This thesis offers a theoretical investigation into concepts of beauty, the sculptured body and myths of Venus and Medusa, primarily through the works of Igor Mitoraj and Marc Quinn. These themes are transformed and inverted in the Looking-glass towards the trans-body, which is fragmented, sometimes monstrous, grotesque or ugly, but it is still complete. Resonating with Eros, it advocates a new trans-sexuality and establishes a concept of new desire , both of which question the legitimacy and limits of the concept of gender in relation to the body. This thesis proposes looking at the body beyond straightforward associations with a particular sex, incorporating approaches beyond art historical and art critical perspectives. Overall, the argument is informed by three particular concepts - paratopisms, paralogisms and parachronisms - drawn from the writings of Jean-François Lyotard. Jean Baudrillard s idea of the trans and swallowing the mirror provides another focus for the thesis. As such, this work is an attempt to go through to the other side of the mirror with respect to topos here, aesthetics and narratives; logos here, beauty and ugliness; and chronos in this research, the new desire. Through a detailed analysis of a number of case-studies I focus on the transformation of the trope of the classical into para-classical; the implosion of Venus into Medusa, beauty into ugliness, perfection into imperfection and ability into disability; and, finally, the metamorphosis of the sculptured body in the mirror. The figure of Venus is utilised in order to scrutinise the modifications and metamorphoses, both internal and external, of the body in relation to the fragment and the classical Greco-Roman ideal. The thesis aims to bring to the study of sculpture a deconstruction of the body through readings on gender, subjectivities and the gaze of the other. It focuses on the female body, represented by the figure of Venus, which is modified and appropriated according to patriarchal order, but also, as it relies on Hélène Cixous's Medusa laugh, it generates a new perspective in seeing the body as a hybrid; a metamorphosing construct, able to transform beyond and within corporeality. Viewing the body as an entity in a constant state of flux, shifting identities and gender, this study proposes this new concept - trans-body as a response to the current hyperreal simulated model of sexuality, and stimulates (and simulates) a change of focus in opticality towards illusions and trans-vesting myths.

This thesis argues for a coherent theory of the animal in the written and visual works of the German Expressionist painter, Franz Marc. By contextualizing Marc’s animal theory within the history of animal studies, this thesis will analyze how Marc’s animal theory corresponds with several central concepts within this field. One of these concepts—a theory of animal death—is central to the artist’s greater theory of the animal and to the analysis this thesis provides. In examining Marc’s theory of animal death, the following work will propose that the artist’s theory of animal spirituality is his greatest legacy within the field of animal theory.

O presente exercício reflexivo visa fazer uma análise do papel político desempenhado por César Augusto durante a construção, a consolidação e a legitimação do sistema político do Principado romano. Tomaremos como base analítica os discursos e as ações de Augusto na cena política romana em prol da restauração da República. Para tanto, propomo-nos abordar o modo como o príncipe se apropriou da artimanha de construção dos estereótipos de seus rivais, Marco Antônio e Cleópatra, no intuito de elevar sua própria posição na cena política romana. A forma como ele se utilizou de discursos do eu e do outro permeia nosso olhar, sobretudo com relação ao mundo oriental que serviu como elemento num plano discursivo e prático de difamação de seus rivais e de apresentação deles como uma ameaça à República romana, a qual ele pretendia salvaguardar e elevar aos melhores tempos. / This reflective exercise aims to analyze the political role performed by Caesar Augustus during the construction, consolidation and the legitimacy of the political system of the Roman Principality. We will take as analytical basis the discourses and actions of Augustus in the Roman political scene on behalf of restoration of the Republic. Therefore, we propose to board the way how the Prince appropriated the trick of construction of stereotypes of his rivals, Marc Antony and Cleopatra, in order to raise his own position in the Roman political scene. The way he used speeches of me and other permeates our gaze, especially concerning the Eastern world that served as an element in a discursive and practical plan to defamation his rivals and their presentation as a threat to the Roman Republic, which he intended to safeguard and raise the best times.

Orientador: Plácida Leopoldina Ventura Amorim da Costa Santos / Banca: Silvana aparecida Borsetti Gregório Vidotti / Banca: José Fernando Modesto da Silva / Abstract: The scientific communication is suffering considerable alterations so much in its process as in its structure and philosophy. The open archives and open access initiatives are contributing significantly for the undoing of the traditional model of scientific communication and for the construction of a new disaggregated model and with interoperability, fairer and efficient to disseminate the research results and like this, the knowledge generated by the scientific communities. However, due to the progresses of the information and communication technologies, not only the structure and the flow of the scientific communication is suffering considerable alterations, as well as the own concept and support of the scientific documents. This has been generating the need of the development of tools to optimize the organization, description, exchange and information retrieval processes, besides the digital preservation, among others. Highlight that the MARC format it has been allowing per decades the description and the exchange of bibliographical and cataloging registrations to the institutions, favoring the access to the contents informacionais contained in several collections. However, with the exponential growth of information and of the documents generation (above all digital), this has been demanding larger flexibility and interoperability among the several information systems available. In this scenery, the XML markup language is presented as one of the current developments that has as purpose to facilitate and to optimize the administration, storage and transmission of contents through Internet, it being incorporate for several sections and areas of the knowledge for the handling easiness and operational flexibility. Front to that, an exploratory study of theoretical analysis was accomplished, identifying the adaptation of the MARCXML... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

Genre théâtral généralement méconnu, les sacre rappresentazioni naissent à Florence, à la moitié du XVe siècle, sous l’impulsion des Dominicains de Saint-Marc. Les buts de ce théâtre sont d’abord pédagogiques. Les enfants sont, à cette époque, au centre d’intérêts civils et religieux importants. Il s’agit d’en faire à la fois de bons citoyens et de bons chrétiens. La pratique du théâtre était, pour saint Antonin, le prieur de Saint-Marc, un moyen ludique de faire acquérir aux enfants la connaissance des Écritures et de méditer avec eux sur l’exemplarité des protagonistes. Les auteurs de sacre rappresentazioni sont néanmoins des laïcs : artisans ou fonctionnaires de l’État, leurs intérêts privés et leurs amitiés les amènent, dans la plupart des cas, à fréquenter les Médicis. Les Médicis et Saint-Marc : les sacre rappresentazioni évoluent et, d’une certaine manière, dépendent de ces deux pôles du pouvoir. Ils vont conditionner leur développement ; d’eux va dépendre aussi leur passage de forme de communication orale, fortement liée à l’occasion et à sa représentation, à succédané de littérature pieuse, destiné à être lu. La sacra rappresentazione a longtemps suscité le désintérêt et le mépris de la critique. Pourtant, elle constitue un filtre irremplaçable pour pénétrer au cœur du Quattrocento florentin, au cœur des esprits, des modes de pensée et de vie d’une société qui semble s’être stratifiée entre ses lignes. / The sacre rappresentazioni [a theatrical genre, generally unfamiliar] are born in Florence, in the mid-fifteenth century, led by the Dominicans of San Marco. The purposes of this theatre are primarily educational. Children, at the time, are in the centre of important civil and religious interests. They must become both good citizens and good Christians. Practicing theatre was, from the point of vue of St Antoninus [the prior of San Marco’s convent], a fun way for children to acquire knowledge of the Scriptures and to meditate on the exemplary protagonists. The laymen who composed the sacre rappresentazioni have also in common (in most cases) to be close to the Medici family: they are craftsmen or state officials, and their private interests or their friendship led them to frequent the great men of the family. The Medici and the San Marco's convent: the sacre rappresentazioni evolve and, in some way, depend on these two poles of power. They condition their development; their transition from an oral form strongly bound to the occasion and its representation, to an erastz of pious literature, intended to be read and forgotten will depend on them too. The sacra rappresentazione has long generated the disinterest or contempt of criticism. However, it is an irreplaceable filter into the heart of the Florentine Quattrocento, in the heart of the society spirit, of modes of life, modes of think that seems to have stratified between the lines.

[pt] Marc Ferrez (1843-1923) não foi apenas um fotógrafo. Nos mais de 60 anos que atuou profissionalmente na cidade onde nasceu, o Rio de Janeiro, além de se dedicar à produção e venda de imagens fotográficas, ele foi comerciante de produtos químicos, equipamentos e materiais ligados à fotografia, dedicando-se, a partir da primeira década do século XX, aos negócios cinematográficos. A longa carreira de Ferrez, desde a abertura de sua primeira casa comercial em 1867, até a sua morte em 1923, se desenrolou em um período de mudanças muito significativas para a História, e para a cidade na qual ele atuava. Este estudo aborda a produção imagética e comercial de Ferrez com o objetivo de apreender a sua importância, não só para a ampliação de uma cultura visual no Brasil, mas também para o imaginário social da cidade. Se por um lado, as fotografias e suas variadas formas de reprodução permitiam o fortalecimento de um sentimento de identidade entre os próprios habitantes do país que o Rio de Janeiro simbolizava, por outro, essa produção era um importante instrumento de atração dos imigrantes e de estrangeiros que por ela entravam. A variada gama de documentos investigados para possibilitar esta abordagem inclui relatos de viajantes, dentre os quais têm especial lugar os de Koseritz e Agassiz; os textos e ilustrações de Angelo Agostini na Revista Illustrada; Relatórios do Ministério da Indústria, Viação e Obras Públicas; além dos muitos documentos ligados às trajetórias pessoal e profissional de Ferrez, doados pela Família Ferrez em 2007 ao Arquivo Nacional. / [en] Marc Ferrez (1843-1923) was not just a photographer. During the 60 years that he worked professionally in his native city of Rio de Janeiro, he was involved in many facets of photography. In addition to his dedication to the production and commercialization of photographic images, he also traded chemicals, equipment and materials related to photography. From the first decade of the twentieth century, he was also dedicated to the film business. His long career - from the opening of his first commercial house in 1867, until his death in 1923 - was conducted over a period of very significant changes to history, and to the city in which he served. This study addresses the production of Ferrez commercial imagery and one of its main objectives is to seize its importance, not only for the development of a visual culture in Brazil but also for the social imagination of the city. If on the one hand, the photographs and its many forms of reproduction allow for the strengthening of a sense of identity among the inhabitants of the country that Rio de Janeiro symbolized, on the other hand, his work was an important instrument of attraction of immigrants and foreigners that entered the country through the then capital city. The diverse range of documents investigated to enable this approach includes reports of travelers, specially Koseritz and Agassiz narratives, the texts and illustrations of Angelo Agostini in the Revista Illustrada, reports from the Ministry of Industry, Traffic and Public Works, and many documents related to personal and professional trajectories of Ferrez, donated by the Family Ferrez in 2007 to the National Archives (Arquivo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro).

Notre thèse est consacrée à l'œuvre philosophique de Marc Richir - œuvre débutée en 1968 qui compte plus de dix mille pages en 2011, réparties en vingt ouvrages et plus de deux cents articles - et elle se résume à cette double ambition : 1/ apporter la démonstration que la phénoménologie transcendantale chez Marc Richir (avec ses notions spécifiques et son architectonique), dans les enjeux les plus fondamentaux de sa refonte et de sa refondation, se comprend, se réfléchit et se fonde par un résidu, une trace ou un milieu (de vie du) transcendantal ; bref, par ce que nous nommons un élément 'ogkorythmique' fondamental qui constitue le placentaire du transcendantal, le squelette transcendantal du transcendantal. Cet élément, présent à tous les niveaux de cette nouvelle phénoménologie et qui en ouvre la compréhensibilité, est constitué par une masse rythmique non spatiale et non temporelle néanmoins en mouvement. Ce qui équivaut à penser la dynamique foncièrement irreprésentable, impossible, impensable et incompréhensible, d'une masse sans masse et d'un rythme sans rythme au cœur même de la phénoménologie et de la phénoménologisation richiriennes devenues par cette analyse, à nos yeux, une métaphysique phénoménologique fondamentale ; 2/ montrer la genèse des fondements phénoménologiques de cette pensée refondatrice - à la lumière de cet élément - comprise comme métaphysique transcendantale, par l'étude analytique des premiers écrits des années 60 et 70, où apparaît cette problématique fondationnelle ; et qui permet, en outre, d'éclairer les écrits postérieurs des années 80 à 2000, ce qui favorise le traitement de ces derniers de manière à la fois transversale et synthétique.

<p>The purpose of this essay is to examine what can be considered as obscene in the work of Joel</p><p>Peter Witkin and Marc Quinn, what the similarities and differences are. The essay concerns the</p><p>human body, the norms around it and the old vision of the ideal body. To get closer to my</p><p>question I’ve been examine the meaning of anti-ideal, what it means and what kind of history it</p><p>has. The works I’ve been using to reach to my purpose are Marc Quinn’s sculpture Alison Lapper</p><p>(2005) and Joel Peter Witkin’s photography Abundance (1997). Both of the works are taking the</p><p>position that use to belong to the classical beauty. The analysis of these works focuses on the old</p><p>classical symbol interpretation, the character of the work and the doubt in the old ideal norms of</p><p>the classical beauty.</p>

The purpose of this essay is to examine what can be considered as obscene in the work of Joel Peter Witkin and Marc Quinn, what the similarities and differences are. The essay concerns the human body, the norms around it and the old vision of the ideal body. To get closer to my question I’ve been examine the meaning of anti-ideal, what it means and what kind of history it has. The works I’ve been using to reach to my purpose are Marc Quinn’s sculpture Alison Lapper (2005) and Joel Peter Witkin’s photography Abundance (1997). Both of the works are taking the position that use to belong to the classical beauty. The analysis of these works focuses on the old classical symbol interpretation, the character of the work and the doubt in the old ideal norms of the classical beauty.

La problématique de ce mémoire s'ancre dans notre contexte actuel, caractérisé par un double mouvement de sécularisation de la sphère sociale et de « réenchantement » ou de « resacralisation » dans les sphères artistique, culturelle et intellectuelle. Partant de cette dichotomie singulière, ce projet de recherche constitue une tentative d'élucider ce rapport complexe entre l'art actuel - immergé dans le nihilisme de la postmodernité - et une forme hybride et non définie de sacré. Face à l'ampleur d'une telle question et à l'éclectisme de son sujet, ce mémoire se resserre autour de la volonté de donner un sens à cet éclatement à travers le développement d'une notion originale, celle d'incarnation tautologique. Pivotant sur un renversement nihiliste du dogme de l'incarnation, cette idée – outil conceptuel plutôt que concept – restructure le sacré en dehors de la présence d'un Dieu, faisant alors de cette perte de la transcendance l'occasion de réfléchir le sacré sous un jour totalement humain. L'ensemble de ce mémoire est ainsi consacré à la précision de cet outil théorique. L'objectif n'étant ni de faire système au sein de l'hétérogénéité actuelle ni d'établir une typologie du champ artistique, ce mémoire se penche sur l'étude d'un même thème, celui du paradis terrestre, tel que repris par trois œuvres contemporaines dont les analyses ont pour but de préciser la teneur théorique de cette incarnation tautologique. Ces trois œuvres - soit Garden (Marc Quinn 2000), Garden of Earthly Delights III (Raqib Shaw 2003) et Au commencement 19380 (Sarkis 2001) - unies autour de leur appropriation de la thématique du paradis judéo-chrétien, permettent à cette recherche de se centrer autour d'une actualisation de l'Éden. Partant ainsi du prédicat selon lequel cette sacralité postmoderne serait dédivinisée, nous adoptons un regard iconologique afin de traquer ce motif édénique et d'en mesurer l'actualisation et la pertinence. Le but est de voir le fonctionnement de cette incarnation tautologique dans les œuvres et d'en préciser ainsi les répercussions sur la notion de sacré et de croyance pour notre contemporanéité. Ainsi se dévoile un sacré empreint d'humanité et de nihilisme. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Art contemporain, Sacré, Éden, Réenchantement, Marc Quinn, Raqib Shaw, Sarkis.