Bakgrund: Det är långa avstånd i Västerbottens inland och 11 av 14 ambulansstationer har genomsnittliga transportsträckor som överstiger 90 km per uppdrag. De avstånd som förekommer i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd innebär långa framkörningstider till patienten och längre tid innan ankomst till närmsta vårdenhet eller sjukhus, än i tätort eller storstäder. Tidigare studier har visat att det var bättre med “ scoop and run” än “stay and play” om transporttiderna till närmsta akutsjukhus var korta. När det däremot var långa transporttider eller om det prehospitala arbetet utspelade sig i glesbygd och i tätortsnära landsbygd, fanns det behov av mer avancerad teknik i ambulansen och att de medicinska behandlingarna påbörjades. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa ambulanssjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att arbeta inom ambulanssjukvården i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd. Metod: Studien bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer, med 7 ambulanssjuksköterskor som hade erfarenhet av ambulanssjukvård i minst 2 år i Västerbotten, södra Lappland, som analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 2 huvudkategorier; Ett stort ansvar och Resurser –en tillgång. Att arbeta i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd var ett utmanande och kravfyllt arbete. Hjälp från övriga resurser som andra ambulanser och ambulanshelikopter fanns att tillgå, men många gånger var dessa resurser bristfälliga på grund av de långa avstånden och väderförhållanden. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis förefaller ambulanssjukvården i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd som ett kravfyllt jobb med ett utökat ansvar. Emellanåt krävdes mycket planering kring patienten vad gällde logistik och samordning. Trots detta upplevdes arbetssituationen som tillfredställande och utvecklande. Med denna studie ses dock att det kan finnas anledning att forska vidare för att belysa eventuella skillnader att arbeta i storstad och glesbygd. En utveckling av den tekniska utrustningen vad gäller visuell teknik inom ambulanssjukvården kan också ses som behövligt. Ett förbättrat samarbete och fördjupning i ambulanssjukvård i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd, tillsammans med glesbygdsmedicinskt centrum som finns i primärvården i Västerbotten och mellan jourläkare och läkare med högre medicinsk kompetens, skulle kunna leda till ytterligare kvalificerade bedömningar och adekvata åtgärder på ett ännu tidigare stadium. / Background: Västerbottens interior and 11 of the 14 ambulance stations have average distances exceeding 90 km per mission. The distance that exists in rural areas and in near-urban rural areas means long run-up times for the patients and even longer time before arrival to the nearest health care unit or hospital. There are long distances, especially in the Earlier studies has shown that it`s better with the "scoop and run" than "stay and play" when the journey time to the nearest emergency hospital was short. However, when it was long transport times or if the prehospital work took place in rural areas and in near-urban rural areas, there was a need for more advanced technology in the ambulance and that the medical treatment will be started. Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe ambulance nurses experiences of working in the ambulance service in rural and near-urban rural areas. Method: Seven registered nurses with experience of having worked in the ambulance for at least 2 years in Västerbotten in south Lapland were interviewed by qualitative research. The transcript was analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in 2 categories; A great responsibility and Resources- an asset. Working in rural and near-urban rural areas was a challenging job with a lot of solitary work. Help from other resources as other ambulances and ambulance helicopters were available, but many times were these resources inadequate because of the long distances and weather conditions. Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems that the ambulance service in rural and near-urban rural areas was a requirement filled job with great responsibility and occasionally a lot of planning around patient, concerning the logistics and coordination. Despite this perceived was working at a satisfactory level and fulfilling. However, the result of this study shows that there might be reason to dig deeper to develop investigate further in order to highlight any differences to work in big cities and rural areas. A development of the technical equipment in terms of visual technology for the ambulance service can also may need to be procured. Improved cooperation and specialization in emergency medical services in rural and near-urban rural areas, together with the rural medical center, in the primary care, Västerbotten, and between emergency physicians and physicians with higher medical expertise, could lead to more qualified assessments and appropriate action at an even earlier stage

Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Limited data exists on a transition process of minimalist shoe running, warranting longitudinally designed studies. The primary aim of this study was thus to determine whether lower limb kinematics can be adapted, whether vertical average loading rate (VALR) can be attenuated, and whether lower limb joint moments can be altered by either novice or short-term (seven-week) minimalist shoe training. Ten experimental (EXP) habitually shod male endurance runners (age 24.10 ± 1.74; weekly training mileage 29.36 ± 8.51 km; BMI: 22.83 ± 8.55 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in a seven-week minimalist shoe transition programme. Eleven age and training matched control participants (CONT) (age 24.00 ± 2.18; weekly training mileage 24.90 ± 3.30 km; BMI: 23.78 ± 6.12) continued to run in their usual running shoes during the intervention period. All participants were provided with a pair of Vibram Fivefingers ® (VF). The VF intervention started at ~ 11% to 22% and ended at ~ 52% to 132% of the participants‘ usual shod training distance, determined by subjective lower limb comfort ratings. Lower limb biomechanics for barefoot: BF, minimalist: VF, and shod: SH were recorded with an eight-camera Vicon ® motion capture system, synchronized with a Bertec ® force plate, both prior to and after the transition programme. Twelve running trials at self-selected speeds were recorded bilaterally for each shoe condition. An inverse dynamic approach was used to calculate lower extremity joint moments. Primary parameters of interest were kinematic: step frequency (steps/min), step length (m), footstrike angles (FSA, degrees), strike index (SI,%); average vertical loading rate (VALR, BW/S) and sagittal and frontal plane peak joint moments (Nm/kg.m) of the ankle, knee and hip. At pre-testing, the results showed that for VALR, VF running was significantly higher than SH running but significantly lower than BF running (P < 0.05). Statistically significant shorter step lengths, higher step frequencies, greater plantar-flexion FSA, higher strike index, greater knee flexion FSA, and greater ankle inversion FSA were seen in BF and VF conditions compared to SH (P < 0.05). Statistically higher plantarflexion moment peak (PFM) while lower ankle dorsiflexion moment peak (DFM) and knee abduction moment peak (KAM) was found while BF and VF than SH running. The only statistically significant effect of the VF training intervention on kinematics was that of higher step frequency for the SH condition (P < 0.05), and greater inversion FSA in the BF condition. A trend was seen for the EXP group to increase VALR (P > 0.05). Ankle PFM peak significantly increased, while knee extensor moment peak (KEM) peak significantly decreased for the EXP group only (P < 0.05). Contrary to the initial hypothesis, novice or short-term VF training did not result in significantly attenuated VALR. However, alterations in joint moments suggest a shift in the distribution of external loads due to the VF training. Insufficient kinematic adaptation with VF training could be attributed to inability to sense higher VALR or due to greater perceived ratings of calf-Achilles discomfort, and may indicate that more than seven-weeks are required to transition and adapt to VF running. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beperkte data is beskikbaar oor die oorgangs fase van hardloop met minimalistiese skoene, langtermyn studies is dus nodig. Die primêre doel van die studie is om te bepaal of gemiddelde vertikale ladingstempo (VALR) verminder kan word en onderste-ledemaat gewrigsmomente aangepas kan word deur ‗n korttermyn oefenprogram in minimalistiese skoene. Tien experimentaal (EXP) manlike uithouvermoë hardlopers (ouderdom 24.10 ± 1.74; weeklikse oefen afstand 29.36 ± 8.51; BMI: 22.83 ± 8.55) wat gewoonlik in skoene hardloop het vrywillig ingestem om aan die sewe week minimalistiese-skoen oorgangsprogram deel te neem. Elf kontrole deelnemers wat gepas is volgens ouderdom en oefening, (ouderdom 24.00 ± 2.18; weeklikse oefening 24.90 ± 3.30 km; BMI: 23.78 ± 6.12 kg/m2) het in hulle gewone oefenskoene bly hardloop. Alle deelnemers het ‗n paar Vibram Fivefingers ®-skoene ontvang. Die VF intervensie het begin met ~ 11% tot 22% en geeinde met ~ 52% tot 132% van die deelnemers gewone afstande in SH. Biomeganiese aspekte van die onderste ledemate vir kaalvoet: BF, minimalisties: VF, en skoene: SH is deur middel van ‗n agt-kamera Vicon ® bewegingsisteem gesinkroniseer met ‗n Bertec ® kragplatform, voor en na die oorgangsprogram bepaal. Twaalf hardloop-pogings teen ‘n self-bepaalde spoed is bilateraal vir elke skoenkondisie gemeet. ‗n Omgekeerde dinamiese benadering is gebruik om die gewrigsmomente van die onderste ledemate te bepaal. Die primêre parameters van belang was kinematies: treefrekwensie, treelengte, voettrefhoeke (FSA), tree-indeks (SI); gemiddelde vertikale ladingstempo (VALR), en sagittale en frontale vlak piek gewrigsmomente van die enkel, knie en heup. By voor-toetsing, die resultate toon aan dat vir VALR, VF-hardloop betekenisvol hoër was in vergelyking met SH-hardloop, maar betekenisvol laer was in vergelyking met BF-hardloop (P < 0.05). Statisties beduidende korter tree, hoër treefrekwnesie, meer plantaarfleksie FSA, hoer ―strike index‖, meer kniefleksie FSA, en meer enkel inversie FSA is gevind in die BF en VF kondisie in vergelyking met SH (P < 0.05). Statistiese betekenisvol hoër plantaarfleksiemoment pieke (PFM), en minder enkel dorsiefleksiemoment pieke (DFM) en knie abduksiemoment pieke (KAD) was gevind by BF- en VF- hardloop in vergelyking met SH-hardloop (P < 0.05) Die enigste statistiese betekenisvolle verskil in die kinematika van die VF intervensie was ‗n hoër tree frekwensie vir die SH kondisie (P < 0.05), en groter enkel inversie FSA in die BF kondisie. Die EXP groep neig om ‗n verhoging in VALR te hê (P > 0.05). ‗n Aansienlike verhoging is gevind in piek enkel PFM, terwyl piek knie KEM statisties wesenlik verlaag het in die EXP groep (P < 0.05). In teenstelling met die oorspronklike hipotese het onmiddellike en 'n korttermyn VF oefenprogram nie 'n bekenisvolle effek op VALR vermindering nie. Sommige veranderings in gewrigsmomente suggereer dat 'n verplasing in die verspreiding van eksterne ladings plaasvind as gevolg van die VF oefening. Die onvoldoende kinematiese aanpassing kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die onvermoë om hoër VALR waar te neem, of as gevolg van die hoër waargenome lesings in kuit-Achilles ongemak. Dit kan aandui da 'n VF oorgang proses van meer as sewe weke vereis word om aan te pas aan.

This thesis discusses linguistic constraints on scrambling and flexibility in word order in spoken Persian (Farsi) and presents a computational model for efficient implementation of these constraints for a subset of Persian. Linguistic phenomena which we have studies include local scrambling, long distance scrambling, extrapolation of clauses, topicalisation, case tendancy and the discourse marker ra. The work extends previous work on Persian based on Government and Binding (GB) theory by considering the pragmatic aspects of Persian Grammar and long distance scrambling.

The main problems concerning birth of running injuries is their unclear ethiopathogenesis and high frequency. Injuries are often lined with forces affected on tread-down which have to be defused by running shoes. There are also opinions that currently used footwear can cause injuries on the contrary. This work explores impact of particular types of running shoes for influencing of stability. Methods: There are compared two groups of runners: minimalists and classic runners. Their stability is examined with help of posturography in three versions: barefoot, classic and minimalistic footwear. Thereafter there is analyzed relation among stability, used footwear, training usage and frequency of injuries. Results: Minimalists and classic runners have the same stability while they are barefoot. Usage of footwear does not cause significant deterioration of stability in any of groups. Nevertheless most of runners subjectively evaluate the variant of testing barefoot as the simplest. There is more frequent occurence of flat foot among classic runners in comparison with minimalists. Flat foot increases risk of formation injuries, on the contrary, regular compensation motion activity decreases this risk.

Cycle tourism presents for the Czech Republic an opportunity to address new touristic segment of relative higher purchasing power and attract tourists to regions. Cycle tourism presents also opportunity for economic growth in rural, often less developed, areas. It is one of the most popular sorte of sustainable tourism, which doesn't harm the enviroment. However, there are still reservers in the cycling infrastructure of the Czech Republic. The obstacles of getting investments for its development are missing economic arguments. The aim of this thesis is to design a method to quantify economic gains of cycling infrastructure. Based on the designed methodology, a large analysis of Greenways and long-distance cycling routes economic gains should take place.

Este é um estudo sobre os grupos de carregadores das caravanas do comércio de longa distância na Lunda, em fins do século XIX e início do XX. O objetivo principal é argumentar que esses trabalhadores foram responsáveis pela movimentação da engrenagem do comércio regional no espaço que atualmente compreende o nordeste do território de Angola. Sua importância decorreu do conhecimento especializado que detinham, sem o qual não seria possível a circulação de mercadorias e informações por vastas regiões. O estudo levou em conta os elementos organizadores das caravanas de comércio: diferentes grupos de carregadores, papéis sociais e hierarquias, produtos transportados e itinerários percorridos. O exame destes aspectos possibilitou observar o dinamismo do comércio de longa distância, com o qual se conectavam os negócios internacionais. Em um contexto finissecular, marcado pela pressão da era dos impérios, porque sabiam fazer, os carregadores foram um elemento essencial do comércio de longa distância, muito importante para a vitalidade das sociedades da Lunda. / This study is about long distance porters and the trade in Lunda between 1870 and 1920. I argue that porters played a very important role in the operation of regional trade, being responsible for moving goods and informations in very distance areas. My analysis covers several elements: how porters articulated trade caravans, how they organized themselves in different groups permeated by different social hierarchies, the variety of transported goods and trade routes. These elements reveal the dynamism of long-distance trade - extremely important to the vitality of Lunda societies.

Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar o comportamento das crianças com Distúrbio Específico de Linguagem (doravante DEL) em relação à produção de uma estrutura sintática complexa, a interrogativa QU de longa distância (doravante pergunta QULD) no português brasileiro, e compará-lo ao das crianças com Desenvolvimento Típico (doravante DT). Foram coletados dados desses 2 grupos de crianças (DEL e DT) entre 5 e 11 anos de idade. Utilizou-se a metodologia de eliciação, implantada em Thornton (1990), para realizar o experimento. Foram eliciadas 16 perguntas QU LD para cada criança, sendo que 8 dessas perguntas eram com extração de sujeito (4 QU nu e 4 QU+N) e 8 com extração de objeto (4 QU nu e 4 QU+N). Os dados da produção dos 2 grupos foram comparados e observou-se que as crianças de ambos os grupos dominam a estrutura de pergunta-QU LD a partir dos 5 anos. Contudo, a produção de tal estrutura sintática pelo grupo das crianças com DEL (36,65%) mostrou-se menos frequente do que a produção do grupo com DT (89,70%), sugerindo que o grupo com DEL enfrenta dificuldades com as estruturas complexas que envolvem movimento. Considerando-se a produção das crianças com DEL, as perguntas-QU de objeto foram produzidas a taxas semelhantes às perguntas QU de sujeito (QU-que simples de sujeito com movimento-QU (44,44%) e QU simples de objeto (55,55%)) pelo grupo com DEL. A análise dos dados nos sugere que as crianças com DEL, embora apresentem dificuldades relacionadas aos movimentos sintáticos, são capazes de processar ambas as estruturas, diferentemente do que outros estudos com essa população encontrou (por exemplo, Van der Lely e Battell (2003) e Friedmman e Novogrodsky, (2011)). Curiosamente, as crianças não produziram perguntasQU com QU in situ, embora a produção de tal estrutura fosse esperada como uma estratégia de minimização de custo de processamento da informação, algo que foi encontrado em estudos anteriores (como em Corrêa e Augusto (2011)). / The present study investigates the behavior of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) when producing the complex syntactic structure of Long Distance WH- Question and compares it to the production of the same structure by Typically Developing children (TD) at the age of language acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese. Data was taken from 2 groups of children (TD and SLI) aged from 5 to 11 years old. The elicitation method, implemented by Thornton (1990), was used for the experiment. 16 WH-questions were elicited from each child, i.e., 8 with object extraction (4 WH-bare and 4 WHICH+N) and 8 with subject extraction (4 WH-bare and 4 WHICH+N). Data obtained from the 2 groups showed that TD children as well as the SLI group master the complex WH-questions at the age of 5, however, SLI children produced this syntactic structure less frequently (36,65%) than the TD group (89,70%). SLI children certainly faced difficulties in producing it. However, this group of children produced WH-questions with object extraction (55,55%) as frequently as the production of the WH-questions with subject extraction (44,44%). Data analysis suggests that SLI children are able to deal with both syntactic structures (subject and object WH-questions) the same way. SLI children did not produce WH- in situ (a syntactic structure licensed in Brazilian Portuguese).

Este é um estudo sobre os grupos de carregadores das caravanas do comércio de longa distância na Lunda, em fins do século XIX e início do XX. O objetivo principal é argumentar que esses trabalhadores foram responsáveis pela movimentação da engrenagem do comércio regional no espaço que atualmente compreende o nordeste do território de Angola. Sua importância decorreu do conhecimento especializado que detinham, sem o qual não seria possível a circulação de mercadorias e informações por vastas regiões. O estudo levou em conta os elementos organizadores das caravanas de comércio: diferentes grupos de carregadores, papéis sociais e hierarquias, produtos transportados e itinerários percorridos. O exame destes aspectos possibilitou observar o dinamismo do comércio de longa distância, com o qual se conectavam os negócios internacionais. Em um contexto finissecular, marcado pela pressão da era dos impérios, porque sabiam fazer, os carregadores foram um elemento essencial do comércio de longa distância, muito importante para a vitalidade das sociedades da Lunda. / This study is about long distance porters and the trade in Lunda between 1870 and 1920. I argue that porters played a very important role in the operation of regional trade, being responsible for moving goods and informations in very distance areas. My analysis covers several elements: how porters articulated trade caravans, how they organized themselves in different groups permeated by different social hierarchies, the variety of transported goods and trade routes. These elements reveal the dynamism of long-distance trade - extremely important to the vitality of Lunda societies.

Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar o comportamento das crianças com Distúrbio Específico de Linguagem (doravante DEL) em relação à produção de uma estrutura sintática complexa, a interrogativa QU de longa distância (doravante pergunta QULD) no português brasileiro, e compará-lo ao das crianças com Desenvolvimento Típico (doravante DT). Foram coletados dados desses 2 grupos de crianças (DEL e DT) entre 5 e 11 anos de idade. Utilizou-se a metodologia de eliciação, implantada em Thornton (1990), para realizar o experimento. Foram eliciadas 16 perguntas QU LD para cada criança, sendo que 8 dessas perguntas eram com extração de sujeito (4 QU nu e 4 QU+N) e 8 com extração de objeto (4 QU nu e 4 QU+N). Os dados da produção dos 2 grupos foram comparados e observou-se que as crianças de ambos os grupos dominam a estrutura de pergunta-QU LD a partir dos 5 anos. Contudo, a produção de tal estrutura sintática pelo grupo das crianças com DEL (36,65%) mostrou-se menos frequente do que a produção do grupo com DT (89,70%), sugerindo que o grupo com DEL enfrenta dificuldades com as estruturas complexas que envolvem movimento. Considerando-se a produção das crianças com DEL, as perguntas-QU de objeto foram produzidas a taxas semelhantes às perguntas QU de sujeito (QU-que simples de sujeito com movimento-QU (44,44%) e QU simples de objeto (55,55%)) pelo grupo com DEL. A análise dos dados nos sugere que as crianças com DEL, embora apresentem dificuldades relacionadas aos movimentos sintáticos, são capazes de processar ambas as estruturas, diferentemente do que outros estudos com essa população encontrou (por exemplo, Van der Lely e Battell (2003) e Friedmman e Novogrodsky, (2011)). Curiosamente, as crianças não produziram perguntasQU com QU in situ, embora a produção de tal estrutura fosse esperada como uma estratégia de minimização de custo de processamento da informação, algo que foi encontrado em estudos anteriores (como em Corrêa e Augusto (2011)). / The present study investigates the behavior of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) when producing the complex syntactic structure of Long Distance WH- Question and compares it to the production of the same structure by Typically Developing children (TD) at the age of language acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese. Data was taken from 2 groups of children (TD and SLI) aged from 5 to 11 years old. The elicitation method, implemented by Thornton (1990), was used for the experiment. 16 WH-questions were elicited from each child, i.e., 8 with object extraction (4 WH-bare and 4 WHICH+N) and 8 with subject extraction (4 WH-bare and 4 WHICH+N). Data obtained from the 2 groups showed that TD children as well as the SLI group master the complex WH-questions at the age of 5, however, SLI children produced this syntactic structure less frequently (36,65%) than the TD group (89,70%). SLI children certainly faced difficulties in producing it. However, this group of children produced WH-questions with object extraction (55,55%) as frequently as the production of the WH-questions with subject extraction (44,44%). Data analysis suggests that SLI children are able to deal with both syntactic structures (subject and object WH-questions) the same way. SLI children did not produce WH- in situ (a syntactic structure licensed in Brazilian Portuguese).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sylvana dos Santos Rocha.pdf: 1685586 bytes, checksum: 604658c8e1f2ec67ad19607b17a30a7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This work is an exploratory study on the perceptions of corporations and educational administrators, concerning their acceptance of students coming from long distance graduation courses. The methodology used was qualitative, exploratory and the data has been collected from Centro de Integração Empresa-Escola (CIEE), using semi-structured interviews with corporative and educational administrators. It has been concluded that although Long Distance education in Brazil is still in full growth and presents a new paradigm for Brazilian University Education, we are faced with a scenery in which there is discredit, prejudice and lack of knowledge about the corporative environment investigated. Our research emphasizes the dichotomy formed by education and work, with an urgent need for overcoming, in order to meet the demand of knowledge society. / O presente trabalho trata de um estudo exploratório sobre as percepções dos gestores educacionais e de empresas a respeito do ingresso de estudantes egressos cursos de Graduação a Distância. A metodologia utilizada foi a qualitativa de cunho exploratório e os dados foram coletados do banco do Centro de Integração Empresa Escola-CIEE, entrevistas semi- estruturadas com gestores educacionais e de empresas. Constatou-se que, apesar da Educação a Distância EAD, no Brasil, estar em ampla expansão, e apresentar um novo paradigma na educação superior brasileira , depara-se com um cenário de descrédito, preconceito e falta de conhecimento do meio empresarial investigado. A pesquisa ressalta a dicotomia entre o mundo da educação e do trabalho, com necessidade urgente de superação, para atender às demandas da sociedade do conhecimento.