las voces narrativas. La representación de las mujeres se puede examinar desde la interseccionalidad por la manera en la que factores como clase social, etnia, sexualidad y género determinan la caracterización de cada personaje. Asimismo, la oralidad ficticia es un recurso lingüístico que permite expresar la identidad representada de las protagonistas. La aplicación de la interseccionalidad como perspectiva de investigación permite el análisis de las identidades construidas tanto para la cultura origen como la cultura meta desde múltiples ejes. El objetivo de esta investigación será analizar la representación de las mujeres en La sangre de la aurora (2013) y Blood of the Dawn (2016), la traducción al inglés, mediante las dimensiones de etnia, clase social, sexualidad y género en los rasgos orales de las voces de las protagonistas. Para ello, se asumirá el enfoque cualitativo y se realizará la investigación con el método de estudio de caso. Además, se utilizarán las técnicas de producción de datos de análisis de contenido y análisis contrastivo para examinar si se mantiene el sentido sobre la caracterización de las mujeres en la versión traducida. / La sangre de la aurora narrates the story of three Peruvian women during the internal armed conflict era. The novel is divided into fragments narrated by the main characters —Marcela, Melanie y Modesta— who are the narrative voices. The fictional representation of women in the novel could be analysed through an intersectional analysis because aspects involving social class, ethnicity, sexuality and gender affect the story of each character. Furthermore, the use of fictive orality as a linguistic resource works in the representation of identity in regards to the protagonists. Adopting intersectionality as an investigative perspective allows the analysis of constructed identities in the source culture and target culture from different categories. This study will aim to analyse the fictional representation of women in La sangre de la aurora (2013) and its English translation, Blood of the Dawn (2016), through the dimensions of social class, ethnicity, sexuality and gender expressed through fictive orality features in the protagonists’ voices. The study will assume a qualitative approach and use the case study method. Moreover, the content analysis and contrastive analysis will be used as the data production techniques. effect on the transfer of meaning in regards to the characterization of women in the English translation will be analysed. / Trabajo de investigación

С увеличением контактов на литературном и культурном уровнях между Китаем и другими странами, ростом интереса к китайскому языку и культуре, возникает потребность в выполнении качественных переводов художественного текста с китайского языка на другие языки. Однако из-за различий языков, менталитетов и национальных особенностей разных стран, прагматическая адаптация представляет собой особые трудности для достижения адекватности при переводе художественного перевода. Объектом нашего исследования служит прагматическая адаптация при переводе художественного текста. Предметом работы являются приемы и стратегии прагматической адаптации при передачи китайских реалий в переводе рассказа Мо Яня «Белая собака на качелях» с китайского на русский и английский языки. Данная дипломная работа состоит из введения, 2 глав, выводов по главам, заключения, списка литературы и приложения. Первая глава посвящена основной теории данного исследования, точнее, изложению теории известных лингвистов и ученых о прагматической адаптации, адекватности, художественном переводе и реалиям, выяснению понятия определения, классификации, приемов и стратегий прагматической адаптации. Во 2-ой главе мы изучаем приемы и стратегии прагматической адаптации для достижения адекватности при переводе китайских реалий в рассказе Мо Яня «Белая собака на качелях». Сначала мы исследуем авторское своеобразие данного рассказа. Затем мы анализируем разные приемы при переводе реалий в художественном тексте, и в конце сравниваем стратегии, пользуемые переводчиками. В заключении подводятся основные итоги работы. В приложениях представлены список ошибок в переводах и таблица сравнения китайско-англо-русского перевода китайских реалий. В общем, в работе конкретизируются понятия прагматической адаптации, адекватности и художественного перевода, и описываются прагматические приемы и стратегии при переводе реалий в художественном тексте, что предоставляет нам больше материалов для изучения прагматической адаптации и дает нам возможность вникать в китайскую литературу и культуру. / With the increasing contacts at the literary and cultural levels between China and other countries and with the growing interest in the Chinese language and culture, there is a need for quality translations of literary text from Chinese into other languages. Due to the differences in languages, mentalities and national characteristics of different countries, pragmatic translations of word-realities present special difficulties for literary translation. The object of study of this work is pragmatic adaptation in the translation. The subject of our study is the pragmatic techniques and strategies used in transmitting Chinese realities in the translation of Mo Yan’s story “The White Dog and the Swing”. The theoretical materials for our study were the story “White Dog and the Swing”, its translations in Russian and in English, linguistic works of translation theory, linguistic dictionaries and other articles related to our study. The work consists of introduction, 2 chapters, conclusions on chapters, conclusion, list of references and applications. The first chapter is devoted to the basic theory of this study, more precisely, the presentation of the theory of famous linguists about pragmatic adaptation, adequacy and literary translation, clarification of the concepts of definition and classification of pragmatic adaptation, adequacy of translation and the specifics of literary translation. In chapter 2, we study the techniques and strategies of pragmatic adaptation to achieve adequacy in translating Chinese realities in the story. First, we introduce the originality of the author of this story and the backgrounds of two translators. Then we define the concepts of realities and describe the classifications of Chinese realities in this story. Then we analyze rich translation examples in aspects of different realities, and in the end we compare the strategies used by translators. In conclusion, the main results of the work are summarized. The appendices present a summary of errors in the translations and a comparison table of the Chinese-English-Russian translation of Chinese realities. In general, the paper concretizes the concepts of pragmatic adaptation used by translators to achieve adequacy in translating Mo Yan’s story “The White Dog on a Swing”, and describes pragmatic techniques and strategies for conveying realities in literary translation, which gives us the opportunity to delve into Chinese literature and culture.

Исследование посвящено изучению сложностей, которые могут встретиться в детском художественного произведении, на примере повести Сары Пеннипакер «Clementine». Цель работы заключалась в том, чтобы перевести данное произведение и найти сопровождавшие процесс перевода трудности и способы их решения. Глава 1 посвящена теоретической базе исследования, в которой рассматриваются все основные определения, требуемые для данной работы, и выводится план комплексного анализа произведения. Глава 2 включает в себя детализацию процесса решения поставленных нами задач и получившиеся результаты. Наибольшую трудность представляет перевод лексических единиц с экспрессивной окраской, онимов, реалий, а также используемых в идиолекте главной героине приемов. / The thesis is dedicated to the study of difficulties which can be found in children fiction literature. The basis for the study is “Clementine” by Sara Pennypacker. The purpose of the work is to translate the book and define the difficulties of this process and the way of its solvation. Part 1 is dedicated to the theoretical basis of the survey where the main for the work terms are defined and a plan for a comprehensive analysis is described. Part 2 includes a detailed process of survey tasks solutions and results. The greatest difficulties are the translation of lexical units with expressive coloring, onyms, realia, as well as the devices used in the idiolect of the main character.