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La Trilogie de Jules Vallès accorde une part significative à la question alimentaire et à la vie digestive de son héros, Vingtras. Dans cette perspective, chaque roman du triptyque se charge d’une signification : L’Enfant devient le roman de la maltraitance alimentaire ; Le Bachelier, celui du diplômé affamé ; L’Insurgé, celui de la révolte des Maigres contre les Gras. De manière plus précise, la nourriture dans la Trilogie se trouve constamment liée à la langue, à l’écrit et à l’oral. La nourriture vallésienne apparaît ainsi autant terrestre que langagière : un va-et-vient constant s’opère entre ces deux faces de la même pièce. Les productions langagières permettent de se nourrir ; la nourriture permet d’écrire, de produire du texte et donc de survivre. Un cycle fragile s’instaure : à chaque moment, un aléa scolaire, littéraire ou journalistique peut remettre en cause le pain durement gagné ; et, parallèlement, à chaque moment, l’écrit peut se révéler incapable de « nourrir son homme ». La précarité alimentaire de l’homme de lettres s’avère bien proche de celle de l’ouvrier. Cette particularité de la Trilogie – l’omniprésence de la nourriture, sous toutes ses formes – nous invite donc à nous interroger sur les interprétations possibles du thème alimentaire dans l’œuvre. Relève-t-elle d’un traumatisme familial et scolaire ? Renvoie-t-elle à une métaphore de la création littéraire ou à une question sociale qui concernerait un prolétariat mal nourri dont Vallès partagerait les souffrances ? Ou est-ce que la question alimentaire permet à Vingtras de dresser son propre « autoportrait en mangeur » ? / Food and the digestion of its hero, Vingtras, play a significant role in the Trilogy of Jules Vallès. In this respect it can be said that each novel in the triptych takes on a distinctive meaning : L’Enfant is the novel about maltreatment dealing with food, whereas Le Bachelier treats the undernourished graduate. L’Insurgé deals with the revolt of the Thin against the Fat. Even more specifically, food in the Trilogy is always linked to the question of language, both written and spoken. Food for Vallès can thus be something literally produced by the soil or it can be related to language, with a constant shift between these two sides of the same coin. What one produces with language makes it possible to feed oneself. With food, one can write, produce texts and thereby eke out a living. A very fragile cycle emerges : an unforeseen event at school, in one’s writing or journalistic efforts can call into question one’s hard-earned bread. At the same, and at each instant, one’s writing might not be enough for one to be able to eat. The writer’s precarious relation to food turns out to be close to that of the manual worker. This feature of the Trilogy – the omnipresence of food in all it forms – leads us to examine possibile interpretations of the theme of food in the work. Is there a reference to some personal or academic traumatism ? Does it refer to a metaphor for literary creation or to a social question dealing with the undernourished proletariat whose suffering Vallès identified with ? Or is the subject of food a means for letting Vingtras reveal to the reader his self-portrait as an eater ?

Problem: This research proposes to examine the effects of Reaganomics on pricing and participation in the regular paying sector of the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools. Subproblems: The first subproblem is to examine the effects of Reaganomics on pricing in the regular paying sector of the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools. The second subproblem is to examine the effects of Reaganomics on participation in the regular paying sector of the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools. Hypotheses: The first hypothesis is that Reaganomics has resulted in price increases to the regular paying sector of the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools. The second hypothesis is that Reaganomics has decreased the percentage of the regular paying sector participating in the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools.

Due to the short time the updated National School Lunch Program standards have been in place since fall of 2012, few research studies have explored what effect these new standards have had on fruit and vegetable (F/V) consumption, particularly among elementary school students. Because the new standards require schools to offer students more F/V than before, researchers are interested to know if F/V consumption has indeed increased. The participants in the study were enrolled in a program to motivate students to eat more F/V – the Food Dudes program. The results of the data analysis found that most students, regardless of grade, were eating less F/V initially after the new standards were in place. However, the group of students receiving prizes from the Food Dudes program actually ate more F/V over time instead of less. Also, F/V consumption for the first spring under the new standards did not decrease as much as it had during the spring under the old standards. These results indicate that, despite initial declines in F/V consumption, students could be adjusting to the updated standards. Also, students who have participated in the incentives group of the Food Dudes program did not show a drop in F/V consumption, even during the first semester the new standards were in place. Future studies should look at the current F/V intake of students under the updated guidelines now that they have been in place for several school years, as well as at additional intervention programs to increase F/V consumption among this population.

Given the high prevalence of childhood overweight, school-based programs aiming at nutritional behavior may be a good starting point for community-based interventions. Therefore, we investigated associations between school-related meal patterns and weight status in 1215 schoolchildren. Anthropometry was performed on-site in schools. Children reported their meal habits, and parents provided family-related information via questionnaires. Associations between nutritional behavior and weight status were estimated using hierarchical linear and logistic regression. Analyses were adjusted for age, socio–economic status, school type, migration background, and parental weight status. Having breakfast was associated with a lower BMI-SDS (βadj = −0.51, p = 0.004) and a lower risk of being overweight (ORadj = 0.30, p = 0.009), while having two breakfasts resulting in stronger associations (BMI-SDS: βadj = −0.66, p < 0.001; risk of overweight: ORadj = 0.22, p = 0.001). Likewise, children who regularly skipped breakfast on school days showed stronger associations (BMI-SDS: β = 0.49, p < 0.001; risk of overweight: OR = 3.29, p < 0.001) than children who skipped breakfast only occasionally (BMI-SDS: β = 0.43, p < 0.001; risk of overweight: OR = 2.72, p = 0.032). The associations persisted after controlling for parental SES and weight status. Therefore, our data confirm the school setting as a suitable starting point for community-based interventions and may underline the necessity of national programs providing free breakfast and lunch to children.

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No description available.

Does ethnicity of the student prevent equal levels of learning at an equal pace? Are schools required to teach all children effectively, no matter what their socio-economic status, gender, or ethnicity? Educators and researchers have longed for the answers to these questions. For years, educators have been looking for ways to teach children in schools that are racially identifiable and have the highest percentages of children on free and reduced lunch. School districts that have choice as a way of assigning students are increasing the number of racially identifiable schools. In Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, a choice plan was implemented in June 2001. That plan created more schools of poverty within the district. The district also offered additional resources, teacher incentives, and financial assistance as a way to leverage the student make-up of the school district and the individual schools at all levels. / Ed. D.

Bakgrund Från och med september 2014, är alla barn i åldern fyra till sju berättigade till gratis skolmat i Storbritannien, för att öka hälsosamt ätande och minska fetma. Syfte Att undersöka hur skolmåltider (speciellt skolluncher) avbildats i olika tidningar i Storbritannien, från och med 2000 till 2014, då gratis skolmåltider introducerades. Metod Fyra tidningar i Storbritannien, under tiden 2000 till 2014, valdes ut för undersökning. Totalt 616 artiklar hittades, varav 426 texter analyserades. En kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ innehållsanalys gjordes i flera steg på artiklar och insändare. Texterna lästes och grupperade i huvudbudskap/innehåll. För att visa när och i vilken mängd dessa huvudbudskap/innehåll avbildades i de studerade medierna, blev dessa grupperade som ämnen och placerade i tidslinjer. Slutligen kategoriserades ämnena i grupper för att visa huvudfokus under tidsperioden. Resultat Under åren 2000 till 2014 diskuterades flera ämnen som rörde skolmåltider i media. Bland dessa fanns både positiva och negativa inställningar till Jamie Olivers skolmatkampanj, ohälsosamma lunchboxar, förbud av lunchboxar, förbud mot att vistas utanför skolområdet under raster, samt planen för och införandet av gratis skolmat för fyra till sjuåringar. Gratis skolmåltider och texter relaterade till ekonomi var de mest diskuterade ämnena under åren. I studien var det möjligt att se att Jamie Oliver var en stor del av processen som lett till att barnen i åren fyra till sju fått gratis skolmat. Slutsats En större process kunde ses framskrida fram till gratis måltider till alla skolbarn i ålder fyra till sju. Regler har tillagts och åtgärder gjorts för att få bättre skolmåltider och samtidigt uppmuntra barn att välja hälsosammare mat. Det är möjligt att allmänheten blivit mer medvetna om hälsa och skolmåltider samt relationen mellan dessa / Background Starting from September 2014, all children aged four to seven received their school lunches for free in the UK, to increase healthy eating and decrease obesity. Aim To investigate how school meals (especially school lunches) were depicted in different newspapers in the UK, from 2000 to 2014 when free school meals were introduced. Method Four newspapers in the UK between the years 2000 and 2014 were chosen for the study. In total, 616 texts were found from which 426 were analysed. A combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis of articles and letters to press was made in several steps. The texts were read and grouped into several main messages/contents. These were grouped into subjects and put together in timelines to show when and how much they were depicted in media during the studied years. Finally the subjects were grouped into topics, to show the main focus during the time period. Result During the years 2000 to 2014 several topics related to school meals were discussed. Among these were both positivity and negativity towards Jamie Oliver’s school food campaign, unhealthy packed lunches, the ban of packed lunches, ban of going outside schools on school breaks and the free school meals plan and free school meals for all children aged four to seven. The free school meals and texts related to economy were the most discussed during these years. In the study it was possible to see that Jamie Oliver have been a big part of the results of free school meals for the children between four and seven. Conclusion A long process could be seen progressing until free meals were given to all schoolchildren aged four to seven. There were regulations and actions towards better school meals and encouragements for children to choose the healthier foods. It is possible that people became more and more aware about health and school meals, and the relation between these over the years.

M. Tech. Food and Nutrition Tshwane University of Technology / The aim of this study was to explore and evaluate the management systems which are used for the NSNP (National School Nutrition Programme) in the City of Tshwane. The objectives of this study were set to include inter alia the evaluation of the human resource management system, quality and monitoring management system, the financial management system, purchasing and procurement system, the communication management system and capacity building management in the NSNP (National School Nutrition Programme).