Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo.pdf: 1018615 bytes, checksum: 9f57d9963ee3262c7c62a9c0e4dc3cfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fish represent the largest group and occupy a more basal position in the phylogeny of vertebrates, contain large morphological variety and are present in different habitats, making it an interesting model for the study of genetic variability and evolution. Among these, for species popularly known as minnows, growing numbers of systematic and phylogenetic studies are presented, primarily due to the discovery of synonyms and description of new species. In the present study we analyzed cytogenetically seven species of minnows (abramis A., A. asuncionensis, A. correntinus, Astyanax sp., M. dichroura, R. and T. descalvadensis argenteus) collected downstream of the Iguazu Falls (Lower Basin Paraná River), and this stretch corresponding to the area of environmental preservation of the Iguassu National Park. It is species-specific markers, such as karyotypic macrostructure, pattern of heterochromatin distribution and localization of 5S rDNA genes and 18S rDNA. The results help to distinguish between A. abramis and A. asuncionensis, the first cytogenetic data of A. correntinus suggested correlation with group A. schubarti due to the high similarity of karyotypes. The analysis astyanax sp. confirmed case of a species not yet described taxonomically. The analyzes Moenkhausia, Roeboides Tetragonopterus and showed the first molecular cytogenetic data, revealing variability in the number and location of sites of 5S rDNA and 18S rDNA, confirming the diversity of these genes among different genera of Characidae, and allowing the use of these markers in comparative analyzes with congeneric species / Os peixes representam o grupo mais numeroso e ocupam a posição mais basal na filogenia dos vertebrados, comportam grande variedade morfológica e estão presentes em diversos habitats, tornando-se um grupo interessante para o estudo da variabilidade genética e evolução. Dentre estes, para espécies popularmente conhecidas como lambaris, crescentes números de estudos sistemáticos e filogenéticos são apresentados, principalmente decorrente da descoberta de sinonímias e descrição de novas espécies. No presente estudo foram analisadas citogeneticamente sete espécies de lambaris (A. abramis, A. asuncionensis, A. correntinus, Astyanax sp., M. dichroura, R. descalvadensis e T. argenteus) coletadas à jusante das Cataratas do Iguaçu (Bacia do Baixo rio Paraná), sendo este trecho correspondente a área de preservação ambiental do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu. Verificou-se marcadores espécie-específicos, como macroestrutura cariotípica, padrão de distribuição da heterocromatina e localização dos genes 5S rDNA e 18S rDNA. Os resultados auxiliaram na diferenciação entre A. abramis e A. asuncionensis; os primeiros dados citogenéticos de A. correntinus sugeriram correlação com o grupo A. schubarti devido à alta similaridade cariotípica. A análise de Astyanax sp. confirmou tratar de uma espécie ainda não descrita taxonomicamente. As análises em Moenkhausia, Roeboides e Tetragonopterus evidenciaram os primeiros dados citogenéticos moleculares, revelando variabilidade quanto ao número e localização dos sítios de 5S rDNA e 18S rDNA, confirmando a diversidade destes genes entre os diferentes gêneros de Characidae, e possibilitando a utilização destes marcadores em análises comparativas com espécies congêneres

Det saknas logopediskt bedömningsmaterial normerat för flerspråkiga barn, och kunskapen om dessa barns typiska tal- och språkutveckling är begränsad hos logopeder i Sverige. Detta leder till över- och underdiagnostisering av språkstörning. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka svensk-engelsktalande barns narrativer (berättelser). Dessa analyseras kvantitativt och kvalitativt, både makrostrukturellt (story grammar) och mikrostrukturellt (lingvistiska mått). Även narrativ förståelse undersöks och jämförs med produktion. Studiens deltagare är 16 simultant flerspråkiga svensk-engelsktalande barn i åldern 6-7 år, som går i förskoleklass eller i första klass. Narrativerna eliciteras med hjälp av två bildsekvenser ur ett bedömningsmaterial framtaget av en forskningsgrupp inom COST Action IS0804. Bedömningsmaterialet innehåller även förståelsefrågor till bildsekvenserna, och bakgrundsfrågor för vårdnadshavare att fylla i. Resultaten visar inga skillnader i makrostruktur mellan svenska och engelska, vilket tyder på att narrativ förmåga inte nödvändigtvis är språkbunden. Jämförelser mellan förståelse och produktion av utvalda story grammar-komponenter visar dock en tydlig skillnad. Förståelsen för en karaktärs mål (story grammar-komponenten goal), vad karaktären vill uppnå, är etablerad hos de flesta deltagarna trots att produktionen av goal är begränsad. Till skillnad från makrostrukturen, skiljer sig mikrostrukturen åt i narrativerna. De engelska narrativerna är både längre och mer komplexa än de svenska. Skillnaderna mellan barn i förskoleklass och i första klass är dessutom stor, både makro- och mikrostrukturellt. Detta tyder på att mycket händer i barns språkliga och narrativa utveckling i tidig skolålder. Tvärspråkligt inflytande förefaller vara en naturlig del av den typiska språkutvecklingen hos simultant flerspråkiga barn. / There are no standardised tests for assessing bilingual children’s speech and language development, and the knowledge about these children’s typical language development is limited amongst speech and language therapists in Sweden. Studies have shown that this can lead to misdiagnosis of language impairment in these children. The aim of this study is to investigate the narratives of Swedish-English speaking children. Analysis is made, both quantitatively and qualitatively, regarding the macrostructure (story grammar) and the microstructure (linguistic measurements) of the narratives. Narrative comprehension is also examined, and compared with the produced narratives. The participants are 16 simultaneously bilingual Swedish-English speaking children, aged 6-7 years and either attending preschool class or first grade in the Swedish education system. The narratives are elicited using two different sets of pictures from an assessment material designed by a research group within COST Action IS0804. The assessment material also contains comprehension questions and a form for carers to fill in, regarding the children’s linguistic backgrounds. The results in this study show no macrostructural differences between the Swedish and the English narratives, which indicates that narrative ability is not necessarily language dependent. There is a clear difference between the comprehension and production of selected story grammar components. Despite the limited production of characters’ goals in the narratives, the participants appear to have established the comprehension of this story grammar component. The microstructural analysis of the narratives shows that the English narratives are both longer and more complex than the Swedish ones. There are differences between participants attending Swedish preschool class and participants attending Swedish first grade, with regards to both macrostructure and microstructure. The differences indicate that language and narrative ability is increasing between the ages of 6 and 7. Crosslinguistic influence appears to be a natural part of typical language development in simultaneously bilingual children.

The translationally relevant aim of this PhD is to account for the genre conventions of the LCLF mainly related to the persuasive and directive functions, by analyzing a bilingual corpus of parallel texts according to the method of contrastive textology. Genre conventions in this case are considered by sender types (public vs. private) and subtexts (text constituents functionally, semantically and formally defined) on the hypothesis that they will vary more depending on the sender type than on the language.The intralinguistic and interlinguistic analysis of the macrostructure and the recurrent textual segments, as well as of the functions (persuasive, referential and directive) characterizing both the LCLF as a persuasive leaflet and its three subtexts does not confirm the hypothesis. It does reflect, however, that the directive and persuasive functions prevail respectively in the public and private sender leaflets, as well as in those belonging to the Spanish and German subcorpora. / Esta tesis se plantea el objetivo traductivamente relevante de dar cuenta de las convenciones del FCIE, vinculadas principalmente a las funciones persuasiva y directiva, analizando un corpus bilingüe de textos paralelos según el método de la textología contrastiva. Dichas convenciones se ven consideradas por tipos de emisor (público y privado) y subtextos (unidades constitutivas del texto funcional, semántica y formalmente definidas) a partir de la hipótesis de que diferirán más dependiendo del tipo de emisor que de la lengua.El análisis intralingüístico e interlingüístico de la macroestructura y los segmentos textuales recurrentes, así como de las funciones (persuasiva, referencial y directiva) que caracterizan tanto el FCIE, en cuanto que folleto persuasivo, como sus tres subtextos no permite confirmar esa hipótesis. No obstante, sí evidencia cómo las funciones directiva y persuasiva priman respectivamente en los ejemplares de emisor público y privado, así como en los de los subcorpus español y alemán.

The study of early cross-linguistic diplomatic epistolography was first introduced in Brownlees' (2012) comparative study of Italian and English personal newsletters. Given the field’s young age and the strong need for both further research and the retrieving of new, untranscribed and unanalysed data, the present study set out to help move this field forward by examining, at both a textual superstructure and semantic macrostructural level, two sets of unchartered diplomatic newsletters which representatives at foreign courts despatched back to their respective home countries. The first set of original manuscripts comprises periodical newsletters which Baron Christer Bonde, the Swedish ambassador-extraordinary to England, wrote to Charles X, King of Sweden, between 1655-6, whereas the second set consists of letters sent in 1680 by John Robinson, England’s chargé d’affaires in Sweden, to Sir Leoline Jenkins, Secretary of State for the Northern Department of England. The analysis has shown that whereas the textual superstructures of the two diplomats’ correspondences remain similarly robust, the instantiating semantic macrostructures display not only stylistic and compositional, but also narrative, variation.