L’étude proposée s’inscrit dans un contexte de contamination croissante de la pédosphère et fait le choix d’appréhender cette problématique via une approche centrée sur la rhizospère et sur les mécanismes gouvernant son évolution. Ces travaux s'intéressent à la relation entre l’uranium – un métal naturel ubiquiste non-essentiel – et le citrate – un acide organique de faible poids moléculaire exsudé par certaines espèces végétales poussant sur un milieu pauvre en phosphore. Parmi ces espèces particulières le lupin blanc (Lupinus albus) fait office de plante modèle. Un sol naturellement riche en uranium prélevé à l’affleurement d’une veine de pechblende a été étudié. L’objectif du travail a été de savoir si l’activité racinaire est suffisante pour provoquer la remobilisation de l’uranium dans la solution du sol et favoriser son transfert. Le système sol/plante a été étudié sur rhizotest et de manière découplée en hydroponie et en réacteurs fermés. Il a été démontré que la présence d’uranium dans un milieu contrôlé (hydroponie) stimule l’exsudation de citrate chez les lupins blancs qui ne sont pas carencés en phosphore et que cette exsudation de citrate favorise la solubilisation de l’uranium dans la solution du sol en réacteurs fermés. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par les observations faites sur rhizotest même si les valeurs obtenues dans ce cas étaient plus nuancées. Ceci justifie les approches utilisées et met en évidence leur complémentarité. Les résultats obtenus ont également permis d’apporter des informations concernant la toxicité de l’uranium, son internalisation dans les cellules racinaires ainsi que sur son transfert des racines aux parties aériennes. / The present study is related to the context of pedosphere contamination increasing and chose to consider this issue through a focus on rhizosphere and mechanisms that govern its evolution. This work is oriented on the relation between uranium – a non-essential ubiquitous metal – and citrate – a low molecular weight organic acid exudated by specific species when grown on a phosphorus-deficient environment. Among these particular species white lupine (Lupinus albus) is considered as a model species. Furthermore, a natural soil containing huge amounts of uranium has been collected at the outcrop of a pitchblende vein and used during some experiments. The main aim of this PhD thesis was to determine if the root activity of white lupine is sufficient to cause the remobilization of uranium into soil solution and so to promote the transfer of this contaminant to the plant. The soil/plant system has been studied with rhizotests and by combining datas obtained with hydroponics experiments and batches tests. It has been demonstrated that the presence of uranium in a controlled growth medium (hydropony) stimulates citrate exudation in P-sufficient white lupine. More, this citrate exudation enhances uranium solubilization in soil solution in batches. These results have been confirmed by observations on rhizotest even if the values in this case were more nuanced. This justifies the employed approaches and highlights their coherence and complementarity. The results also allowed to provide additional information concerning uranium toxicity, its internalization in root cells as well as its transfer from roots to aerial parts.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o levantamento e estudo taxonômico das espécies das tribos Crotalarieae (Benth.) Hutch. e Genisteae (Bronn) Dumort. de Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, que ocorrem na Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. A Serra do Cipó está localizada na porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, um conjunto de elevações que se estende por cerca de 1000 km na direção Norte-Sul, entre os estados de Minas Gerais e Bahia. Inserida no Domínio do Cerrado, a Serra do Cipó apresenta os campos rupestres como o principal tipo vegetacional, associados aos afloramentos rochosos e solos litólicos encontrados nas áreas mais altas das serras. Os campos rupestres mineiros estão frequentemente entremeados por fitofisionomias de cerrado, matas ciliares, capões de mata e brejos estacionais ou perenes. Expedições a campo e levantamento dos principais herbários que abrigam coleções da região, levaram ao reconhecimento de 18 espécies, pertencentes a 2 gêneros dos grupos estudados: 16 espécies de Crotalaria L. (Crotalarieae), e de 2 espécies de Lupinus L. (Genisteae). O capitulo 1 da dissertação compreende o levantamento das espécies e o seu estudo taxonômico segundo o modelo da Série Flora da Serra do Cipó, contendo chaves de identificação, descrições morfológicas e ilustrações dos gêneros e espécies, além de comentários sobre sua distribuição geográfica, fenologia e variabilidade, editados no formato da publicação. O capitulo 2 trata de um estudo de anatomia foliar realizado com as 16 espécies de Crotalaria que ocorrem na área estudada, com o objetivo de levantar caracteres que possam auxiliar na circunscrição das espécies. Esse estudo utilizou amostras de folhas obtidas de material herborizado e técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal, incluindo análises em microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Muitos dos caracteres analisados mostraram-se relativamente uniformes, no entanto alguns deles revelaram-se úteis no diagnóstico de espécies. Destacam-se dentre estes alguns caracteres relacionados à textura, a aspectos de venação, tais como a formação de aréolas e modo de inserção das nervuras secundárias à nervura mediana, e principalmente à epiderme / The main goal of this study is to provide a taxonomic survey of the tribes Crotalarieae (Benth.) Hutch. and Genisteae (Bronn) Dumort. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in the Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. The Serra do Cipó is located in the southern portion of the Espinhaço range of mountains, which extends for about 1000 km in north-south direction, from the state of Minas Gerais to the state of Bahia. The Serra do Cipó belongs to the Cerrado Domain, and its main vegetation type is the Campo Rupestre, a mostly herbaceous formation with scattered shrubs and treelets on litholic or sandy soils around rocky outcrops,found in higher areas of the mountains. On lower elevations other phytophysiognomies are found, mostly patches of savannahs formations (cerrados and cerradões), gallery forests, montane forests and swamps. Field expeditions and the examination of herbarium collections led to the recognition of 16 species of Crotalaria L. (Crotalarieae), and 2 species of Lupinus L. (Genisteae) in the area. The first chapter of the dissertation comprises a taxonomic survey of the species of these two genera occurring in the Serra do Cipó. It contains keys for identification, morphological descriptions and illustrations of the species, and comments on their geographical distribution, phenology and morphological variation. The second chapter presents an anatomical study of leaves of 16 species of Crotalaria occurring in the Serra do Cipó, aiming to provide additional characters for the circumscription of the species. Leaf samples were obtained from herbarium specimens and standard techniques in plant anatomy were used, including light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Many of the characters analyzed were non-informative, but the following ones were useful to recognize several species: characters related to lamina texture, to the epidermis, and to the venation pattern, specially the formation of areoles and mode of insertion of the secondary veins to midvein

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o levantamento e estudo taxonômico das espécies das tribos Crotalarieae (Benth.) Hutch. e Genisteae (Bronn) Dumort. de Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, que ocorrem na Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. A Serra do Cipó está localizada na porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, um conjunto de elevações que se estende por cerca de 1000 km na direção Norte-Sul, entre os estados de Minas Gerais e Bahia. Inserida no Domínio do Cerrado, a Serra do Cipó apresenta os campos rupestres como o principal tipo vegetacional, associados aos afloramentos rochosos e solos litólicos encontrados nas áreas mais altas das serras. Os campos rupestres mineiros estão frequentemente entremeados por fitofisionomias de cerrado, matas ciliares, capões de mata e brejos estacionais ou perenes. Expedições a campo e levantamento dos principais herbários que abrigam coleções da região, levaram ao reconhecimento de 18 espécies, pertencentes a 2 gêneros dos grupos estudados: 16 espécies de Crotalaria L. (Crotalarieae), e de 2 espécies de Lupinus L. (Genisteae). O capitulo 1 da dissertação compreende o levantamento das espécies e o seu estudo taxonômico segundo o modelo da Série Flora da Serra do Cipó, contendo chaves de identificação, descrições morfológicas e ilustrações dos gêneros e espécies, além de comentários sobre sua distribuição geográfica, fenologia e variabilidade, editados no formato da publicação. O capitulo 2 trata de um estudo de anatomia foliar realizado com as 16 espécies de Crotalaria que ocorrem na área estudada, com o objetivo de levantar caracteres que possam auxiliar na circunscrição das espécies. Esse estudo utilizou amostras de folhas obtidas de material herborizado e técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal, incluindo análises em microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Muitos dos caracteres analisados mostraram-se relativamente uniformes, no entanto alguns deles revelaram-se úteis no diagnóstico de espécies. Destacam-se dentre estes alguns caracteres relacionados à textura, a aspectos de venação, tais como a formação de aréolas e modo de inserção das nervuras secundárias à nervura mediana, e principalmente à epiderme / The main goal of this study is to provide a taxonomic survey of the tribes Crotalarieae (Benth.) Hutch. and Genisteae (Bronn) Dumort. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in the Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. The Serra do Cipó is located in the southern portion of the Espinhaço range of mountains, which extends for about 1000 km in north-south direction, from the state of Minas Gerais to the state of Bahia. The Serra do Cipó belongs to the Cerrado Domain, and its main vegetation type is the Campo Rupestre, a mostly herbaceous formation with scattered shrubs and treelets on litholic or sandy soils around rocky outcrops,found in higher areas of the mountains. On lower elevations other phytophysiognomies are found, mostly patches of savannahs formations (cerrados and cerradões), gallery forests, montane forests and swamps. Field expeditions and the examination of herbarium collections led to the recognition of 16 species of Crotalaria L. (Crotalarieae), and 2 species of Lupinus L. (Genisteae) in the area. The first chapter of the dissertation comprises a taxonomic survey of the species of these two genera occurring in the Serra do Cipó. It contains keys for identification, morphological descriptions and illustrations of the species, and comments on their geographical distribution, phenology and morphological variation. The second chapter presents an anatomical study of leaves of 16 species of Crotalaria occurring in the Serra do Cipó, aiming to provide additional characters for the circumscription of the species. Leaf samples were obtained from herbarium specimens and standard techniques in plant anatomy were used, including light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Many of the characters analyzed were non-informative, but the following ones were useful to recognize several species: characters related to lamina texture, to the epidermis, and to the venation pattern, specially the formation of areoles and mode of insertion of the secondary veins to midvein

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The part of our constant search for new bioactive secondary metabolites of plant origin, the aerial parts of three species of the genus Lupinus (Leguminoseae), and the bark of the roots of the species Waltheria douradinha Sain Hilaire (Sterculiaceae), were submitted to phytochemical investigation. In this research, they were isolated and identified 14 compounds, which was exposid several biological activities. Among the activities performed, the compounds were evaluated against antimicrobial, antioxidant enzyme (POP and DPPIV) and also bacteriolityc activity. Two of the isolated compounds, (+)Lanatina A (L. paranensis) and Antidesmona (W. douradinha) shawed bacteriolityc activity. The test showed that these compounds have bacteriolityc activity, especially against Gram-negative. The Antidesmona presented better lytic potential in the concentration of 12.5 μg/mL against the microorganism Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028. For this bacterium, Antidesmona alkaloid produced a cell wall lysis of approximately 30% between 4-6 hours (P <0.0001). The alkaloid extracts W. douradinha, collected in four different regions of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, was analyzing its chemical composition by HPLC. Analysis of the chemical composition of the basic extracts was compared with soil analyzes the place collection of plant. These results revealed significant differences in the chemical compositions of alkaloid extracts of Waltheria douradinha Sain Hilaire and were important guides of new collection sites these species. / Como parte da nossa busca permanente por novos metabólitos secundários bioativos, de origem vegetal, as partes aéreas de três espécies do gênero Lupinus, (Leguminoseae), e a casca das raízes da espécie Waltheria douradinha Sain Hilaire (Sterculiaceae), foram submetidas à investigação fitoquímica. Dessa investigação, foram isolados e identificados 14 compostos, os quais foram submetidos a diversas atividades biológicas. Dentre as atividades realizadas, os compostos foram avaliados frente a atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante, enzimáticas (POP e DPPIV) e também atividade bacteriolítica. Dois dos compostos isolados, (+)Lanatina A (L. paranensis) e Antidesmona (W. douradinha), foram submetidos a atividade bacteriolítica. O teste demonstrou que esses compostos possuem atividade de lise, principalmente frente a Gram-negativos. A Antidesmona apresentou seu melhor potencial lítico na concentração de 12,5 μg/ml frente ao microrganismo Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028. Para esta bactéria, o alcaloide Antidesmona produziu uma lise de parede celular de aproximadamente 30% entre 4 e 6 horas (P<0,0001). Os extratos alcaloídicos de W. douradinha, coletada em quatro diferentes regiões do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil, passaram por análise de sua composição química por HPLC. A análise da composição química dos extratos básicos foi comparada com análises do solo do local de coleta da planta. Esses resultados revelaram diferenças significativas nas composições químicas dos extratos alcaloídicos de W. douradinha, e também foram importantes guias de novos locais de coleta dessa espécie.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As a part of our ongoing search of new bioactive secondary metabolites of plant origin, the aerial parts of Lupinus lanatus were subjected to phytochemical investigation. Lupinus genus, belonging to the family of Leguminosae (Fabaceae), is widely distributed in south and western North America, in the Mediterranean region and Africa, with approximately 600 species. In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the genus is represented by 13 species, among them, L. lanatus. This is a small shrub native to South America, mainly south Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguai, Paraguai and Argentine. In Rio Grande do Sul, L. lanatus is called tremoço, and it is used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic, antifungal, antitumor and antioxidant agent. Quinolizidine alkaloids, such as lupanine, multiflorine, sparteine and argirine, are widely distributed in plants of the genus. Their biological effects, as antiarrhythmic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, depressing CNS, hallucinogenic and respiratory stimulant activities, among others, has been studied previously. In the present paper, we describe the isolation and structural elucidation of a new quinolizidine alkaloid, lanatine A together with 13-α-cinnamoyloxylupanine, and hydroxylupanine from the leaves, and (-)multiflorine and (-)13-α-cis-tigloyloxymultiflorine from the seeds of L. lanatus. / Como parte da nossa busca permanente por novos metabólitos secundários bioativos de origem vegetal, as partes aéreas de Lupinus lanatus foram submetidas a investigação fitoquímica. O gênero Lupinus, pertencente à família das leguminosas (Fabaceae), é amplamente distribuída no sul e oeste da América do Norte, na região mediterrânica e na África, representado por cerca de 600 espécies. No Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, o gênero está representado por 13 espécies, entre elas, L. lanatus. Este apresenta-se como um pequeno arbusto e está presente na América do Sul, no Brasil, Uruguai, Paraguai e Argentina. No Rio Grande do Sul, L. lanatus é conhecido popularmente Tremoço, e seu gênero é utilizado na medicina popular como agente antidiabético, antitumoral, antifúngico e antioxidante. Os alcalóides Quinolizidínicos, como lupanina, multiflorina, esparteína e argirina, são amplamente distribuídas em plantas do gênero. Seus efeitos biológicos, como antiarrítmicos, hipoglicemiante, hipotensor, depressor do SNC, alucinógenos e estimulante respiratório, entre outros, tem sido amplamente estudados. No presente trabalho, é descrito o isolamento e elucidação estrutural de um novo alcalóide quinolizidínico, Lanatina A, juntamente com o 13-α-cinnamoiloxilupanina e 13-α-hidroxilupanina oriundos das folhas, e (-)multiflorina e (-)13-α-cis-tigloiloximultiflorina isolados a partir das sementes de L. Lanatus.

La symbiose entre les légumineuses et les Rhizobiacées est la source d’azote fixé la plus importante pour le bon fonctionnement des écosystèmes naturels et agricoles. Très étudiée chez des légumineuses modèles, certains aspects de cette interaction restent peu connus ; c’est le cas des mécanismes génétiques et fonctionnels qui contrôlent la spécificité hôte-symbiote. Il n’y a que peu d’études globales consacrées à ce phénomène, et les gènes symbiotiques sont très peu connus chez les espèces non-modèles. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié un cas de changement de spécificité symbiotique remarquable chez des espèces phylogénétiquement proches du genre Lupinus (Fabacées). Tout d’abord, la reconstruction et l’analyse de génomes chloroplastiques complets a permis de camper le cadre évolutif de la symbiose en générant de nouveaux marqueurs d’intérêt pour clarifier la phylogénie et l’évolution des lupins. A partir d’une expérimentation d’inoculation croisée impliquant trois espèces de lupins méditerranéens et deux souches compatibles et incompatibles de Bradyrhizobium, une approche RNA-Seq a permis de produire les premiers nodulomes de lupin et d’identifier les gènes symbiotiques. L’analyse des gènes différentiellement exprimés a montré que la spécificité symbiotique affecte non seulement la voie de signalisation et de régulation de la symbiose, mais également une diversité de voies métaboliques associées. Enfin, l’étude de la dynamique évolutive et fonctionnelle de quelques gènes a mis en évidence l’impact et l’importance des phénomènes de duplication aux différents niveaux de la cascade génétique symbiotique. / Legumes-Rhizobia symbiosis is the most important fixing nitrogen source for the good functioning of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although, it is extensively studied in model legumes, some aspects of this interaction remain unclear, such as the genetic and functional mechanisms controlling the host-symbiont specificity. Large scale studies of this process are scarce and symbiotic genes are not well described in non-model species. In this context, the effect of symbiotic specificity was investigated in phylogenetically close relative species belonging to the Lupinus genus (Fabaceae). First, the reconstruction and analysis of complete chloroplast genomes allowed us to generate new and useful markers for clarifying the Lupinus phylogeny in order to lighten the evolutionary context of the symbiosis. Following a cross-inoculation experiment of three Mediterranean lupine species with two compatible or incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains, a RNA-Seq approach allowed the reconstruction of the first lupine nodulomes and the identification of lupine symbiotic genes. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the symbiotic specificity affects not only the signalling and regulatory symbiotic pathways, but also diverse associated metabolic pathways. Finally, evaluating the evolutionary and functional dynamics of genes highlighted the importance of gene and genome duplication events at different steps of the symbiotic genetic pathway.

Invasiva växtarter är ett globalt problem som hotar inhemska ekosystem. Blomsterlupinen (Lupinus polyphyllis) är en invasiv flerårig växt som erhåller flera egenskaper som bidrar till dess framgångsrika etablering och spridning. Vägkanter agerar som landskapskorridorer för exotiska arter samtidigt som det är en viktig habitatrefug för många ängsväxter. För att effektivisera bevarandeåtgärder behövs en gedigen kunskap om målarten och dess egenskaper. Syftet med den här studien var att utvärdera två potentiella hanteringsmetoder av blomsterlupin i vägkanter. Slåtter är en redan etablerad strategi, men för att ta reda på om olika skördintensiteter påverkar återväxten av biomassa på olika sätt jämfördes en kontrollgrupp (ej skörd) och tre skördgrupper (1–3 skördar) med avseende på bladbiomassa, stambiomassa, blomställningsbiomassa och plantans totala biomassa. En annan potentiell hanteringsmetod utvärderades med fokus på fröbanken. Frön från blomsterlupin värmebehandlades i 40°C, 50°C och 70°C, och jämfördes mot frön utsatta för kontrolltemperatur (20°C). Varaktigheten för värmebehandlingar var 1, 5 och 15 minuter. Några frön utsattes för vattenbehandling innan värmebehandlingen för att bryta den fysiska vilan. Blomsterlupinfrön jämfördes mot tre andra arter i familjen ärtväxter (Fabaceae); blodklöver (Trifolium incarnatum), blålusern (Medicago sativa) och (Louts corniculatus). Det fanns en signifikant effekt beroende av skördintensitet på återväxt av stambiomassa, blomställningsbiomassa och plantans totala biomassa. Gällande bladbiomassa fanns ingen skillnad mellan grupperna. Faktumet att blomsterlupinen primärt investerar mer resurser på produktion av bladbiomassa kan anses positivt ur ett åtgärdsperspektiv. Återväxten av biomassa var emellertid beroende av plantans ursprungliga storlek, således skulle effekten av slåtter kunna skilja sig mellan individer i en population. Vattenbehandlingen bröt inte den fysiska vilan hos blomsterlupinfrön. Men en ökad temperatur under värmebehandlingen verkade ha en hämmande effekt för antalet grodda frön och MGT. Trots det återfanns ett relativt stort antal levande blomsterlupinfrön efter den sista observationsdagen. Det kan indikera att många frön skulle överleva en värmebehandling av fröbanken om behandlingen skulle implementeras som åtgärdsmetod. Metoden skulle förmodligen vara tidskrävande och dyr i förhållande till den önskade reducerande effekten på levande blomsterlupinfrön. För att utveckla resurseffektiva åtgärder för artens fröbank krävs mer kunskap. Slåtter verkar vara en bättre åtgärdsmetod om det genomförs vid rätt tidpunkt två gånger om året. / Invasive plant species are a global problem that threaten native ecosystems. The garden lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) is an invasive perennial herb and possesses several traits, which enables successful establishment and dispersal. Road verges serve as landscape corridors for exotic species, as well as being an important refuge habitat for many grassland species. To make conservation managements more efficient, an extensive knowledge of the target species and it’s traits is required. The aim of this study was to evaluate two potential management strategies for garden lupin in road verges. Mowing is an established strategy already, but to find out if different cutting intensities will affect biomass regrowth differently, one control group (no cut) and three harvest groups (1-3 cuts) were compared regarding leaf biomass, stem biomass, inflorescence biomass and total plant biomass. Another potential management strategy was evaluated focusing on the seed bank. Seeds of garden lupin were heat treated at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 70 °C and compared to control seeds (20 °C). Duration of treatments was 1, 5, and 15 minutes. Some seeds were watered before the heat treatment to break physical dormancy. Seeds of garden lupin were compared to three other species in the Fabaceae family: Trifolium incarnatum, Medicago sativa, and Lotus corniculatus. I found a significant effect of cutting frequency on regrowth of stem biomass, inflorescence biomass, and total plant biomass. Regarding leaf biomass, there was no difference between harvest groups. The fact that garden lupin plants primarily invest more resources in leaf biomass regrowth can be regarded as positive from a management point of view. However, biomass regrowth was depended on initial plant size, and the mowing response might differ between individual plants in populations. The water treatment did not break the physical dormancy of garden lupin seeds. Increased temperatures during heat treatments seemed to have an inhibiting effect on both seed germination and mean germination time. However, a high number of vital garden lupin seeds were remaining after the last observation. This might indicate that many seeds would remain vital if seed bank heat treatments were implemented as a management strategy. The strategy would probably be time consuming and expensive in relation to the desired reducing effect on vital garden lupin seeds. To develop resource efficient management actions on the species’ seed bank, more knowledge is needed. Mowing seems like a better management option if it is implemented at the right time twice a year.

Invasive species are the third largest cause of biodiversity loss because of their ability to outcompete native species. The Garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) is an invasive species in Sweden and is causing problems for native species by (I) outcompeting smaller plant species in terms of light, (II) it has nitrogen fixing abilities which causes unfavorable conditions for species that demands a more nutrient poor soil and (III) it also decrease the diversity of food sources for pollinators. The seeds of Garden lupine are physically dormant with hard seedcoats that are impermeable to water. In this study, different scarification methods were tested to improve water uptake in seeds and thereby improve germination. Scarification can be applied after a treatment which purpose is to fight the Garden lupine. This is to speed up germination time to determine the effects of the treatment sooner. The main purpose of the study was to examine the effect of scarification methods on germination and also to see if any of the methods could be standardized. The secondary purpose was to investigate how germination might be affected by the movement of soil masses. In the first experiment the effect on germination was tested by scarification with a scalpel, with sandpaper, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and chilling. This was compared to a control group. In a second experiment the effect on germination was tested by shaking the seeds in either sand or gravel for 1, 5 or 15 minutes and was compared to the control. The results of the study showed that seeds scarified with a scalpel and sandpaper had a significantly higher germination percentage (95% and 91% respectively) compared to the control (6%). No difference in germination between treatment or time could be found for seeds that were shaken in sand or gravel. There was however a difference between seeds shaken in sand or gravel compared to the control group. This could indicate that the physical dormancy might break due to movement of soil masses containing seeds and thereby lead to further spread of the species. / Invasiva arter är den tredje största orsaken till förlust av biodiversitet på grund av dess förmåga att konkurrera ut inhemska arter. Blomsterlupinen är invasiv i Sverige och skapar problem genom att skugga ut andra mer lågväxande arter, de fixerar kväve i marken vilket skapar ogynnsamma förhållanden för arter som kräver mer näringsfattig jord samt att de minskar variationen av födokällor för pollinatörer. Lupiner har fysiskt dormanta frön med hårda fröskal som har svårt att ta upp vatten. I denna studie testades olika skarifieringsmetoder för att förbättra vattenupptag och därmed öka frögroning. Skarifiering kan appliceras efter en behandling vilken syftar till att bekämpa lupiner. Detta för att snabba på frögroning och tidigare avgöra om behandlingen haft effekt. Syftet med studien var att pröva effekten av olika skarifieringsmetoder på frögroning samt att undersöka om någon metod kan standardiseras. Delsyftet med studien var att analysera hur frögroning kan påverkas vid förflyttning av jordmassor. Ett första experiment testade effekten på frögroning genom skarifiering med skalpell, sandpapper, svavelsyra (H2SO4), kyla och jämförde mot en kontrollgrupp. I ett andra experiment testades effekten av skarifiering genom skakning av frön i sand eller grus under 1, 5 eller 15 minuter och jämfördes mot kontrollgruppen. Resultaten av studien visade att det var en signifikant skillnad i procentuell frögroning hos frön behandlade med skalpell och sandpapper (95% respektive 91%) jämfört med kontrollgruppen (6%). Det var ingen skillnad i frögroning mellan behandling eller tider för frön som skakats i sand eller grus. Det var dock en signifikant skillnad mellan sand respektive grus jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Frön skakade i sand eller grus skilde sig signifikant från kontrollgruppen vilket kan indikera om att den fysiska dormansen kan brytas vid förflyttning av jordmassor som innehåller frön och därmed främja spridning av arten.

Blomsterlupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) är en iögonfallande invasiv växtart som i nuläget är spridd över större delen av Sverige utom nordvästra delen av Norrbotten. Framtagande av effektiva bekämpningsmetoder är av stor betydelse eftersom spridning av blomsterlupin hotar känsliga naturhabitat, exempelvis så kallade artrika vägkanter. Detta arbete fokuserar på värmebehandling, en metod som potentiellt kan användas för desinfektion av lösa jordmassor, som anses vara en av de största spridningsvektorerna för blomsterlupin. Arbetets syfte är att med hjälp av uppsamlade data undersöka om det finns en optimal temperatur och exponeringstid för effektiv minskning av antalet grodda blomsterlupinfrö. Utöver detta, utvärderas effekterna av förbehandling i form av rispning och blötläggning av frön. Inom experimentet behandlades blomsterlupinfrö med olika temperatur under olika exponeringstid. Hälften av fröna fick förbehandling i form av blötläggning efter rispning av skalet inför uppvärmningen. Frön värmebehandlades i 88˚C, 93˚C, 98˚C och 103˚C under 1, 3, 5 och 10 minuters tid. Efter värmebehandlingen fick fröna gro i ett odlingskåp. Resultatet visar att förbehandling, ökad temperatur och ökad exponeringstid bidrar till signifikant minskning av andel grodda blomsterlupinfrö. Ju högre temperaturen var, desto större var effekten av längre exponeringstid. Effekten av hög temperatur och lång exponeringstid var starkare om fröna var förbehandlade. Resultatet tyder på att värmebehandling potentiellt är en effektiv metod för bekämpning av blomsterlupinfrö. Vidare experiment krävs för att undersöka hur denna metod kan effektiviseras och tillämpas i praktiken, i synnerhet vid uppvärmning av stora volymer av jordmassor. / Garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) is an eye-catching invasive herb that is currently spread over the major part of Sweden except for the northwestern part of Norrbotten county. The development of effective control methods is of great importance because the spread of Garden lupine threatens sensitive natural habitats, for example species rich road verges. This work focuses on heat treatment, a method that can potentially be used for the disinfection of soil masses, which is considered one of the major dispersal vectors for Garden lupine. The purpose of this work is to use the collected data to investigate whether there is an optimal temperature and duration of exposure for effective reduction of the number of germinated Garden lupine seeds. In addition, this work evaluates the effects of pre-treatment in the form of scarifying and soaking of seeds. Within the experiment, Garden lupine seeds were treated with different temperatures and different duration of exposure. Half of the seeds received pre-treatment in the form of soaking after scarifying the seed coat before heating. After that, seeds were heat treated at 88˚C, 93˚C, 98˚C and 103˚C for 1, 3, 5 and 10 minutes. After the heat treatment, the seeds were allowed to germinate in a growth chamber. The result shows that pre-treatment, increased temperature and increased exposure time contribute to a significant reduction in the percentage of germinated Garden lupine seeds. The higher the temperature, the stronger was the effect of a longer exposure time. The effect of high temperature and long exposure time was stronger if the seeds were pre-treated. The result suggests that the heat treatment is potentially an effective control method for Garden lupine seed. Further experiments are required to investigate if this method could be made more efficient and applied in practice, particularly when heating large volumes of soil masses.

[Truncated abstract] The hydraulic properties of the roots of three crop species important to Western Australia were examined: wheat (Triticum aestivum), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and yellow lupin (L. luteus). Generally, the hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) of root systems differs between species and can change in response to adverse conditions. To determine the significance of root anatomy and aquaporin activity on the pathway of water flow through roots, water flow was measured across cell membranes, individual roots and whole root systems. The combination of measurements identified that wheat and lupin roots have contrasting hydraulic properties. Wheat roots absorb water preferentially in the apical region, whereas lupin roots appear to absorb water more evenly along the entire root length. Lupin roots have a greater axial hydraulic conductance than wheat, due to more abundant xylem vessels and axial conductance increases with root length, in conjunction with xylem vessel development. However, water flow through the radial pathway is the limiting factor in whole root hydraulic conductance, in all species. Modelling and the inhibition of aquaporin activity with mercuric chloride demonstrated that radial water flow in wheat roots occurs by a combination of the cell-to-cell and apoplastic pathways, but in lupins, water flow appears to be predominantly apoplastic. Despite the presence of aquaporins in root cell membranes of all species, their role in regulating bulk water flow across roots is not clear in lupins, because of the significance of the apoplastic pathway ... After draining the chambers, the root systems of yellow lupin resumed growth, but there was no subsequent recovery in narrow-leafed lupin root systems. The growth and survival strategies of wheat and lupin root systems are disparate. Wheat root systems are comprised of numerous fine, highly branched, individual roots that extract water near the root tips and have the ability to regulate flow. These attributes may be advantageous in non-uniform or variable environments. Moreover, the ability of wheat roots to regulate flow may not only support survival during waterlogging, but also enhance recovery. In comparison, lupin root systems are designed like conduits, for the rapid uptake and transport of water when conditions are favourable. However, their thick taproots and lack of regulation of water transport or anatomical changes make them unsuitable for very wet soils.