Metilaluminoxano, trietilalumínio e trimetilalumínio foram encapsulados em uma rede de sílica usando sol-gel não hidrolítico. Óxidos mistos foram produzidos através da combinação dos precursores da sílica com Mg(OEt)2, MgCl2 e MgCl2 .6H2O. Os xerogéis resultantes foram caracterizados por uma série de técnicas para determinar os elementos, estrutura, textura e características morfológicas dos cocatalisadores encapsulados. A natureza do cocatalisador afeta o tempo de geleificação. A quantidade de cocatalisador encapsulado não parece ser afetada pelo volume do alquilalumínio, mas a rede de sílica e a organização do xerogel foram, de acordo com os resultados do infravermelho e XRD. Uma forte redução da área específica ocorre comparando os sistemas encapsulados com as sílicas sintetizadas em condições semelhantes. Os alquilalumínios encapsulados foram avaliados na polimerização de eteno usando Cp2ZrCl2 como catalisador na presença e ausência de MAO externo. Os cocatalisadores encapsulados não foram ativos em uma relação Al/Zr de 250 a 500. Para os sistemas mistos combinando MAO homogêneo (externo) com MAO encapsulado, a adição do cocatalisador encapsulado parece não afetar a atividade catalítica. O peso molecular dos polímeros obtido usando catalisador encapsulado é inferior ao obtido a partir das reações homogêneas. No entanto, a polidispersão obtida nos polímeros usando cocatalisador encapsulado foi maior que a obtida a partir de sistemas homogêneos e impregnado. / Methylaluminoxane, tetraethylaluminum and trimethylaluminum were encapsulated within a silica-based material using a non-hydrolytic sol-gel process. Mixed oxides were also produced by combining silica precursors with Mg(OEt)2, MgCl2 and MgCl2 .6H2O. The resulting xerogels were characterized by a series of complementary techniques to determine the elemental, the structural, the textural and the morphological characteristics of the encapsulated cocatalysts. The nature of the alkyl aluminum strongly affects the gelification time. The amount of encapsulated cocatalyst did not appear to be affected by the alkylaluminum volume, but the silica network and the xerogel organization were, according to infrared and X-ray diffraction measurements. There was a large surface reduction for the encapsulated systems compared with the silica that was synthesized under the same conditions. The resulting supported alkylaluminum was evaluated in the polymerization of ethylene using Cp2ZrCl2 as the catalyst in the presence and the absence of external MAO. The encapsulated cocatalysts were not shown to be active in the Al/Zr range of 250-500. For the mixed systems that combined homogeneous MAO with encapsulated MAO, the addition of the encapsulated cocatalyst did not appear to affect the catalyst activity. The molecular weight of the polymers that were obtained by using the encapsulated cocatalyst was lower than the molecular weight of the polymers that were obtained by using the homogeneous catalyst. Nevertheless, the polydispersity of the polymers that were obtained in the presence of the encapsulated cocatalyst was greater than polydispersity of the polymers that were produced with the homogeneous catalyst or the impregnated MAO.

Este estudo originou-se da preocupação com a avaliação da qualidade dentro das organizações hospitalares, especificamente dos serviços de enfermagem, onde os enfermeiros desenvolvem a maior parte de suas atividades profissionais, quer estejam atuando diretamente na área assistencial, ou indiretamente, como docentes das diferentes categorias dos profissionais de enfermagem. A complexidade que envolve a área de recursos humanos dentro das organizações delimitou o estudo a dois aspectos que, como tantos outros, interferem sobremaneira na qualidade da assistência de enfermagem: o turnover e o absenteísmo do pessoal, os quais, não obstante sua relevância, carecem de estudos atualizados em nível nacional e cuja bibliografia internacional, na maioria das vezes, está fora do nosso contexto, constituindo apenas uma fonte de consulta, mas não servindo como parâmetro. Através do levantamento de dados, de consulta às fichas de desligamento e de entrevistas com os enfermeiros chefes das unidades selecionadas para o estudo (CTICC, SR, UI e BC) de um hospital de ensino, identificamos um índice de absenteísmo de 10,88% e uma taxa de turnover de 5,27% , os quais, em comparação com a literatura levantada, não podem ser considerados elevados. Determinou, também, em qual setor e em que categoria profissional estes dois fenômenos são mais intensos, estabelecendo as suas principais razões e conseqüências. Os resultados encontrados, tanto em termos do absenteísmo quanto do turnover, levaram a reforçar a importância do enfermeiro assumindo atividades gerenciais nas organizações de saúde e responsabilizando-se pelo trabalho das demais categorias, tanto em termos da qualidade do trabalho desenvolvido como em relação à produtividade alcançada e à satisfação e realização do pessoal. / The present investigation was originated from the concern about quality evaluation in hospitais organizations, more precisely in nursing services, where nurses develop the biggest part of their professionals activities in assistance or education field. Due to the complexity that involves the human resources area within organizations, the study was delimited in two aspects: the turnover and absenteism of personnel. Both of them, even their importance are deficient in upto date studies and bibliography. The purpose of this dissertation is to indicate the turnover and absenteism rate in four units of a university hospital and to determine the causes and consequences of the two phenomena. The results showed that the absenteism rate is 10,88% and the turnover rate is 5,27% which compared with the literature revision can't be considerate elevated. Identify also, in which sector and professional category these two phenomena are more intense and the results reinforce the importance of the nurse, developing manager activities in health organizations, responsible for the work of the others categories in terras of work quality, productivity, job satisfaction and personnel realization.

Les organisations caritatives religieuses connaissent depuis la fin de l’ère maoïste une croissance importante en Chine. De façon générale, ces organisations complémentent les services de l’État, lequel a réduit sa présence dans la sphère sociale au cours de la période de Réforme et d’ouverture. Face à ces groupes, le Parti communiste chinois est passé d’une attitude répressive à une attitude instrumentale. La présente thèse explore le détail de cette instrumentalisation. Elle constate, grâce à une étude de terrain, l’attitude différenciée du Parti communiste envers les groupes caritatifs religieux, selon que ceux-ci adhèrent à une religion « chinoise » ou « étrangère ».

Most analysts study leadership succession in communist states as a "crisis" which ensues after the death of a dominant leader. This study takes an alternative approach. It is a survey of provisions for leadership succession in the People's Republic, of China. This involves a comparison of the strategies and motivations of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping in providing for their own succession. Deng Xiaoping's more extensive provisions for leadership succession during the CCP's transition towards a more institutionalized one-party bureaucratic rule are likely to be more durable than Mao's provisions in the earlier period. Nevertheless, guarantees of smooth and regularized succession, especially of protégés promoted on the basis of personal ties within the leadership core, may be impossible to obtain. Mao's provisions were aimed largely at what he saw as a probable, but deplorable, bureaucratic future of the PRC. Deng, on the other hand, perceives an element of opportunity in the succession process. He has tried to provide leadership that will, in his estimation, be better able to bring about China's modernization. In both leaders' provisions for succession, the elevation to the status of "heir apparent" of individuals has been a political liability to those individuals, especially when their promotion is perceived to be based largely on personal ties to the dominant leader. This liability becomes more pronounced in a period of bureaucratic, collective leadership. Because of his shifting policy preferences, his status as charismatic leader, and the ambitious nature of his protégés, Mao Zedong was unsuccessful in providing for his own succession. Deng Xiaoping, on the other hand, has been successful in cultivating a reserve of young, well-educated cadres. These provisions, because they are extensive and exist in a more subdued, consensus-oriented political environment, may well be Deng's most enduring legacy. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

abstract: ABSTRACT As a composer, Chou Wen-Chung (1923-2019) was a learner and inheritor of Chinese traditional music culture and was committed to carrying it forward. As a native of China who had his primary musical training in the West, Chou Wen-Chung was one of the first Chinese composers to make his mark on Western music. He successfully combined Western elements and Chinese tradition in his music. Chou Wen-Chung was one of the few prominent East Asian composers known in the Western musical world, and his music therefore has had a strong influence on other Chinese composers. In order to understand more clearly his music, I analyzed his chamber work: Yü Ko. This piece was composed in 1965 for 9 instruments: Violin, Alto Flute, English Horn, Bass Clarinet, 2 Trombones, 2 Percussion and Piano. Inspired by the ancient Chinese musical instrument the Qin (also called guqin, or “ancient qin”), which is a plucked seven-string instrument, Chou Wen-Chung composed Yü Ko. Literally meaning “fisherman’s song,” this work was composed originally for the Qin, based on a melody composed by Mao Min-Zhong who was a very noted scholar and Qin player of the late Southern Song dynasty (C.E.1127-1276). This paper provides Chou Wen-Chung’s biography, compositional styles and developments. It lists and explains the most common Chinese traditional cultural elements which he used in his compositions. In particular, it introduces the Qin in detail from the external structure, performance techniques, sound characteristics, the tablature notation, and compositional methods. This document also includes a detailed analysis of Yü Ko in terms of the orchestration, pitch, tonal material, structure and tempo, dynamic and musical materials, and explains Chou Wen-Chung’s imitation of the Qin as well as the influence of Western music shown in this piece. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2020

China is a leading producer of alternative energy in the present day, while much of its economic rise under the CCP in the late 20th century was driven by the successful development of domestic coal and gas resources in the 1960s and 70s. But the drive to secure autonomous sources of energy to propel economic development and protect national security well predates China’s transition to socialism at midcentury. This dissertation explores the emergence of technocratic state rule in 20th century China by investigating the development of a biofuel industry designed to ensure energy security during war with imperial Japan. During the early to mid-1930s, Chiang Kai-Shek’s KMT government began supporting scientific research on ethanol-based biofuel production as a means of preserving fuel supplies should Japanese forces successfully blockade supply routes into the country during wartime. As exactly this scenario came to pass in the late 1930s, a network of more than 100 private and state-run ethanol plants were constructed along new roadways spanning the country’s southwestern interior. By 1945, millions of gallons a year of ethanol-based “dongli jiujing” fueled the logistical chains of both Chinese and US troops stationed throughout the China theater. The fusion of statecraft and science manifested in the dongli jiujing program both points forward to state-led energy and heavy industrial development in the 1950s and 1960s under Mao’s CCP, and represents one of the top accomplishments of KMT agencies like the National Resources Commission, a powerful technocratic agency which held up the wartime biofuel industry as a paradigmatic example of successful state-led economic development. While scholarship on heavy industry in China often focuses on the latter half of the 20th century, this dissertation demonstrates that by the mid 1930s, the development of the biofuel industry welded political visions for a sovereign, industrially powerful China with the technical expertise of chemists and microbiologists at the National Bureau of Industrial Research (NBIR), a state funded institution for applied science research oriented at developing heavy industries. And it points out that many of the scientists involved in the dongli jiujing program would continue development work in fields like agricultural chemistry and the biochemical industry under the CCP. Engaging with and contributing to recent scholarship on the history of science and technology in Asia, “Mobilizing Microbes” also traces the global circulation of fermentation-related knowledge that informed NBIR attempts to harness microbial life for the industrial production of alcohol. And finally, it explores connections that brought together in unexpected ways the craft knowledge and practices of China’s domestic brewing industry with modernizing visions for a powerful, fully sovereign China propounded by scientists and statesmen as the midpoint of the 20th century drew near.

No description available.

Guerilla Warfare is a weapon of the weak; it is decisive only where the actor in power fails to commit adequate resources to the conflict. The Chinese and Cuban revolutions are examples of guerilla warfare success, albeit under different conditions and employment techniques; while Mao Tse-tung utilized decentralized guerilla warfare to indoctrinate and mobilize the masses of peasants for revolutionary struggle against a stronger enemy; Fidel Castro employed a more centralized approach to create the conditions necessary for popular support of the revolution. However, in both cases guerilla warfare was simply part of a pragmatic grand strategy to build nationalism across all classes of society. It is well known that revolutionary movements do not succeed where only one class of society is mobilized. As a result, both Mao and Castro designed dual strategies: an internal component focused on the peasant base; and an external component focused on a nationalistic appeal to all classes of society. In a revolutionary setting, the strong force of nationalism can cut across all segments of the population and strongly enable popular support for the insurgents. Both revolutionary leaders skillfully managed the contradictions associated with their respective dual strategies - a difficult task indeed since the dual strategy is one of deception. This thesis will prove that through such a plan of action, Mao and Castro integrated efforts such as leadership and ideology, with the key ingredient of guerilla warfare, to create the conditions for the control of resources necessary to achieve ultimate victory. Following revolutionary success, the experience of guerilla warfare and the dual strategy - particularly in Cuba - shaped the respective foreign policies within the context of a worldwide struggle against imperialism. Cuba has continued to refine the dual strategy in order to obtain international support and maintain the Castro regime in power. China eventually adopted a dual strategy of a different variety: the separation of economics from communist ideology. Although implementation of the dual strategy continues to the present day, it was the revolutionary process that not only validated the concept, but provided the credibility required to continue its execution.

This dissertation examines how the complex relations between the problem of the “culture worker” (wenyi gongzuozhe) and the challenges of socialist political economy were articulated and navigated in the Chinese Revolution. The point of historical and conceptual departure for this dissertation is Mao’s Talks at the Yan’an Conference on Literature and Art in 1942. I argue that the Talks provided a conceptual vocabulary for the problem of cultural production that revolved around the problematic of “life” (shenghuo) as the site of possibility for the fashioning of the culture worker under socialism. The demand that intellectuals “enter into life” (shenru shenghuo) necessitated that writers spend long periods labouring amongst workers and peasants, a demand that sought to suspend an understanding of the masses as a reified abstraction. By the same token, this demand called for a transformation of the culture worker, as well, which was to be felt at the level of subjectivity and embodied experience. The goal was that cultural production might itself be able to intervene in the production of new kinds of social relations, above all relations of labour. The dissertation demonstrates that, across the sustained cultural and economic experiment that was Chinese socialism, the cultural itself became reconfigured as a site of labour as it frequently placed demands upon intellectuals to give up a privileged existence, in order that their bodies and pens might move to a new set of social rhythms and temporalities.

Deck and coworkers previously showed that Me3Si substituents adjacent to group 4 metallocene dichlorides (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) are converted to corresponding BrMe2Si groups using BBr3, and that these BrMe2Si substituents are highly reactive to nucleophilic reagents such as water. The high reactivity of the Si-Br bonds suggested that these substituents could react with hydroxyl groups on the surface of partially dehydroxylated silica, forming covalently immobilized metallocene catalysts. This dissertation concerns the synthesis of electrophile-functionalized zirconocene dihalide complexes and the use of functionalized zirconocene dihalides as precursors to silica-supported metallocene olefin polymerization catalysts. Our first objective was to extend the metallocene "functionalization" chemistry to obtain substituents bearing more than one electrophilic bond. The reactivities of Me3Sn and Ph2MeSi substituents were explored in detail. (Me3Sn)2C5H4 combined with CpZrCl3 in toluene to afford (h5-Me3Sn-C5H4)CpZrCl2 (A). Reactions of A with electrophiles (E-X = Cl2B-Cl, I-Cl, and I-I) afforded (ï ¨5-XMe2Sn-C5H4)CpZrCl2 (and E-Me) cleanly. The reaction of A with BBr3 afforded either (ï ¨5-BrMe2Sn-C5H4)CpZrBr2 (25 ï °C, 10 min) or (ï ¨5-Br2MeSn-C5H4)CpZrBr2 (25 ï °C, 15 h). Ph2MeSi-C5H4Li combined with ZrCl4·2THF to afford (h5-Ph2MeSi-C5H4)2ZrCl2 (B). The reaction of B with BCl3 led to incomplete cleavage of the Ph-Si bonds, however treatment of B with BBr3 afforded (h5-Br2MeSi-C5H4)2ZrBr2 (C) efficiently. The Sn-X bonds of the stannylated metallocenes were however relatively unreactive toward water and were excluded as candidates precursors for supported metallocene catalysts. X-ray crystal structures of (h5-ClMe2Sn-C5H4)CpZrCl2·½toluene, (h5-Br2MeSn-C5H4)CpZrBr2·THF, B, and C were obtained. The functionalized metallocene C reacts with water to afford an oligosiloxane-supported zirconocene dibromide. Combinations of solution 1H NMR, solid state CPMAS 13C NMR, and solid state CPMAS 29Si NMR spectroscopy suggested a stereoregular structure in which the metallocene units have local Cs (meso) symmetry. Although only sparingly soluble, the oligomeric substance showed activity for homogeneous ethylene polymerization (toluene solution, MAO cocatalyst, Al:Zr = 5000, 50 ï °C) similar to Cp2ZrCl2. Supported metallocene olefin polymerization catalysts were prepared by combining a functionalized metallocene precursor (Cp2ZrBr2 bearing either BrMe2Si or Br2MeSi groups) and partially dehydroxylated silica. Ethylene polymerization activity of the resulting catalysts was examined as a function of the precursor structure (number of reactive "tethering" groups, one vs. two Si-Br bonds per tethering group) and the immobilization conditions (time, temperature, presence or absence of NEt3 promoter). The activities of the immobilized zirconocene catalysts decreased and the stabilities increased with increasing number of tethers. The immobilized catalyst prepared from (ï ¨5-Br2MeSi-C5H4)2ZrBr2, which is assumed to form two "double-tethers" to silica, was significantly more active than the catalyst prepared from [ï ¨5-1,3-(BrMe2Si)2C5H3]2ZrBr2, which is assumed to form four "single-tethers" to silica. Catalyst leaching was observed in all the immobilized zirconocene catalysts. The use of NEt3 in the immobilization reaction enabled more metallocene to be supported, but the resulting activity was lower. The dissertation also includes model studies on the immobilization reaction and the stability of the Si-O-Si bonds. The reaction of C with tBuMe2SiOH results in the formation of Si-O-Si bonds; addition of NEt3 results in further reaction to afford Si-O-Zr bonds. The reaction of Reaction of Me3Si-O-SiMe3 with MAO showed that Si-O-Si bonds can be cleaved under the conditions of our polymerization reactions. / Ph. D.