Living apart together (LATs) refers to individuals (couples) who are in intimate relationships and do not share the same household. Over the last two decades, LATs have become a new emerging family form in Western societies. Previous research on LATs is generally limited to small-scale surveys and qualitative studies. There are virtually no national studies on this topic using representative data. In this study, I document the incidence and trends of LATs, and provide a national profile of the individual-level characteristics that are associated with those who live in LAT relationships, as well as examine how people from a LAT union differ from those who are married, cohabiting or single. Data from the Canadian General Social Survey (Cycle 25), conducted by Statistics Canada in 2011 is used. The regression results show that LATs are not an alternative to co-residential relationships nor to singlehood. The rate of LATs is associated with age, presence of children, income, main activity, education, place of residence, religiosity and religious affiliation. The implications of these finding are discussed in the context of future families. / Graduate

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Taiwan has entered the aging era, after the post-war baby boomers, it is ready to enter the era of the old generation. In recent years, the official statistic has indicated that the proportions of ¡§parents living with their spouse¡¨ are decreasing. Does the statistic indicate that the acceptance of the old generations to live in the elderly residential or nursing home increased? To revaluate the problem, this study distinguished five kinds of living patterns for the old generations scaling with a quantitative life- style pattern, and distributes 392 valid questionnaires for Kaohsiung City's 40-year-old to 59-year-old middle-aged civil servants and teachers. Not only does the research shows the correlations between demographic variables and the preferences of residential patterns, but it also classifies civil servants and teachers of Kaohsiung into four categories¡G ¡§knowledge-LOHOS Group¡¨, ¡§conservative family group¡¨, ¡§easy-going group¡¨ and ¡§active independent group¡¨ . The results showed the accepted level for the five kinds of residential patterns for the old generations have increased; the most favorite and the most likely living type are ¡§living alone or only living with one¡¦s spouse¡¨ and ¡§with children in the same neighborhood¡¨, ¡§elderly residential¡¨ and ¡§live with their children¡¨ are in the second place, and last is the ¡§nursing homes¡¨. And by the independent samples T-test, one-way ANOVA and two variables correlation analysis showed that the preferences of five kinds of residential patterns have significantly related with the ¡§age¡¨, ¡§gender¡¨, ¡§educational level¡¨, ¡§total household monthly income¡¨ , etc. Besides, ¡§active independent group¡¨ is the most acceptable group to stay in elderly residential and nursing homes, but is unwilling to live in the same neighborhood. The ¡§knowledge-LOHOS Group¡¨ like living with their children in the same neighborhood than ¡§active independent group¡¨ do, and it is more likely for the group to live in the same neighborhood than ¡§conservative family group¡¨ do. Finally, this study proposes some recommendations to the operators of the elderly residential and nursing homes, for instance, when the proportion, ¡§with their children in the same neighborhood¡¨ and ¡§living alone or living with their spouse¡¨, have increased for the middle-aged people, it means that the government should have more active and effective strategies in facing the care network of general residential and community. In addition to regard the ¡§active independent group¡¨ as a target market, it also needs to take other groups¡¦ need into account.

This study examined factors that influenced loneliness among rural elders in China. Data were collected from the latest wave of Living and Employment of Population Survey in 2005 (provided by Renmin University, China). The sample of this survey consisted of 284 rural elders in China. T‐tests was used to examine the influence of gender, marital status, health, financial support, and living arrangements differences in loneliness perception among Chinese rural elders. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to understand the influences of age and socio‐economic status on loneliness among the rural elders. This study provided insights for a better understanding of individual, social, and familial factors that influenced subjective loneliness in later life. Findings from this study might contribute to policymaking decisions regarding improvements of psychological well‐being among older adults in China.

Quality of housing was examined in relation to living arrangement, race, socioeconomic status, age, gender, income, health, and renter-owner status. There appeared to be differences in housing quality for those of younger ages, females, and owners. White subjects occupied good quality housing while Blacks occupied fair quality housing. Proportion of income allocated to housing was examined by renter-owner status, race, gender and living arrangement. Renters allocated an average of 34 per cent compared to 17 per cent for owners. Females living alone occupied good quality housing, committed the highest proportion of income to housing, and one-third had incomes below the poverty threshold while two-thirds were near poverty. Subjects allocated more for utilities than others over sixty-five, nationally.

Abuse of painkiller drugs and non-medical use of drugs among young adults continues to be a public health crisis in the United States. Living arrangements and source of treatment referral were considered as the social context that could contribute to increased admissions to treatment for drug abuse. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between, independent living arrangement, the principal source of referral, and abuse of opioid, heroin, and cocaine. Steered by the conceptual framework of the biopsychosocial model, this study used the data from the 2015 Treatment Episode Data Set: Admissions managed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to test the hypotheses regarding a predictive relationship between independent living arrangement, the principal source of treatment referral, and admissions to treatment for abuse of opioid, heroin, and cocaine. The results showed a significant association between the source of treatment referrals and independent living arrangement, and the increased odds of admissions for prescription opioids use disorder, heroin use disorder, and cocaine use disorder among adults aged 18-34 living in the United States. The implication for positive social change included a need for a targeted treatment and other intervention programs for young adults' users with associated higher-risk treatment referral categories and exposed to neighborhoods factors and health-risk behaviors in reducing the crisis of drug abuse in the United States.

本論文首先介紹臺灣老人的居住安排基本概況。接著，以交換理論與家庭價值觀，分析居住安排的轉換。同時，從經濟因素與需要因素的推拉作用以及家庭價值觀與交換理論，分析老人「移與子女居」和「子女回居」。再接著，應用相同樣本探討年歲增長與居住安排的關係，分析一群老人從初老經過中老到老老三個階段的居住安排。最後，以人與環境一致模式、基本生活需求滿足假說，分析老人居住安排滿意與否的改變。 以往討論老人居住安排的轉換，大多以家庭價值觀解釋，強調感情因素，當老人有最大需要時，例如，健康惡化或從有偶變成無偶，更可能發生轉換為與子女同住。但現代化社會，經濟因素轉趨重要，可能需要以交換理論補強。因此，本論文使用我國行政院衛生署與密西根大學合作之「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」縱斷面調查資料，進行老人居住安排轉換的分析研究，觀察居住安排轉換行為，以檢視這兩種觀點對於居住安排轉換的解釋力。又，以往的相關研究大多以靜態變數為解釋變數，本論文貢獻主要在於以動態的變數－相關變數前後期的變化－為解釋變數，檢視其對老人居住安排轉換的影響。結果發現：以家庭價值觀或以交換理論解釋老人居住安排的轉換，都獲得部分支持；但沒有足夠的證據支持健康惡化或從有偶變無偶是影響老人轉換為與子女同住的關鍵因素；相反地，與交換理論相關的重大經濟決策權的改變變得比較重要，造成更可能發生轉換為不與子女同住或與子女同住。隱含著家庭價值觀對老人居住安排轉換的影響逐漸式微，而交換理論的影響力則越來越強，可彌補以家庭價值觀解釋之不足。 本論文亦使用縱斷面調查資料，以相關變數前後期的變化為解釋變數，檢視臺灣老人從不與子女同住變成「移與子女居」及「子女回居」的影響因素。結果隱含老人正向經濟因素的轉變更可能發生「子女回居」，需要因素及負向經濟因素的轉變則更可能發生「移與子女居」，而且沒有證據足認健康狀況轉差是影響轉換為與子女同住的關鍵因素。 有別於以往許多老人居住安排的文獻常將65歲以上的人當作一個群體，或有的橫斷面研究使用不同樣本，抑或即使以縱斷面研究亦使用不同樣本，進行老化研究，本論文利用相同樣本縱斷面研究分析老年人在初老、中老、老老階段的居住安排，回答「隨著年齡的增長，老人與子女共住的比例是呈U型或直線下降的關係？」、「老化對居住安排有何影響？」的問題。研究結果顯示隨著年齡的增長，老人與子女共住的比例呈直線下降。本論文發現一些因素在某階段有顯著影響，而在其他階段未發現有顯著影響，此即與老化有關；除此，對三個階段的居住安排均發生顯著影響的因素，其影響程度亦隨著年齡的增長而有不同，均為預測老人各階段居住安排決定的良好指標。 本論文為檢視究竟何因素影響老人居住安排滿意與否之改變，使用縱斷面調查資料，應用人與環境一致和基本生活需求滿足之理論基礎，以動態的變數－相關變數前後期的改變－為解釋變數，檢視其影響。結果發現：以人與環境一致或基本生活需求滿足，解釋居住安排滿意與否之改變，都獲得部分支持，同時，「愛屋及烏」假說亦獲得支持。顯示居住安排滿意與否之改變，主要歸因於環境與個體間之一致及合適與否。 總結而言，老人隨著年歲增長，居住安排從滿意變為不滿意者的比例增加，健康狀況亦呈直線下降，但不與子女同住的比例遞增，與子女同住的居住安排則呈直線下降，許多影響因素已顯示老人由家庭照護的傳統價值日漸式微。無論老人採行何種居住安排，理應以提高居住安排滿意度，提昇老人福祉為依歸。此際，除了由政府提出有效對策以為改善之外，老人宜自求多福，例如，改善居住環境、移居良好醫療環境，家庭重大決策放手由子女承擔，多多參與社交性或拜訪親友、鄰居的活動，快樂邁向成功老化。 / This dissertation, firstly, introduces the basic overview of living arrangements of the elderly in Taiwan. Then, it analyzes the transitions in living arrangements among elderly of family values and exchange theory, meanwhile, it also analyzes “moving to be with children” and “returning to the nest” from needs factors and economic factors as well as family values and exchange theory. Then, it uses a panel study to examine the living arrangements of young-old, old-old, and oldest-old. Finally, it applies a theoretical basis of person-environment congruence and basic-needs content to analyze the changes in satisfaction with living arrangements of the elderly. The value placed on family was often used to explain the influence on living arrangements transitions in previous literature. Yet economic factors have become important in modern society, therefore we need to use exchange theory to strengthen the explanation on transitions. This dissertation, therefore, attempts to compare these two explanations through analyzing transitions, and to examine the effects of these two viewpoints on transitions. Using a longitudinal data source, the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, produced by the Department of Health (Taiwan) and the University of Michigan, a binomial logit model is used to observe the behavior of transitions. The contribution of this dissertation mainly lies in taking the dynamic variables, the changes of related variables between baseline and follow-up, as independent variables to examine the influence on the transitions. Empirical results show that both family value and exchange theory cause the living arrangements transitions, but lack evidence to prove that a senior’s health deterioration or the loss of a spouse was the major determinant of the transition to live with children. Contrarily, transitions of living arrangements are more likely to occur when a senior changes her/his role as the economic decision-maker into the non economic decision-maker of the household or vice versa. That implies the influence of family values on transitions is decreasing, and the influence of exchange theory is increasing. This dissertation also uses a longitudinal data source and takes the changes of related variables between baseline and follow-up as independent variables to examine what factors are associated with “moving to be with children” and “returning to the nest” among those living apart from children at baseline of Taiwanese seniors. Empirical results imply that “returning to the nest” is more likely to occur when a senior’s positive economic factors are changed; while “moving to be with children” is more likely to occur when a senior’s needs factors and negative economic factors are changed, and lacking evidence to prove that health deterioration was the major determinant of the transition to live with children. Most previous research on elderly living arrangements examined all people aged 65 and over as a whole. Some cross-sectional studies on aging employed different samples, as did some longitudinal studies. This dissertation examines the living arrangements of young-old, old-old, and oldest-old in Taiwan. A panel study was used to answer the following questions: Is the proportion of coresidence with increased age U-shaped or decreased linearly? What influence does aging have on living arrangements? Analytical results show that the proportion of coresidence decreased linearly among the same samples for the young-old, old-old, and oldest-old. Empirical results show that some factors were significant at some stages, while not significant at other stages, that is, they were affected by aging. Additionally, some factors related to living arrangements for all three age groups, and their effects differed with increased age. All of them are good indicators in predicting the determinants of elderly living arrangements for the three groups. This dissertation also uses a longitudinal data source, applies a theoretical basis of person-environment congruence and basic-needs content, and takes the dynamic variables, the changes in related variables between the baseline and follow-up, as independent variables to examine the determinants of changes in satisfaction with living arrangements of the elderly. Empirical results indicate that both person-environment congruence and basic-needs content partially cause changes in satisfaction with living arrangements, and the “love me, love my dog” hypothesis is also fulfilled. This dissertation suggests that changes in satisfaction with living arrangements are mainly attributed to the congruence or fit between the environment and the individual. Summarily, the proportion of dissatisfaction with living arrangements increases as age increases, the condition of health worsened linearly and the proportion of living with children is decreased with increased age, many factors have been implied the influence of traditional values on family care is decreasing. No matter what kind of living arrangement the elderly adopted, they should improve the living arrangement satisfaction, and enhance the welfare. At this time, beyond the improvements through effective measures of the government, the elderly should fend for themselves by improving the living environment, moving to a good medical environment, transferring the power of decision-making to children, and more involving in sociability or visiting relatives, friends and neighbors. And then they achieve successful aging happily.

國立政治大學社會學系八十七學年度第一學期碩士論文摘要 研究生：黃秀玲 撰 指導教授：林佳瑩博士 論文名稱：銀髮小家庭居型態之比較研究 基於研究主題，本研究把不與子女同住的「獨居」或「夫妻同住」之老人的家庭歸納為「銀髮小家庭」，乃以高雄縣內60歲以上銀髮小家庭老人164人（居住家中不與子女同住83人、居住高縣老人公寓81人為樣本）為樣本，探討銀髮小家庭老人對居住需求的考量、比較不同居住型態（居住在自己家中、居住在老人公寓）對銀髮小家庭老人生活滿意度是否有差異存在。 整體而言，銀髮小家庭老人的共同特點是：多數老人主觀認為晚年的生活該由「自己」來負責任，且這群銀髮小家庭老人的教育程度跟一般非銀髮小家庭老人相比明顯很高，而退休前的職業也多是以軍公教人員為多，故老人們退休後也有穩定的經濟來源---退休金終身俸，或是由兒子供養為主。而比較不同的是我們可以由分析中發現：在「婚姻狀況」方面有明顯分佈上的差異，公寓中的老人婚姻狀態最多為喪偶，佔了半數以上；而居住在社區中的老人卻半數以上多為已婚與配偶同住。 銀髮小家庭老人居住需求前十名依序為：「尊嚴自主的生活」、「無障礙生活空間」、「附近有公園」、「專門的空間設計」、「交通方便」、「24小時緊急送醫」、「親情圍繞」、「訪視巡邏」、「親友聯絡」、「專人三餐服務」、「拓展人際關係」。可見對銀髮小家庭老人而言，有一個舒適、安全的生活空間對他們而言是很重要的考量項目，且居住的地點最好還是能兼顧與子女親友的聯繫，讓老人的情感支持不至於因獨居或夫妻同住而減少；加上若有專人幫忙老人準備三餐，對銀髮小家庭老人來說是一項很貼心的福利服務。經過整個研究的結果，我們可以發現居住在老人公寓的老人其整體生活滿意度、實際居住滿意度均不會比社區不與子女同住老人的結果來的遜色，甚至還比社區不與子女同住老人的反應還要好。這一方面是因為居住在老人公寓的老人一般而言教育程度較高、職業以公務員、軍警人員、教職人員為多，這些公務員體系的老人一直都有穩定的退休制度可以保障他們的晚年生活，再加上他們提早規畫老年生涯、且對子女的觀念能夠隨著社會的變遷做適度的調整，使得他們在面對老年這項事實時能以較開朗的態度來生活，並積極參與社會活動，主動運用社會資源、多方面吸收新知、發展興趣，依舊過的坦然自在。 目 錄 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究緣起……………………………………………………1 第二節 問題陳述……………………………………………………2 第三節 研究目的……………………………………………………4 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 台灣老人居住安排的變遷…………………….……………6 第二節 老人居住型態………………………………………..…..11 第三節 老人公寓………..………………….………………..….15 第四節 老人生活需求面面觀……………………………………..19 第三章 研究設計 第一節 研究架構…………….…………………………………..25 第二節 研究假設………………………………………………….26 第三節 操作性定義…………………………………………….…27 第四節 研究樣本………………………………………………….28 第五節 問卷設計………………………………………………….30 第六節 資料蒐集與分析方法……………………………………..32 第四章 受訪老人資料基本變項分析 ………………………..33 第五章 影響老人居住需求之相關因素分析 第一節 銀髮小家庭老人對居住需求考量的優先順序………………….41 第二節 銀髮小家庭老人個人基本特性對居住需求之分析…………….44 第三節 居住需求對居住型態之相關分析………………………………46 第六章 居住型態之分析 第一節 居住型態對個人基本特性之交叉分析……………………….48 第二節 銀髮小家庭居住滿意情形變項分析………………………….53 第三節 居住型態與居住需求各項滿意之相關分析………………….57 第四節 居住型態對整體生活滿意、經濟情況滿意、居住需求滿意之比較分析……………………………………..…………………60 第七章 結論與建議 第一節 結論………………………………………………………….63 第二節 建議………………………………………………………….70 附表 表1-6 ………………………………………………………………….76 附錄一 參考書目 中文書目…………………..…………………………………………….84 英文書目………………………………..……………………………….90 附錄二 問卷……………………………….…………………..93 表 目 錄 表1 台灣地區及美國65歲以上兩性人口之居住型態……………………………14 表2 受訪老人居住需求依平均分數排行……………………….……………….42 表3 銀髮小家庭老人個人基本特性對居住需求之單因子變異數分析………….45 表4 居住需求與居住型態之相關分析…………………………………………..47 表5 老人個人基本特性對居住型態、居住安排方式的卡方分析……………….51 表6 老人公寓老人與社區老人實際居住需求滿意程度的平均分數比較……….54 表7 老人公寓老人、社區不與子女同住老人之居住需求滿意度前十名比較…..56 表8 居住型態與居住滿意需求各項之相關分析…………………………………59 表9 居住型態對整體生活滿意度、經濟情況、子女、親友來往頻率之單因子 變異數分析…….………………………………………………………….61 表10 居住型態對心理社會適應、社會參與、專業諮詢與服務、設備環境需求 滿意之單因子變異數分析…………………………………………………61 表11 居住型態對居住需求、居住需求滿意之單因子變異數分析……………….61 圖 目 錄 圖1 受訪老人之居住安排方式比較長條圖…………………………………….34 圖2 受訪老人之性別比較長條圖………………………………………………34 圖3 受訪老人之籍貫比較長條圖………………………………………………34 圖4 受訪老人之教育程度比較長條圖………………………………………….34 圖5 受訪老人之宗教信仰比較長條圖………………………………………….34 圖6 受訪老人之婚姻狀況比較長條圖…………………………………..…….35 圖7 受訪老人之子女來往頻率比較長條圖…………………………………….35 圖8 受訪老人之親友來往頻率比較長條圖…………………………………….35 圖9 受訪老人之主要經濟來源比較長條圖…………………………………….36 圖10 受訪老人之一個月生活花費比較長條圖………………………………….36 圖11 受訪老人之生活費夠不夠用比較長條圖………………………………….37 圖12 受訪老人之經濟狀況比較長條圖………………………………………….37 圖13 受訪老人之健康狀況比較長條圖……..………………………………….38 圖14 受訪老人之主觀認為晚年該由誰負責比較長條圖…….………………..38 圖15 受訪老人之理想居住安排方式比較長條圖……………………………….38 圖16 受訪老人之整體生活滿意度比較長條圖………………………………….38 圖17 老人公寓老人得知老人公寓這項訊息之管道長條圖…………………….39 附 表 附表1 老人公寓老人個人基本特性資料次數分配表………………………………76 附表2 社區老人個人基本特性資料次數分配表…..………………………………78 附表3 老人公寓老人在選擇居住型態時的需求次數分配表…….…………………80 附表4 社區老人在選擇居住型態時的需求次數分配表……………………………81 附表5 老人公寓老人實際居住需求滿意次數分配表………………………………82 附表6 社區老人實際居住需求滿意次數分配表…………………………..………83 / Abstract This study explores housing and living arrangements of independent living elders and the differences in life satisfaction among citizens of independent living arrangements. The samples include 83 elderly people (over 60 years old) living in their own house and 81 elderly people (over 60 years old) living in congregate housing in Kaohsiung. The research result shows that independent living elders in congregate housing are higher level of life satisfaction than in their own house. According to overall statistics , the differences between elderly people living in their own house and elderly people living in congregate housing are the status of higher education and steadier income ( because most of them are soldiers or public servants ). Past researches always focus on community care needs of the disabled elderly , and I hope that after my study the authorities concerned can lay emphasis on the housing of all independent living elders in the future.

Comme dans la plupart des pays francophones d’Afrique Subsaharienne, la question du vieillissement ou la situation des personnes âgées ne sont pas encore d’actualité au Niger, principalement à cause de la jeunesse de sa population d’une part et d’un intérêt plus porté sur les enfants, les adolescents et les mères d’autre part. Pourtant le Niger fait face à une crise économique sans précédent qui peut avoir des conséquences néfastes sur les conditions de vie des personnes âgées. D’un côté, selon la coutume, la personne âgée (généralement grand parent) s’occupe principalement des petits enfants (orphelins ou non) qui lui sont confiés par leurs parents vivant dans la même localité ou ailleurs, ou qui sont décédés. De l’autre, l’absence d’un jeune adulte dans un ménage où vit au moins une personne âgée est considérée comme un phénomène social préoccupant dans les pays à forte prévalence de VIH/SIDA. Le Niger fait partie des pays où la proportion des personnes âgées vivant avec des petits enfants en l’absence de leurs parents adultes est la plus élevée. Cependant, malgré une forte mortalité adulte, l’absence de données fiables ne permet pas de le classer parmi les pays à forte mortalité adulte due au VIH/SIDA. La raison de cette situation est donc à chercher dans les différences individuelles et communautaires. Jusqu’au début des années 1990, la plupart des études sur les personnes âgées réalisées en Afrique Subsaharienne étaient basées sur les études qualitatives, tandis que les plus récentes sont faites à partir des données des recensements ou enquêtes sociodémoraphiques et économiques. Les conditions de vie des personnes âgées et les conséquences de la pauvreté et du VIH/SIDA sur celles-ci sont les principaux thèmes jusque-là couverts à l’aide des données existantes. Mais, il manque encore de données longitudinales essentielles à l’analyse de certains aspects du cycle de vie des personnes âgées. L’étude n’étant pas sociologique, c’est à l’aide de données démographiques quantitatives, plus précisément le recensement général de la population, que nous tenterons d’expliquer le phénomène sur une base exploratoire. L’analyse au niveau individuel a été faite à l’aide de la régression logistique sous STATA, tandis qu’au niveau contextuel, nous avons utilisé l’analyse multiniveau à l’aide du logiciel HLM (version 6.0). Les résultats indiquent que la vie en l’absence d’un jeune adulte et dans un ménage à génération coupée dépendent principalement du statut sociodémographique de la personne âgée au Niger. Par exemple, il ressort que le mariage avantage l’homme âgé, tandis que le veuvage l’isole plus que la femme âgée. Au niveau contextuel, ce sont les facteurs socioéconomiques qui influencent les conditions de vie des personnes âgées. L’étude montre, en effet, que le degré d’urbanisation d’une commune augmente le risque d’isolement d’une personne âgée qui y réside, alors que le niveau de pauvreté le réduit. Toutefois, nos résultats sont à prendre avec prudence parce qu’en premier lieu il n’existe pas d’études références sur le sujet tant au Niger que dans la sous-région d’Afrique francophone sahélienne. Ensuite, parce que le phénomène étudié pourrait être mesuré de plusieurs manières en fonction du contexte et des données disponibles, et que l’analyse approfondie des effets du statut matrimonial nécessiterait une plus grande connaissance du phénomène chez les personnes âgées. Enfin, compte tenu de la faible prévalence du VIH/SIDA au Niger, les principaux facteurs explicatifs de la vie dans un ménage à génération coupée (aussi bien pour les personnes âgées que pour les enfants) pourraient être le confiage des enfants ou la mortalité adulte due aux autres causes telles que le paludisme, la tuberculose et les maladies infectieuses. Toutefois, l’absence d’informations relatives à ces aspects dans les données utilisées n’a pas permis de les intégrer dans notre étude. Ainsi, compte tenu de la difficulté d’appréhender les contours du phénomène, les futurs programmes en faveur des personnes âgées au Niger et en Afrique Subsaharienne francophone doivent se baser sur des études concrètes relatives aux dimensions sociale et économique du phénomène. Mots clés : Niger - personnes âgées - conditions de vie - mode de vie - cohabitation intergénérationnelle - études comparatives - absence d’un jeune adulte - ménage à génération coupée - Afrique. / Niger, like many other countries in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, has a young population and the living arrangements of older people are not high on the list of priority issues for politicians and researchers. However, Niger is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the ongoing economic crisis there can have adverse impacts on the welfare and alter the living arrangements of both old and young people. In many African societies like Niger, grandparents traditionally take care of grandchildren, and older people living in households with no younger adult present is not an unusual situation. At present, the living arrangements of the older population and orphans has attracted considerable attention especially in high HIV/AIDS prevalence countries where many younger adults have died. While HIV/AIDS is not yet a major problem in Niger, the proportion of older people who live with grandchildren in the absence of the middle generation (called the “skipped generation”) is nonetheless high – roughly the same level as that observed in some high HIV/AIDS prevalence countries in Africa. Many studies on older people in Sub-Saharan Africa were done in the 1990s, using qualitative approaches or cross-sectional survey data (appropriate longitudinal data generally lacking in Africa). The main topics examined by these studies have tended to be the living arrangements of older people in high HIV/AIDS contexts, and the poverty consequences of those living arrangements. In this study, we use quantitative data to examine the living arrangements of older people in Niger, focusing both on individual and contextual covariates. Census data provide our main source of data, and the large number of observations available allows us to examine a relatively large number of covariates and situations. Logistic regressions estimated with STATA are used to study individual determinants, and HLM (6.0 version) software is used for the multilevel (contextual) analysis. With respect to the determinants of living with no (younger) adult or in a skipped generation household, the results show that socio-demographic status of older people is the most important variable for explaining the large sex differences in living arrangements. Interestingly, married women are more likely to live in such a household, while after the death of a spouse, men instead appear to be disadvantaged. At the contextual level, the results show that the socioeconomic characteristics are the most important factors. Specifically, the risk of living without a younger adult or in a skipped generation household is explained is larger in more urban areas, and smaller in communities that are relatively more impoverished. Insofar as this is the first study to examine the issue in this part of Africa – the Francophone Sahel – no comparative results from nearby countries exist and the generality of our findings have yet to be confirmed. The living arrangements of older people can be measured in various ways, differing by context and availability of data, and a more detailed analysis, for example, of the effects of marital status requires a deep understanding of marriage among older people in the Nigeran context. Given the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Niger, the likely causes of the high prevalence of households in which older people live without the presence of a younger adult or in a skipped generation are high levels of adult mortality from other causes and child fostering practices. Unfortunately, information on these factors is largely missing from our data, making it impossible to directly examine their importance. Finally, given the difficulties of studying these issues with existing data, evidence-based policy and programs targeting the elderly must pay more attention to social and economic dimensions, often requiring the fielding of surveys targeting the elderly. Key words: Niger - Older people - living arrangements of older people – intergenerational living arrangement - comparative studies-living with no adult - skipped generation- Africa.