Acompanha: Da crueldade à duplicidade da alma humana: sequência expandida a partir de clássicos do terror / Segundo os documentos oficiais que norteiam as práticas pedagógicas na rede básica, o ensino da literatura deve ser significativo e potencializar o uso da leitura e da escrita, tornando a experiência literária, um aprendizado que possibilita a reflexão, a crítica e o crescimento intelectual, que resultam da experiência estética. Frente a este pressuposto, o presente trabalho objetiva ressaltar a importância da leitura de obras clássicas, destacando sua imprescindibilidade enquanto patrimônio cultural que deve integrar o repertório dos aprendizes; destacar a imortalidade das obras de Machado de Assis e Stevenson, bem como defender a importância de privilegiar a abordagem sincrônica do texto literário e não apenas a dimensão cronológica, a qual limita o texto a uma visão meramente historiográfica. Portanto, foi elaborada uma proposta didática para o segundo ano do Ensino Médio, a qual tem como textos-base o conto machadiano “A causa secreta” (1886) e o romance O médico e o monstro (1886), de Robert Louis Stevenson, clássicos do terror. Como embasamento teórico foram utilizados os conceitos de Rildo Cosson, o qual discute o ensino de literatura, a importância da seleção de textos e propõe duas sequências: a básica e a expandida; Italo Calvino, que defende a imortalidade das obras clássicas; Antonio Candido, que salienta o papel humanizador da literatura como direito inalienável e incompressível, como também, Leyla Perrone-Moisés, para a qual, o cânone constitui um bem inigualável, que deve ser oportunizado aos educandos, independente da classe social ou dos desafios que possam surgir. Como metodologia, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa-ação, de caráter qualitativo e bibliográfico. Por fim, as ações desenvolvidas mostram que o ensino de literatura deve abranger as obras clássicas e que a sequência expandida representa uma fecunda possibilidade para tornar o cânone uma realidade prática e não apenas uma recomendação que não se efetiva, de fato, nas aulas de Português. / According to the official documents that guide the pedagogical practices in the basic school system, the teaching of literature must be meaningful and enhance the use of reading and writing, making the literary experience a learning which enables reflection, critical and intellectual growth, that result from aesthetic experience. Given this assumption, the present study aims to highlight the importance of reading classical opus, showing its indispensability as a cultural heritage that must integrate the repertoire of learners; emphasize the immortality of Machado de Assis’s and Stevenson’s works, defending the importance to previlege the synchronic approach of the literary text and not only the chronological dimension, which limits the text to a merely historiographical vision. Therefore, a didactic proposal has been prepared for the second year of high school, which is based on Machado's tale The Secret Cause (1886) and the novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson, classics horror. As theoretical base the concepts of Rildo Cosson were used, which discuss the teaching of literature, the importance of selecting texts and his proposed sequences: the basic and the expanded; Italo Calvino, who defends the immortality of classical works; Antonio Candido, who emphasizes the humanizing role of literature as inalienable and incompressible rights, as well as Leyla Perrone-Moisés, for her, the canon is unparalleled well, what should be offered to students, regardless of social class or challenges that could arise in the reading route. As methodology, an action research of qualitative and bibliographical nature was developed. Finally, the taken actions show that the teaching of literature should cover the classics, and that the expanded sequence represents an opportunity to make the canon a practical reality and not just a recommendation that is not effective, in fact, in the Portuguese lessons.

Esta dissertação investiga a evolução do pensamento educacional, buscando aproximações com as rupturas paradigmáticas da ciência, para verificar como esses processos se intercruzam no ensino de Literatura. A pesquisa pauta-se na exploração bibliográfica. Os paradigmas da ciência e suas implicações no processo educativo fundamentam-se em referenciais teóricos de Aranha (2006), Behrens (1999), Bertalanffy (1973), Capra (1996), Moraes (2002), Morin (2000, 2002, 2004) e Santos (1988). No que se refere ao ensino Literatura, busca-se suporte teórico em Candido (2011), Coelho (1980,2000), Cosson (2006), Pinto (2014), Zilberman (1990, 2005) e Zinani e Santos (2002, 2004). A imersão teórica, de um lado, evidencia que o ensino de Literatura centrado no viés cronológico dos períodos literários, no uso do texto para transmissão de valores ou para o ensino da gramática da língua relaciona-se à concepção de ciência advinda do paradigma tradicional, dominante. De outro, práticas leitoras que concebem a literariedade dos textos, a atribuição de sentidos a partir das vivências do estudante e das condições oferecidas pelo professor mediador trazem as marcas do modelo científico emergente, do pensamento sistêmico na educação. O resgate temporal realizado sobre a presença da Literatura desde os primórdios da constituição da pátria brasileira e as ações necessárias para a escolarização do literário demonstram como o ensino de Literatura tem associação com o momento histórico vivido pela nação e com o padrão científico de pensamento adotado na época. A pesquisa sinaliza que o ensino de Literatura, pelo viés da religação dos saberes, pode ser o fio condutor para as mudanças que se fazem necessárias ao processo educativo contemporâneo e a orientação metodológica de Cosson (2006) para a promoção do letramento literário é uma possibilidade de ensino sob a perspectiva sistêmica. Através das relações estabelecidas entre a evolução do pensamento educacional e as rupturas paradigmáticas da ciência sugere-se que o ensino de Literatura seja orientado para a formação do leitor, centrado no processo de humanização, nas significações que o aluno constrói para suas leituras e nas interações estabelecidas com a realidade. A investigação também apresenta subsídios teóricos para o ensino de Literatura, no Ensino Médio, consoante com os pressupostos contemporâneos de educação e de ciência, a partir da perspectiva do letramento literário. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / This dissertation investigates the development of educational thinking, seeking approaches with the science’s paradigmatic ruptures, to verify how these processes intersect in teaching Literature. The research is based in the bibliographic exploration. The paradigms of science and its implications in the educational process are based in theoretical frameworks from Aranha (2006), Behrens (1999), Bertalanffy (1973), Capra (1996), Moraes (2002), Morin (2000, 2002, 2004) and Santos (1988). About the teaching of Literature the theoretical support is based in Candido (2011), Coelho (1980, 2000), Cosson (2006), Pinto (2014), Zilberman (1990, 2005) and Zinani and Santos (2002, 2004). The theoretical immersion, on one hand, shows that the Literature teaching centered in chronological base of literary periods, the use of text for transmission of values or the language of grammar teaching, it relates to the design of science arising from the traditional, dominant paradigm. On the other hand, reading practices that conceive literariness of texts, the significations from de students’ experiences and the conditions offered by the mediator teacher, it has the marks of emerging scientific model, the systemic thinking in education. The temporal redemption about the presence of Literature since the beginning of the constitution of the Brazilian nation and the necessary actions for the literary schooling demonstrate how the teaching of Literature is associated with the historical moment lived by the nation and the scientific thinking adopted at the time. The research indicates that the teaching of Literature, by reconnection of knowledge, may be the indicator of the changes that are necessary to the contemporary educational process and Cosson (2006) methodological guidance for the promotion of literary literacy is a possibility of teaching in the systemic perspective. Through the relationships established between the evolution of educational thinking and the science’s paradigmatic ruptures, it is suggested that the teaching of Literature is directed to the reader formation, centered on the humanization process, the significations that the student prepares for his readings and interactions established with reality. The research also provides theoretical support for the teaching of Literature, in High School, according to contemporary assumptions of education and science, from the perspective of literary literacy.

This research is based on the hypothesis that response-based approaches to teaching literature and an outcomes-based system of education (OBE) are conceptually incompatible. This thesis claims that reader response involves processes that cannot be accommodated pedagogically within a system based on pre-determined outcomes. Furthermore, the kind of assessment prescribed by OBE is inappropriate to the nature of reader response. The hypothesis is based on three main premises. The first is that each reader brings a highly individual and complex set of personal schemata to the reading of imaginative texts, and these schemata have a decisive influence on the nature of a reader’s response. This means that response during imaginative engagements with literary texts tends to be idiosyncratic, and therefore largely unpredictable. Because of this, it would be inappropriate for a teacher, working within an OBE system, to try to teach towards pre-selected outcomes and to attempt to ensure that these outcomes, based on responses to literary texts, are in fact achieved. The second premise is that readers’ imaginative engagements with literary texts are essentially hidden events, which even the individual reader cannot fully bring to the surface and articulate. Because they are complex, and to some extent inaccessible, it would be inappropriate to assess the processes of response in the form of tangible evidence that a particular kind of response has taken place, or an outcome achieved. The third premise is that responses need time to grow and develop and do not merely happen quickly and cleanly. Consequently, aesthetic response, already a complex and inaccessible process, has no clearly distinguishable beginnings or endings. It would therefore be inappropriate to try to pinpoint the exact nature and parameters of a particular response or fragment it into a discrete unit of competence or knowledge. A two-dimensional problem emerges. The first is a conceptual one: whether there is an inherent tension between encouraging response to imaginative literature on the one hand, and accepting the rationale for OBE, on the other. The second dimension of the problem is empirical: whether teachers of literature experience any tension of either a conceptual or a practical nature when following response based approaches within the OBE system of Curriculum 2005, and if so, what they do in order to cope. In exploring the conceptual problem, the argument of this thesis is supported by reception theory and reader response criticism. The former provides key theoretical principles and insights that illuminate the nature of aesthetic reading, while the latter describes and analyses the nature, extent and manifestations of response in educational contexts, underpinned by both reception theory and empirical research. Together they offer evidence that personal response is determined by a complex range of processes, and is the core activity in reading for aesthetic purposes. This thesis also examines the conceptual basis and the structure of OBE as interpreted in both Curriculum 2005 and the revised National Curriculum Statement. The purpose of this is to establish the extent to which the philosophy and modus operandi of these curricula are rooted in notions of competence, and the requirement that learners give tangible demonstrations of pre-determined outcomes being achieved. If it is found that the curricula do lean heavily on pre-determined outcomes in regard to competencies that must be demonstrated, it may be concluded that 1) reader response activities are incompatible with OBE in a South African context, and 2) the potential exists for such incompatibility to create obstacles to creative and effective literature teaching. This can lead to difficulties for the teacher, who will then have to adopt acceptable strategies to cope with the situation. These strategies may ultimately be to the detriment of the pupils, particularly if the teacher seeks a compromise between genuine response and the kinds of activities that would yield precise, palpable measures of attainment that can be easily demonstrated. Exploring the empirical dimension of the problem involves investigating the responses of both teachers and teacher trainers to the experience of promoting response-based literature teaching and learning in an OBE environment. In order firstly investigated whether the practitioners do encourage reading response as a core activity in reading for aesthetic purposes. The extent to which practitioners have a sound grasp of the conceptual issues relevant to this research is also investigated. Insight into such issues depends on teachers and teacher trainers understanding the nature of reader response, on the one hand, and the rationale and structures of the relevant OBE curricula, on the other. Whether, and to what extent, practitioners experience tensions through their awareness of conceptual incompatibilities is also investigated. It should be borne in mind that practitioners work in real contexts in which a variety of complex factors play a role in determining how they respond to pressures from the environment. It cannot therefore be expected that teachers and others involved in delivering the curriculum will be able to reflect on purely conceptual issues without being influenced to an extent by more practical or logistical considerations. However, this study argues that the extent to which they are able to identify the relevant factors that affect the conceptual underpinnings of their practice will determine the degree to which their responses support the argument of this thesis. Together, the empirical and the theoretical findings offer qualitative evidence that should illuminate the nature and extent of the problem.

This study applies Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory to the comprehension of figurative language in poetry. Students' understanding of metaphor as a linguistic category and comprehension of metaphorical texts are analysed in terms of the principle of relevance. Patterns of comprehension in English first language (Ll) and English second language (ESL) students' analyses of metaphorical texts are discussed and through an analysis of similarities and differences in these patterns of comprehension an attempt is made to develop a pedagogy around relevance theory. Relevance theory's particular emphasis on the role played by "context" in cognition is seen to have significance for the teaching of literature in South African universities. Relevance theory's account of cognition generates a range of educational principles which could be specifically applied to the teaching of metaphor. An appraisal of the strengths and difficulties students experience in expressing their understanding of metaphor in an academic context is included. This was done to further develop relevance theory into a pedagogical approach which takes into account the academic context in which writing occurs. The investigation of the particular difficulties that English metaphor poses for ESL students entailed acquiring a working knowledge of the ways in which metaphor is taught and assessed in DET schools. The interpretations of students of different linguistic, social and educational backgrounds reveal unifying elements that could be incorporated into a pedagogy based on relevance theory. Such a pedagogy would be appropriate to the multilingual/multicultural/multiracial nature of classes in South African universities and would be a more empowering approach to the teaching of English metaphor.

M.Ed. (Curriculum Studies) / The teaching and learning of Afrikaans is shrouded in controversy (1976, Rand Daily Mail, May 6, p.12). Some will ascribe all the tension, riots and demonstrations to this one factor, namely Afrikaans as a curriculum subject, or formerly Afrikaans as medium of instruction (World, 1976). An objective view of this whole issue is, however, essential in order to come to the real position of Afrikaans as a curriculum subject. In order to this, the problem must be outlined clearly and the parameters drawn. Also the problem should be analysed so that the factors underlying the problem become clear. Only in this manner can the real issues underlying the problem be addressed, that is factors militating against the effective and successful teaching and learning of Afrikaans as a school subject...

D.Ed. / The question which this study endeavours to address, is whether learning about the cultural and ethnic perspectives of other racial and ethnic groups would help learners to know more about and appreciate ethnic and cultural diversity. Furthermore, this study will explore whether relations amongst learners can be improved through looking critically at extractions of cultural and ethnic experiences of racial and ethnic groups in literary texts. In the spirit of goodwill and reconciliation that the South African leaders call upon, the question may be asked, what are the educational authorities doing towards promoting better inter-group relations?

M.A. (Applied Linguistics) / To account for the characteristic linguistic needs of second language students, psycholinguistic theories of second language acquisition are taken into account. Sociolinguistic factors such as possible future language policies regarding English in the South African context, and societal attitudes towards English are also considered. An overview of the more significant approaches and methods in second language teaching is followed by a brief survey of undergraduate ESL courses in South Africa and other third world countries ...

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"Response to literature" is an educational notion which generally refers to an oral or written reaction to a non-expository published work such as a short story or poem. This historical analysis investigates conceptions of response to literature in research with adults and college students. The dissertation problem derives from an apparent shift in emphasis from the text towards the reader in research on response to literature (Purves, 1985). The underlying assumption of this suggestion is that there are historically predominant research conceptions. This dissertation documents these ideas with adult and college readers' responses to literature. The procedure was first to establish foundation conceptions of "response" and "literature" from theoretical considerations of these terms. Next, studies derived from major bibliographies were examined in order to determine the general emphasis based on the research purpose, literary work, and response task. Predominant research conceptions of both "response" and "literature" were delineated by decades, from the first cited study in 1912. Results of the analysis concerned conceptions of both "literature" and "response". First, research conceptions of "literature" generally focused on print, rather than oral performance. In addition, there was a general research move from the use of meaningless syllables and fragments of poetry (1910-39); through the use of a diversity of genres such as newspaper articles, comprehension test items, and novels (1940-69); to a contemporary focus on short stories and poems (1970-89). Second, research conceptions of "response" supported the suggestion of a general shift from conceptions which focused on textual elements such as rhythm, sounds of language and literary merit (1920-39); through those which focused on aspects of the reader such as personality changes, preferences and developmental differences (1940-69) ; to those which emphasized elements of response itself such as process, stance, and context (1970-89). Possible reasons for the shifts in emphasis were explored in relation to general societal conditions and the changing image of the college student. From an educational perspective, the observed changes suggest a move towards empowerment of the learner in the classroom. This trend corresponds to the increasing pedagogical emphasis on holism and collaboration / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends in the teaching of literature in the upper elementary grades as outlined in articles in The Elementary English Review, volume VII to XVI, years 1930 to 1939, inclusive.