<p>Bakgrund: Personer med demens har ofta en bristande förmåga att kommunicera verbalt och uttrycker sig istället genom olika beteende. Det är av vikt att vårdpersonalen skapar ett nära samspel med vårdtagaren, för att om möjligt tolka och förstå vad de ger uttryck för. Syfte: Att belysa betydelsen av vårdpersonalens förhållningssätt vid omvårdnad av personer med demens. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie baserad på tretton vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Omvårdnaden av personer med demens påverkas av vilket förhållningssätt vårdpersonalen har. Förhållningssättet är beroende av flera olika faktorer, och ingen enskild faktor kan anses väga tyngre än någon annan. Det gemensamma för alla faktorer är att vårdpersonalen bör sträva efter att bekräfta vårdtagaren i omvårdnadssituationer. Förhållningssättet speglas av vilka värdegrunder och vilket synsätt människor har. Vårdpersonalen bör därför få tillfälle att kritiskt reflektera över sitt eget förhållningssätt. Demenssjuka personer utvecklar ett närmast totalt beroende av vårdpersonalen. Det är därför viktigt att vårdpersonalen inte bara har kunskap om vårdtagarens sjukdom, utan även ser den unika individen. Med goda kunskaper om vårdtagaren och dennes diagnos finns förutsättningarna för en individanpassad omvårdnad.</p><p> </p>

<p>Background: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronical disease that often occurs early in life. In 2005 around 7000 children in Sweden was estimated with type 1 diabetes. When a child gets a chronical disease it affects the whole family. The parents will be the ones who take the main responsible for the child´s care. Purpose: The aim of this literature review was to describe the parents experiences of living with a child with type 1 diabetes. Method: A literature review was carried trough based on 14 scientific articles. The articles were analysed and six categories emerged. Result: All parents experienced chock and confusion in the initial stage. They needed a lot of knowledge and experienced a huge responsibilty in managing their child´s diabetes. To have a young child or an adolescent could offer different difficulties. Increased knowledge and experiences contributed to higher confidence and optimism in parents. Conclusion: The parents are the most important persons in a child´s life, and accordingly to that it is important that caregivers make sure they will educate the parents in no hurry and to support them in the great art of taking care of their chronically ill child.</p>

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Bakgrund: Diabetes förekommer hos 3-4 procent av Sveriges befolkning. Uppkomsten av diabetes är ofta relaterad till livsstil. Hur människor upplever att få diagnosen påverkar synen på sjukdom och framtid. Människor som får sjukdomen är i behov av stöd från vårdpersonal. Syfte: Beskriva vuxnas upplevelser av stöd efter att ha fått diagnosen diabetes mellitus. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie, där 8 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Resultat: Analys av artiklar resulterade i fyra olika kategorier: bemötande, hantera negativa känslor, lära genom utbildning och accepterande/anpassning. Diskussion: Det fanns kunskapsbrist om sjukdomen bland diabetespatienter. Utbildning med stöd och ett bra bemötande från vårdpersonal kan förebygga kunskapsbrist. Slutsats: Vuxna som får diagnosen diabetes mellitus behöver ha stöd från vårdpersonal och anhöriga. Patienter behöver ha kunskap om diabetes för att egenvårds-kapacitet ska kunna utvecklas.</p><p>Nyckelord: Diabetes, stöd, upplevelse, utbildning</p><p>Abstract</p><p>Background: Diabetes occurs in 3-4 per cent in the Swedish population. Diabetes is often related to the lifestyle. How people experience to receive the diagnosis affects the view of illness and future. People who get the illness need support from caregivers. Aim: Describe adults experience of support after they have received the diagnose diabetes mellitus. Method: A systematic literature review, there eight scientific articles were revised. Result: The analyse resulted in four different categories: treatment, manage negative feelings, learn by education and accepting/adaptation. Discussion: The findings showed that a lack of knowledge existed of the illness among diabetes patients. Education with support and a good treatment from the caregivers could prevent a lack of knowledge. Conclusion: Adults who receive the diagnose diabetes mellitus need support from caregivers and the next of kin. Patients need knowledge about diabetes too know how to develop self care capacity.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Diabetes, education, experience, support</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Att drabbas av en hjärtinfarkt är en hotfull och skrämmande upplevelse som kan påverka upplevelsen av livskvalitet för många kvinnor. Enligt Siri Naess definition av livskvalitet ska personen ha en grundstämning av gjädje, självkänsla, samhörighet och vara aktiv för att uppleva en god livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser efter en hjärtinfarkt med fokus på livskvalitet. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes, vilken bygger på vetenskapliga artiklar framtagna genom databaserad litteratursökning. Dessa kvalitetsgranskades och en artikelöversikt sammanställdes. Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier formulerades utifrån Siri Naess definition av livskvalitet: upplevelser relaterade till grundstämning av glädje, upplevelser relaterade till självkänsla, upplevelser relaterade till samhörighet och upplevelser relaterade till aktivitet. Kvinnornas upplevelser av livskvalitet påverkades efter hjärtinfarkten. De upptogs av existentiella tankar och känslor samt inverkade på deras grundstämning av glädje. Slutsats: Som sjuksköterska är det betydelsefullt att veta att kvinnorna är i behov av att samtala om sina existentiella tankar och känslor. Förutom det medicinska, livsstilsförändringar och rehabilitering så vore det önskvärt om sjuksköterskan gavs möjlighet att utgöra stöd inom alla områden som berör kvinnornas livskvalitet.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Background: When an acute illness or trauma occurs, life becomes disorganised and shattered for the critically ill person and his/her family members. The family members are confronted with thoughts about life and death which can cause stress and anxiety. How the family members cope with the crisis is individual and depending on personality and earlier experiences. Aim: The purpose of this literary review was to illustrate the family members´ experiences when dealing with a critically ill family member. Method: A literary review was made based on fifteen qualitative and quantitative scientific articles and a literary book. Findings: The analysis of the articles resulted in two main categories; security and insecurity. Information, involvement and wellbeing were the three subcategories which together lead to family members´ feeling of security. The feeling of insecurity was caused by negative experiences such as a lack of information, exclusion and discomfort. Conclusion: Nurses need to improve their knowledge and understanding in order to guide and support family members dealing with a life crisis. The result of the literary review made it apparent that all hospital personal are important for family members to feel security. The nurse however is a key employee of the hospital staff in order to offer a holistic family nursing. </p>

<p>Most of the stoma-operated persons must work themselves through difficult feelings. The task for the nurse is to deliver a care that promotes as much independence as possible. The aim of this literature review was to illuminate how the self-care agencies affect the well-being for the persons who are operated for stoma. A systematic literature study was done based on eleven scientific studies. Three categories, which describe how self-care agencies affect the physical, psychological and social well-being, are presented in the result. When a person who is operated for a stoma has problems to handle their self-care the caregivers need to offer a care that strengthens the self-care agency of the person. Most of these persons learn by time to handle bodily problems to achieve a physical well-being. However, a lot of persons experience larger difficulties to handle feelings such as fear, anxiety and reduced sexual self-confidence. If the caregivers become more conscious about how they can help persons to handle this problems the total well-being will increase. The caregivers must be aware on that this is a slow process and that their treatment and availability play an important part in achieving this.</p>

<p>Background: In Sweden around 6500 women suffer each year from breast cancer and during lifetime every tenth women is affected. Mastectomy (removal of part of or the whole breast) is carried out mostly in purpose to remove malign tumours or in prophylactic purpose. The breast can be rebuilt through breast reconstruction. Method: The result analysis was based on nine articles. A Manifest content analysis was used and data from the articles where divided into themes and patterns, on the basis of these categories were created. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women’s experience of quality of life which has undergone breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Results: The result is presented in categories: psychic, social, physical, body image and sexual. After breast reconstruction women can suffer from psychological, social, physical, body image and sexual dysfunctions. Women’s quality of life after breast reconstruction varies. Women should in right time receive support from medical staff. Body image, body reality and self-image are affected by illness. A good body image can improve self-confidence which can improve quality of life. Conclusion: Participations and awareness can be linked to good quality of life after breast reconstruction. Therefore information is an important foundation stone in the care.</p>

<p>År 2004 avled 190 barn i åldrarna 5 - 14 år i Sverige av en sjukdom som krävde palliativ vård. När dessa barn insjuknade berördes även de närstående. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa de närståendes behov av stöd när ett barn vårdades palliativt. Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteratur studie och aktuell forskning från år 2000 - 2007 granskades och analyserades. </p><p>Resultatet visade att närstående hade behov av empati, ärlighet och förståelse. Behov av delaktighet i omvårdnaden, det vill säga stöd att utföra en uppgift eller sköta omvårdnaden av sitt barn. Behov av information, kommunikation och undervisning, att den information som gavs var korrekt, individanpassad och utförlig. Behov av tillit till sin egen förmåga, hjälpte de närstående att känna att de beslut och de uppfattningar som de hade kring den aktuella situationen var korrekta. </p><p>Stöd till de närstående är en av sjuksköterskans främsta uppgifter i den palliativa vården av barn. Trots kunskapen om de behov som finns och den forskning som gjorts upplever de närstående fortfarande vissa brister i stödet. Ytterligare forskning inom området behövs för att ge kunskap om varför stödet uteblir eller inte når fram till de närstående.</p>

<p>Background: Every year about 4600 nurses are examined in Sweden. The work as a nurse is responsible and she is often working under time pressure. Aim: To describe nurse’s understandings about her professional role during her first year after the examination. Method: Systematic literature review, where 10 scientific articles were examined. Findings: Five categories were found: To be alone with the responsibility; To have insufficient knowledge in nursing; to experience time pressure; to develop a profession and become a member of the team; To feel satisfaction by being a nurse. Discussion: Newly examined nurses require support from experienced nurses during their first year. Time pressure caused stressful situations. To little time with each patients were frustrating for them. Conclusion: An important issue is to have support from a preceptor during the first year or to participate in a trainee program. </p><p> </p>

<p>Malnutrition is a common problem for patients with cancer that leads to anxiety and frustration for the whole family. Patients with palliative cancer disease treated at home are entitled to an adequate nutrition treatment suited to individual needs. </p><p>Aim: The aim of the literature review was to describe how cancer patients experience their nutriment situation before and after the introduction of parental nutrition and the experience of getting home parental nutrition. Methods: A literature study was carried out where qualitative and quantitative articles were examined. Findings: Five qualitative and five quantitative articles were examined. Four categories were created; patients experiences of their nutriment situation before the introduction of parental nutrition, mental experiences receiving parental nutrition at home, physical experiences receiving parental nutrition at home, patients experiences in general receiving parental nutrition at home. Conclusion: Through the parental nutrition treatment at home patients felt that the physical condition improved and the physiological symptoms were decreased. Even though family life was affected patients strived for a normal life. More studies are needed on the role of the nurse in the palliative care regarding nutritional treatment and how her support affects the patient’s positive experience. </p>