Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2001. / Vita. Bibliography: 146-193.

Thèse (M.Sc.) -- Université Laval, 1998. / Bibliogr.: f. 74-87. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-193).

Les vascularites des gros vaisseaux comprennent principalement la maladie de Takayasu et l'artérite à cellules géantes. Elles sont caractérisées par des lésions inflammatoires artérielles, associées à une néo-vascularisation adventitielle importante, une désorganisation architecturale de la paroi artérielle et des lésions fibrotiques, affectant l’aorte et ses principales branches. Ces maladies sont caractérisées par des réponses lymphocytaires Th1 et Th17 excessives et dérégulées. Actuellement, les mécanismes régulant la différenciation lymphocytaire, la réponse endothéliale et l’homéostasie tissulaire en contexte d’inflammation artérielle chronique ne sont pas suffisamment connus. Dans la 1ère partie de nos travaux, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’IL-33, cytokine sécrétée par les cellules endothéliales en cas de nécrose tissulaire, surexprimée dans les vascularites des gros vaisseaux et impliquée dans la régulation de la réponse immune. Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle immunomodulateur de l’IL-33 dans les vascularites des gros vaisseaux. Cette cytokine favorise en effet directement une différenciation Th2 et une augmentation des lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg). L’IL-33 exerce également son action immunorégulatrice par le biais des mastocytes qui favorisent également une augmentation majeure des Treg en présence d’IL-33, probablement grâce à la sécrétion d’IL-2, essentielle à la survie et l’expansion des Treg et la sécrétion d’indoléamine 2,3 dioxygénase (IDO). L’IL-33 et les mastocytes ont également un rôle paradoxal en contexte inflammatoire, en favorisant les processus de néo-angiogenèse, d’activation endothéliale et d’augmentation de la perméabilité vasculaire, phénomènes participant au recrutement de cellules inflammatoires sur le site lésionnel. L’axe IL-33/ST2 et les mastocytes, via leurs actions pro-Th2, immunorégulatrice, et pro-angiogénique, sont également associés aux processus de réparation tissulaire, qui pourraient s’avérer délétères en cas d’inflammation persistante, en raison du développement de lésions de fibrose. Si l’IL-33 ne semble pas être directement responsable d’une activation ou d’une prolifération fibroblastique au niveau artériel, les mastocytes activés par du sérum de patients ayant une vascularite des gros vaisseaux conduisent en revanche à des modifications du phénotype fibroblastique et induisent une augmentation de production de collagène de type 1 et de fibronectine.Dans la 2ème partie de nos travaux, nous avons mis en évidence des profils de différenciation distincts des lymphocytes T CD4+ dans la maladie de Takayasu et l’artérite à cellules géantes. Nous avons démontré une augmentation des lymphocytes T folliculaires helper (Tfh) circulants dans la maladie de Takayasu. L’augmentation des Tfhc chez les patients ayant une maladie de Takayasu est associée à une augmentation des lymphocytes B circulants et à la présence d’organes lymphoïdes ectopiques aortiques. Les Tfhc des patients Takayasu gardent les propriétés fonctionnelles des lymphocytes Tfh tissulaires, puisqu’ils favorisent la prolifération des lymphocytes B ainsi que leur différenciation en cellules mémoires. Nos résultats suggèrent donc l’implication d’une coopération lymphocytaire B et T centrale dans la physiopathologie de la maladie de Takayasu, qui pourrait être associée à la présence de lymphocytes B auto-réactifs sécrétant des auto-anticorps. / Large vessel vasculitis (LVV) mainly include Takayasu arteritis (TA) and giant cell arteritis (GCA), which are characterized by arterial inflammatory lesions, associated with adventitial neo-angiogenesis and fibrotic lesions. They predominantly involve aorta and its major branches. These diseases are related to unbalanced Th1 and Th17 immune responses. The mechanisms regulating lymphocyte differentiation, endothelial response and tissue homeostasis in arterial inflammatory diseases are not sufficiently known. First, we have studied the role of IL-33, which is a cytokine secreted by endothelial cells in response to tissue necrosis and is involved in the regulation of immune response. We demonstrated the immunomodulatory impact of IL-33 and mast cells in LVV. IL-33 had a direct immunomodulatory impact by increasing Th2 and regulatory T cells in PBMC. IL-33 and MC further enhanced Th2 and regulatory responses by inducing a 6.1 fold increased proportion of Tregs through increased indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and IL-2 secretion. IL-33 and mast cells also had a paradoxical impact in LVV, by promoting angiogenesis, endothelial activation and vascular permeability. IL-33 and mast cells, through Th2 and regulatory responses and angiogenesis, were associated with tissue repair and arterial fibrosis. Although IL-33 did not appear to directly lead to arterial fibroblast activation and proliferation, mast cells activated by LVV serum induced increased production of type 1 collagen and fibronectin by arterial fibroblasts. In the second part of our work, we have demonstrated distinct differentiation profiles of CD4 + T cells in TA and GCA. We demonstrated an increase in circulating T follicular helper lymphocytes (cTfh), defined as CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells, in TA. The increase of cTfh was associated with an increase in circulating B lymphocytes and the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs in TA aorta. CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells of TA patients helped B cells to differentiate into memory cells, to proliferate and to secrete type G immunoglobulins. Our data provide evidence of the key coordinated role of Tfh and B cells in tertiary lymphoid structures in TA and suggest an antigenic trigger.

Le cancer de l’ovaire est immunogène et constitue un bon modèle pour étudier l’immunité antitumorale. Nous avons effectué une étude comparative et systématique de la fréquence, du phénotype, de la fonction et de l’impact sur la survie des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) et des lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg) dans le sang, l’ascite et la tumeur. Nous avons observé que les pDC s’accumulent dans les ascites et sont présentes dans certaines tumeurs alors qu’elles sont profondément déplétées dans le sang des patientes. La présence de pDC associées aux tumeurs (TApDC) est un facteur pronostique indépendant associé à une survie sans progression (SSP) plus courte. De plus, les TApDC, mais pas les pDC d’ascite, sont altérées dans leur fonction innée principale de production d’IFN-α en réponse aux TLR ligands in vitro et induisent le développement de lymphocytes T CD4+ producteurs d’IL-10 responsables d’une tolérance immune favorisant la progression tumorale. Les Treg s’accumulent dans les ascites et les tumeurs de l’ovaire mais leur taux dans le sang est comparable aux donneurs sains. Leur accumulation dans les tumeurs et non dans les ascites est un facteur pronostique indépendant associé à une SSP plus longue. Les TATreg ont un phénotype activé et inhibent la production d’IL-10 par les lymphocytes T CD4+ conventionnels associés aux tumeurs. De façon intéressante, les patientes dont les tumeurs augmentent l’infiltration par les Treg Foxp3+ après chimiothérapie néoadjuvante ont une rechute retardée suggérant qu’en plus d’un effet antitumoral direct, la chimiothérapie induit une réponse immune / Ovarian cancer (OC) is an immunogenic disease and represents a good model for studying antitumoral immunity. We performed a systematic comparison between plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) in blood, ascites, and tumors in term of frequencies, phenotypes, functions, and impact on outcome of OC patients. We found that pDC accumulate in ascites and are present in some tumors whereas they are profoundly depleted in patients’ blood. Their presence within tumors (but not ascites) is deleterious because associated with early relapse of OC patients. Moreover, Tumor associated pDC (TApDC) but not ascite pDC were altered in their innate function, i.e. the production of IFN-α in response to TLR ligands in vitro, and they induce the development of IL-10+ CD4+T cells. All these results suggest that TApDC but not ascite pDC induce immune tolerance allowing cancer progression. Treg accumulate in ascites and tumors but their levels in patients’ blood were not increased. Their accumulation in tumors, but not ascites, was an independent prognostic factor associated with delayed relapse. TATreg showed an activated phenotype and inhibit IL-10 production by CD4+conventional TAT cells. Interestingly, patients whose tumor infiltration by Foxp3+ Treg is increased after neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed delayed relapse suggesting that chemotherapy, in addition to its direct antitumoral effect, induces an immune response

A erliquiose monocitotrópica canina é caracterizada como uma infecção persistente, podendo evoluir para doença fatal. Mecanismos imunopatogênicos estão implicados no desenvolvimento da doença, porém não é completamente compreendido o papel da resposta imune celular nas infecções causadas por Ehrlichia canis transmitida pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus. A infecção do vetor ocorre somente durante o repasto em cães riquetsêmicos, porém não é reconhecido o nível de riquetsemia infectante durante o curso da infecção nos cães. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os níveis de riquetsemia relativa capazes de infectar o vetor (R. sanguineus) durante o curso da erliquiose canina; e avaliar a resposta imune celular induzida por exposição de cães a carrapatos infectados com Ehrlichia canis. Um cão foi utilizado para produção do inoculo e infecção de ninfas de R. sanguineus. Subseqüentemente, os carrapatos adultos infectados, oriundos das ninfas que se alimentaram nos cães infectados, foram utilizados para infecção dos cães dos grupos I (n=3) e II (n=3). Cães do grupo III (n=3) foram inoculados com sangue infectado com E. canis, por via intravenosa. Os grupos IV (n=3) e V (n=3) foram compostos por cães não infectados. Os grupos II e IV foram reinfestados periodicamente com ninfas não infectadas de R. sanguineus. Foram observadas, alterações clínicas como febre, apatia e disorexia nos cães infectados, durante a fase aguda da infecção, porém de forma mais intensa e precoce nos cães infectados por inoculação intravenosa (grupo III). As alterações hematológicas mais evidentes foram redução do número de plaquetas, leve redução na série vermelha e branca. Todos os animais infectados soroconverteram aos 14 dias após inoculação ou infestação com carrapatos infectados (dpi), mantendo títulos entre 10240 e 81920. Os níveis de riquetsemia foram variáveis durante o curso da infecção, persistindo até 364 dpi, porém mais constante na fase aguda da doença. Um pequeno número de carrapatos alimentados nos cães infectados apresentou amplificação de DNA de E. canis, porém foram demonstrados até 308 dpi. Foi observada uma redução na relação CD4:CD8 nos animais infectados, no 28° dpi, mantendo-se de forma mais branda até 252 dpi. Uma maior proporção de linfócitos T CD4+ produtores de IFN-γ e IL-4 foi observada no tempo zero de cães que não adquiriram infecção após infestação com carrapatos infectados. Os níveis séricos de citocinas mostraram de forma mais evidente a elevação de IL-10 e TNF-α em um cão que desenvolveu doença fatal, podendo indicar a participação de mecanismos imunes na apresentação clínica e na persistência do agente no organismo hospedeiro. / The canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is characterized as a persistent infection, which can develop fatal disease. Immunopathogenic mechanisms are implicated in the development of the disease, however it is not completely understood the role of cellular immune in the infection caused by Ehrlichia canis transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The vector becomes infected only while feeding on rickettsemic dogs, however the level of rickettsemia is not recognized during the course of the infection in the dogs. The objective of this study was to verify the level of relative rickettsemia capable to infect the vector (R. sanguineus) during the course of the canine ehrlichiosis; and to evaluate the cellular immune induced in dogs exposed to Ehrlichia canis-infected ticks. A dog was used for production of the inoculum and infection of nymphs of R. sanguineus. Infected adult ticks that had fed as nymphs on the infected dog were used to feed on and transmit the infection to dogs of groups I (n=3) and II (n=3). Group III dogs (n=3) were intravenously inoculated with E. canis-infected dogs. Group IV (n=3) and V (n=3) dogs were the control groups, never exposed to E. canis. Dogs of groups II and IV were reinfested periodically with uninfected R. sanguineus nymphs. Clinical alterations such as fever, apathy and dysorexia were observed in the infected dogs during the acute phase of the infection, however in a more intense and precocious form in the dogs infected by intravenous inoculation (group III). The more evident hematological alterations were reduction of the number of platelets, mild reduction in the red and white cells series. All infected animals soroconverted by 14 days after inoculation or infestation by infected ticks (dpi), showing titers between 10240 and 81920 during the study. The rickettsemia levels were variable during the course of the infection, persisting up to 364 dpi, however more constant in the acute phase of the disease. A small number of ticks that fed on infected dogs presented amplification of E. canis DNA, however they were demonstrated up to 308 dpi. A reduction in the relationship CD4:CD8 in the infected animals was observed in 28th dpi, keeping in a mild form up to 252 dpi. A larger proportion of lymphocytes T CD4+ producing IFN-γ and IL-4 it was observed in the zero time of dogs that did not acquire infection after infestation with infected ticks. The cytokine seric levels showed the elevation in a more evident form of IL-10 and TNF-α in a dog that developed fatal disease, what could indicate the participation of immune mechanisms in the clinical presentation and in the persistence of the agent in the organism host.

A neuroimunologia é o ramo da imunologia que estuda a relação entre sistema imune e o sistema nervoso. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado a capacidade direta de neurotransmissores em modular a resposta imune, assim como de citocinas em influenciar funções cognitivas. Neste contexto, o glutamato possui papel de destaque, por se tratar do neurotransmissor excitatório mais importante e mais abundante no sistema nervoso central dos mamíferos. Sua função é exercida através de dois tipos de receptores principais: i) os receptores ionotrópicos (iGluR) e ii) os receptores metabotrópicos (mGluR). A descoberta da expressão de receptores de glutamato em células do sistema imune tem despertado interesse científico, levantando questões acerca de sua expressão e função. No presente trabalho, avaliamos parâmetros como viabilidade celular, linfoproliferação e ativação de MAP quinase pelo receptor NMDAR esplenócitos totais e linfócitos cultivados in vitro. Nossos resultados demonstram que linfócitos em repouso e ativados apresentam diferentes perfis de expressão do receptor NMDAR. O uso do antagonista deste receptor, o MK801, foi capaz de reduzir a proliferação de linfócitos T CD4 e T CD8 estimulados com anti-CD3 em cultura de esplenócitos. Tal redução pode ser explicada por um aumento na taxa de morte celular, o que foi avaliado através de marcação com anexina-V, indicador de apoptose, ou 7-AAD, indicador de necrose. Para entendermos um pouco a respeito da sinalização do receptor NMDAR no sistema imune, avaliamos a fosforilação da MAP quinase ERK 1,2 em linfócitos T CD4 ativados na presença do agonista (NMDA) ou do antagonista (MK801) do receptor. Observamos um aumento na ativação desta quinase na presença de NMDA, o que é revertido na presença do MK801. Ao avaliar o papel do receptor NMDAR in vivo, verificamos uma redução significativa na gravidade da encefalomielite experimental auto-imune em animais tratados com MK801. Mais interessante, esta redução se correlaciona também com uma redução na fosforilação de ERK 1,2 em esplenócitos totais obtidos ao dia 7 pós-imunização. Em resumo, nossos dados sugerem que o receptor NMDA possui o papel de ativador de vias intracelulares importantes, como as da MAP quinase ERK 1,2; e que o seu bloqueio resulta em morte celular in vitro. Logo, isso indica a importância do glutamato como modulador da intensidade da resposta e viabilidade de linfócitos T CD4 e T CD8 in vitro e in vivo. Sendo assim, nossos resultados contribuem para um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos de imunoregulação, especialmente aqueles no campo da neuroimunologia ou neuroimunomodulação. / Neuroimmunology is a field within immunology which studies the relationship between the nervous system and the immune system. Several studies have demonstrated the direct ability of neurotransmitters in modulating the immune response, as for cytokines in influencing cognitive functions. In this context, glutamate stands out for being the most important and abundant neurotransmitter in the mammal central nervous system. Its role is exerted through two main types of receptor: i) ionotropic receptors (iGluR) and ii) metabotropic receptors (mGluR). The discovery of glutamate receptor expression in immune cells has led to scientific interest, raising issues concerning its expression and function. In the present study, we evaluated parameters such as cell viability, lymphoproliferation, and activation of the MAP quinase pathway by the NMDA receptor on total splenocytes and lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Our results demonstrate that naive and activated lymphocytes present different profiles of NMDA receptor expression. The use of MK801, an antagonist for this receptor, was able to reduce the T CD4 and T CD8 lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with anti-CD3 in splenocyte culture. Such reduction may be explained by the increase of the cellular death rate, evaluated by annexin-V staining, indicator of apoptosis or 7-AAD, indicator of necrosis. With the intent of understanding part of the NMDA receptor signaling in the immune system, we evaluated the ERK 1,2 MAP quinase phosphorylation in T CD4 lymphocytes activated in the presence of the agonist (NMDA) or the antagonist (MK801) of the receptor. We observed an increase in this quinase activation in the presence of NMDA, which is reversed by the MK801. When evaluating the role of the NMDA receptor in vivo, we verified a significant reduction in the degree of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis in animals treated with MK801. More interesting, this reduction also correlates to a reduction on the phosphorilation of ERK 1,2 in total splenocytes obtained at the seventh day post-immunization. In sum, our data suggest that the NMDA receptor has the role of activating important intracellular pathways, such as the MAP quinases ERK 1,2; and that its blockage results in cellular death in vitro. As so, this indicates the importance of glutamate as a modulator of the intensity of response and the viability of T CD4 e T CD8 lymphocytes in vitro e in vivo. Thus, our result contribute for a better understanding of the immunoregulation phenomena, especially those in the neuroimmunology ou neuroimmunomodulation field.

Utilizando modelo de coinflamação tuberculose e alergia (TB/OVA), nosso grupo mostrou que camundongos BALB/c coinflamados apresentaram diminuição significativa no número de bacilos, associada com diminuição no infiltrado granulomatoso no pulmão, aumento na produção de leucotrieno B4 e no número de células CD8+, quando comparados ao grupo infectado com Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi avaliar os mecanismos envolvidos na restrição ao crescimento dos bacilos nos animais do grupo TB/OVA. Quatro estratégias foram usadas: I) Para avaliar o papel dos linfócitos CD8+ no modelo TB/OVA, foram utilizados camundongos deficientes para a molécula CD8 (CD8KO). Foi observado que não houve diferenças significativas no crescimento do bacilo no pulmão dos animais CD8KO-TB/OVA e WT-TB/OVA. No entanto, nos pulmões dos animais WT-TB/OVA houve maior crescimento de bacilos em relação aos animais WT-TB, diferente do previamente observado com os animais TB/OVA da linhagem BALB/c. Para avaliar o papel dos leucotrienos foram usadas as seguintes estratégias: II). Camundongos da linhagem 129Sv tratados com MK886, inibidor da enzima 5-lipoxigenase (5LO), envolvida na síntese de mediadores lipídicos; III) animais 129Sv, deficientes para a expressão da 5LO (5LOKO). Foi observado que o tratamento com MK886 não afetou o número de bacilos no pulmão do grupo coinflamado TB/OVA quando comparado ao grupo TB/OVA. Além disso, diferente do que foi previamente observado em animais BALB/c, os animais 129Sv coinflamados foram mais susceptíveis que os animais 129Sv infectados. Do contrário, animais 5LOKO-TB/OVA foram mais resistentes que os camundongos WT-TB/OVA. Para avaliar se alterações no infiltrado granulomatoso estavam relacionadas com o infiltrado de macrófagos no pulmão, usamos a quarta estratégia: IV) quantificação das populações de macrófagos M1 e M2. Foi observado que os animais TB/OVA apresentaram aumento da população de macrófagos M2 no pulmão, enquanto a população de macrófagos M1 manteve-se inalterada comparado-se ao grupo apenas infectado. A diminuição no crescimento de bacilos nos animais TB/OVA foi dependente dos macrófagos M2, pois animais deficientes para a expressão do receptor de IL-33 submetidos ao protocolo de coinflamação tiveram diminuição da população de macrófagos M2, e foram susceptíveis à infecção. Esses resultados mostram que a diminuição no crescimento de bacilos nos animais coinflamados TB/OVA é dependente do aumento da população de macrófagos M2. / Using model of coinfection allergy and tuberculosis (TB / OVA), our group showed that coinfected BALB/c showed a significant decrease in the number of bacilli, associated with a decrease in granulomatous infiltrate the lung, increased production of leukotriene B4 and the number of cells CD8+, compared to the group infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). To evaluate the mechanisms involved in reducing the growth of bacilli in group TB/OVA, were used four strategies: I) To assess the role of CD8+ lymphocytes in model TB/OVA, we used mice deficient for the molecule CD8 (CD8KO).We was observed that the number of bacilli in the lungs of animals in the group CD8KO-TB/OVA and WT-TB/OVA was similar. However, the lungs of animals WT-TB/OVA growth of bacillus was higher compared to WT animals, TB, unlike what was previously observed with background genetic BALB/c. To evaluate the role of leukotrienes, we use the following strategies: II) strain 129Sv mice treated with MK886, an inhibitor of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5LO), involved in the synthesis of lipid mediators, III) 129Sv animals deficient for the expression of 5LO (5LOKO). We observed that treatment with MK886 did not affect the number of bacilli in the lung of the coinfected group TB/OVA. Moreover, unlike what was previously observed in animals BALB/c mice, coinfected 129Sv were more susceptible than the animals infected 129Sv. On the contrary, 5LOKO-TB/OVA animals were more resistant than mice WT-TB/OVA. To assess whether changes in granulomatous infiltrates were related to macrophages, we use the fourth strategy: IV) quantification of macrophage populations M1 and M2. We observed that M2 population in animals TB/OVA showed increased lung. The decrease in bacilli growth of animals TB/OVA was dependent on macrophage M2, since animals deficient for the expression of IL-33 protocol submitted to coinfected protocol had decreased macrophage population M2, and were susceptible to infection. These results show that the reduction in growth of bacilli in coinfected animals TB/OVA is dependent increase in macrophage population M2.

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) induit une activation généralisée des réponses de l'hôte impliquant les lymphocytes T mais aussi les cellules du microenvironnement comme les cellules endothéliales. Les microvésicules (MV) sont des vésicules extracellulaires impliquées dans la communication intercellulaire décrites comme des vecteurs de microARNs (miARNs). Dans ce travail, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'infection par le VIH-1 induit l'expression de miARNs dans les lymphocytes T CD4 qui peuvent être vectorisés par les MV et transférés de manière paracrine aux CE. Ces MV joueraient un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de l’infection en contrôlant à distance l'homéostasie endothéliale. Nos résultats montrent que le miR-146-5p est uprégulé à la fois dans les lymphocytes T CD4 de patients infectés par le VIH-1, naïfs de traitement et dans les MV issues de ces lymphocytes. En utilisant un modèle de MV d’une lignée lymphocytaire T enrichie en miR-146-5p (miR-146b-MV), nous montrons que ces MV sont capables de : 1) de protéger leur contenu en miARNs de la dégradation par les RNases, 2) de transférer le miR-146b-5p mimic à des HUVEC et 3) réduire la réponse inflammatoire endothéliale in vitro et in vivo, dans les poumons de souris qui ont reçu une injection systémique de miR-146b-MV. Ce transfert est responsable d’une diminution de l’expression d’ICAM-1 et VCAM-1, à travers une down-régulation d’IRAK1 et de TRAF6. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre que le miR-146-5p transféré par des MV peut diminuer les réponses inflammatoires endothéliales et constituer ainsi un mécanisme de défense de l’hôte contre les altérations vasculaires induites par le VIH-1. / Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promotes a generalized activation of host responses that involves CD4 T cells, but also cells of the micro-environnement that are not directly infected such as endothelial cells. Microvesicles (MV), implicated in cell-to-cell communication, have been recently described as vectors of microRNAs (miRNAs). We hypothesized that HIV-1 infection induce cellular miRNAs expression in CD4 T cells which may be vectorized by MV and transferred in a paracrine manner to endothelial cells to regulate vascular homeostasis. Using a miRNome quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we showed that HIV-1 infection leads to a dysregulation of several miRNAs and identified miR-146b-5p as upregulated in both CD4 T cells and CD4 T cells derived-MV from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive HIV-1 infected patients, compared to age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Using a CEM T cell line transfected with miR-146b-5p mimic, we demonstrated that MV from CEM overexpressing miR-146b-5p mimic (miR-146b-MV): 1/ protect their miRNA cargo from RNase degradation, 2/ transfer miR-146b-5p mimic into HUVEC, and 3/ reduce endothelial inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo, in lungs from mice injected with miR-146b-MV. This paracrine control of endothelial inflammatory response mediated by MV involved a decreased expression of NF-κB responsive molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, through down-regulation of IRAK1 and TRAF6. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that miR-146b-5p transferred by MV counteract IRAK1- and TRAF6-mediated endothelial inflammatory responses in HIV-1 infection and could be considered as a host defence mechanism against HIV-1-associated vascular alterations.