This essay is working on exploring what it is that motivates the man and the boy to survive despite the harsh reality they live in. The purpose of the essay is to show four main factors for motivation: morality, religion, society and paternal love. The first factor is the fundamental inner voice of morality which tells them why they should do something. In order to be able to productively discuss the topic of moral motivation I will introduce W.D. Ross's theory of Pluralistic Deontology as a means to find a framework in which to discuss this aspect of the novel. The second factor discussed is religion, which somewhat functions in the same way as morality does but seems to be more of a driving force, primarily for the man. The third factor is society in the sense of how it motivates one to take certain actions. I will use Thomas Hobbes’s idea of the state of nature, but also make it clear how, specifically, a postapocalyptic scenario affects the protagonists. The fourth factor and also the overarching factor discussed is paternal love. This factor is inter-located throughout the whole essay. Probably the most significant phrase from Cormac McCarthy’s The Road is “carrying the fire” (79). It is a central focal point in the man and the boy's overall interaction. The importance of the phrase cannot be stressed enough and does, without a doubt, carry a significant meaning for them both. However, we never really get an explanation to what the phrase really means, which inevitably invites the readers to draw their own conclusions as to what the phrase conveys. It remains ambiguous throughout the novel but in terms of motivation it has to do with surviving and/or the upholding of values remembered from the pre-apocalyptic society. As I address the phrase this meaning it also becomes possible to see that there are motivating factors for both the man and the boy that affect their morale to keep the fire going. This essay will investigate three possible motivating factors found in the novel, and, in addition to this, an overarching factor that can, arguably, function as connection between the other three factors.

The present ethnographic research explores the socio-economic repercussions of a copper mining operation in Chile on its host community. By examining the development of the relationship between this local community and the mining company since the latter’s arrival, this thesis sheds light on the possible (secondary) impacts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures and participatory spaces on intracommunal dynamics. Previous work has emphasized that enduring relationships involving participatory decision-making are crucial to build up trust and acceptance towards mining operations. However, these studies have not sufficiently focused on how such participatory mechanisms and ‘friendly’ relationships play out within the communities, on an intracommunal level. This research has addressed this gap by conducting an ethnographic fieldwork in a local community and capturing the community member’s view on the role of the mining company and their CSR measures for them and their community as a whole. This thesis found that the troublesome past with the mining operation has damaged the host community’s trust and acceptance in the involved mining companies. While disappointment and distrust were carried into more recent negotiations, community members also build up confidence and hope for a more harmonious relationship bearing new opportunities for their community. However, tracing back the history between the local community and the mining company, the thesis found that relations between the mining company and locals oscillated between protest against and dialogue. This shows that while (in-) direct economic benefits are recognized and appreciated, detrimental environmental impacts are not overlooked and still denounced. Furthermore, the rather corporate- than community-centered approach of the mining company’s CSR is criticized because it (1) neglects the common good, and (2) treats some groups/individuals in the community as more entitled to receive benefit than others. A general lack of reflection on the part of the mining company is attested: the mining company’s CSR leads to unwanted intracommunal discontent. The majority of the community leaders have full-time jobs and other obligations in addition to the time-consuming roles and related engagement on behalf of the community. On top of that, they lack sufficient support and participation of other community members to advance the work in the participatory spaces more efficiently and address the shortcomings of the commitments of the mining company accurately. However, there are historical reasons, rumors about corruption related to the mining company, and a violent discussion culture which step by step lead to a withdrawal of many community members from participating. In general, distrust, disunity, and disinformation dominate the atmosphere when it comes to the participatory spaces – but also more and more when it comes to community life itself. This in turn was observed to be both a product of and precondition for a prevailing victim mentality among the community which is characterized by demotivation, passivity, and pessimism. Valuable energy is trapped in a vicious circle rather than channeled towards action: there is no unified effort to address the problems on a community-mine level, the community stays overwhelmed, and in turn, has a hard time focusing and targeting the different issues they are facing systematically. / Mining of copper and molybdenum are crucial for our modern lifestyle: they are used for example in electronics, construction, alloys, and transport. Often, the use and consumption of such minerals are alienated from their extraction and production. There is an extensive body of literature on the environmental impacts of mining operations on the ground, however, there is also a need for a more sophisticated analysis which goes beyond the notion of the mere ‘ecological environment’. In this sense, anthropology can make an important contribution in the (re-)presentation of local realities. Therefore, this thesis critically examines, over time, the social and economic repercussions of a mining operation on its host community. Also, it discusses the so called ‘corporate social responsibility’ (CSR) measures implemented by the mining company to gain more acceptance within the local community. By conducting an ethnographic fieldwork in a local community in Chile, I captured the community member’s opinions of the mining operation next door and the CSR program. The thesis found that relations between the mining company and locals oscillated between protest against and dialogue. While economic benefits, for example through jobs or donations for the community, are recognized and appreciated, detrimental environmental impacts are denounced. The rather troublesome past with the mining company has damaged the host community’s trust in and acceptance of the mining operation. However, some community members are still confident and hope for new opportunities through the CSR measures conducted by the mining company. Yet, the CSR approach is also criticized because it (1) neglects the common good, and (2) treats some groups/individuals in the community as more entitled to receive benefit than others. A general lack of reflection on the part of the mining company is attested: the mining company’s CSR leads to unwanted intracommunal discontent. In general, the thesis found that the scope and severity of the environmental and socio-economic problems the host community is facing is overwhelming its capacity to engage and respond effectively. The majority of the community leaders have full-time jobs and other obligations in addition to the time-consuming roles and related engagement on behalf of the community. On top of that, many community members have withdrawn from participatory decision-making spaces. Rumors about corruption have spread distrust among the community and a violent discussion culture has fostered demotivation and disunity. This atmosphere is affecting not just these participatory spaces, but more and more community life itself. This in turn was observed to be both a product of and precondition for a prevailing victim mentality among the community. Such a victim mentality is characterized by passivity and pessimism. Valuable energy is trapped in a vicious circle rather than channeled towards action: there is no unified effort to address the problems with the mining company, the community stays overwhelmed, and in turn, has a hard time focusing and targeting the different issues they are facing systematically.

The work is aimed at the center of the village, which is a square that, in size comparable to that of the Square of Freedom in Brno, is an exhibition of problems: considerable deterioration of the building fund, underground use of the public space, which is moreover unreadable and unreachable. The proposed solution divides the area of the square into three smaller public spaces that have a different character and function. Mariánské námětí is the torso of the existing one, which has been earmarked for the building of a new municipal office and library, is characterized by town houses and the location of services and public amenities. The second area is a semi-detached cottage. It is dominated by walnuts and water. The proposed buildings are oriented towards the library and the wine house. The third such defined area is the Wine Market, which is the crossroads, the scattered area of the surrounding houses, like a school, shops, or wine house. A large part of the COOP building has a sports complex with a halo and a swimming pool. There are solved especially the buildings of the town hall with a library and a wine house.

The guiding questions of this thesis aim to target particularities of ‘call out’ or ‘cancel’ culture - an internet phenomenon primarily dominant through social media - and fill in gaps within the literature pertaining to such online culture. Although adhering to the digital sphere, its repercussions beyond the screen are observed through the ‘dramageddon’ of 2019, the cancellation events of YouTuber influencer James Charles. This thesis seeks out to apply participatory culture and symbolic interaction theories as well as accompanying concepts through a qualitative approach. The data collected consists of a blend of media content analysis of Twitter posts known as ‘receipts’ and interviews with three YouTubers as well as a Social Media expert. The results depict cancel culture to be associated with expected themes of justice, resentment, drama or entertainment value and group mentality as well as the offline ramifications. Unexpected themes also surface during data collection and will be further explored. Concluding remarks of this essay concern a summary of discussed implications of cancel culture from the view of netizens as well as suggestions for future prevention of such events.

The advantages with breeding purebred dogs are that offspring will be more predictable when it comes to morphology, possible diseases, and mentality. This enables breeding more healthy animals since it makes it possible to track the health history, but it is also resulting in a higher inbreeding, extreme breeding standards and thus sicker animals. Labradoodle and Goldendoodle are two new mix-breeds, bred to be the ultimate companion dog with a good mentality and health. In this literature review their physical and mental health is compared with their parent breeds, Labrador, or Golden retriever, and Poodle. The breed-specific health problem that is seen with the parent breeds is also seen in labradoodle and goldendoodle. Hybrid vigour is not present in doodles. Mix-breeds live longer lives, but they also seem to be less stable with higher fear and aggression / Fördelarna med att avla renrasiga hundar är att människan enklare kan förutspå utseende, eventuella hälsoproblem och avkommans mentalitet. Detta ger en möjlighet till friskare hundar eftersom man kan spåra hundens hälsohistoria, men det leder också till en högre inavelsgrad, extrema rasstandarder och på så vis risk för sjukare hundar. Labradoodle och goldendoodle är två nya blandraser, designerraser, avlade för att bli den ultimata sällskapshunden med en god hälsa och mentalitet. Här jämförs deras fysiska och mentala hälsa med deras föräldraraser, labrador eller golden retriever, och pudel, i en litteraturstudie. De rasbundna sjukdomarna man ser hos föräldraraserna ses också hos labradoodle och goldendoodle. Heterosiseffekten kan inte ses hos doodles. Blandraser lever generellt längre liv, men de verkar också vara mindre stabila med högre rädsla och aggressivitet.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how consumer behavior related to food changed during the pandemic in Sweden. At the beginning of 2020 a global pandemic named Covid-19 hit all the countries, Sweden being one of them.  The pandemic has forced everyone to change their usual lifestyle in order to be safe from the virus. The consumers' food choices have been changed during the pandemic, this topic would be interesting to be researched by the authors. Since the pandemic has urged worldwide, most of the countries have been affected because of it. The researchers have conducted a  questionnaire in order to be able to analyze the situation in Sweden from the consumers point of view. The findings indicate changes in consumer behavior and buying behavior that are tied with the pandemic times in the context of health. Some changes have been observed in product buying for food consumption as many people bought healthier products.

Gängkriminaliteten i Sverige växer och innebär stora konsekvenser för individer, grupper och samhället i stort. Tidigare svenska studier har fokuserat på riskfaktorer avseende nyrekrytering, manlighet och anstaltsvistelser. Genom media och rapporter framträder en ensidig bild av kriminaliteten. Ändock är detta även individer som har enormt mycket psykisk ohälsa, som under sin kriminella livsstil utsätts för extremt våld och långvarig stress. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksamheter som arbetar med avhoppare kunde fem huvudteman identifieras: socialisering, våld, självbild, psykisk ohälsa och exitprocess. Utifrån teorier om stress, sårbarhet och resurser tydliggjordes den psykiska hälsan och självbilden, vilket visat sig utgöra en enorm sårbarhet hos kriminella individer. De huvudteman och delfaktorer som identifierats skapas inom miljöerna och upprätthåller även kriminella identiteter. Dessa fynd utgör ur ett processuellt perspektiv ett upprätthållande av kriminalitet. / Gang crime in Sweden is growing and creating major consequences for individuals, groups, and society at large. Previous Swedish studies has focused on risk factors relating to new recruitment, masculinity ad institutionalization. The media and reports present a one-sided picture of criminality. However, these are also individuals who have an enormous amount of mental illness, who during their criminal lifestyle are exposed to extreme violence and long-term stress. Five main themes were identified through semi-structured interviews with organizations working with defectors: socialization, violence, self-image, mental health and exit process. Based on theories of stress, vulnerability and resources, mental health and self-image were highlighted, which have been shown to be a huge vulnerability for criminal individuals. The main themes and sub-factors identified are created within the environments and also maintain criminal identities. From a processual perspective, these findings constitute a maintenance of criminality.

La question de la rationalité socioéconomique propre aux paysans canadiens-français occupe dans l'historiographie canadienne du Québec rural préindustriel une place de choix, ayant été invoquée tour à tour pour glorifier ou condamner une population aux pratiques jugées à bien des égards différentes de celles des société anglo-saxonnes nord-américaines. Néanmoins, aussi importante soit-elle, cette problématique a rarement été abordée de front par les historiens, qui ont plutôt choisi de l'inclure en filigrane d'interprétations plus ciblées de réalités connexes. Dans cette optique, nous nous proposions dans ce mémoire de dégager, par le biais de l'analyse critique d'un échantillon de productions historiques représentatives des courants plus généraux dont elles sont issues, les principales représentations de la rationalité socioéconomique paysanne véhiculées par les historiens canadiens (tant francophones qu'anglophones) depuis 1960, de les expliquer à la lumière des particularités des contextes dans lesquels elles ont été produites ainsi que d'en retracer le parcours historiographique. Cette démarche nous a permis de constater clairement l'existence de trois paradigmes interprétatifs ayant successivement dominé le discours historique sur la question depuis 1960. Cette évolution, si elle s'accorde bel et bien au rythme du progrès méthodologique de la science historique, présente toutefois plusieurs originalités fermement ancrées dans les particularités du contexte dans lequel elle s'est déroulée, dont les principales sont la question nationale, la dichotomie ethnolinguistique de l'historiographie canadienne et la portée sociale significative des interprétations proposées. / The issue of French-Canadian peasants' socio-economic rationality holds a place of choice in the Canadian historiography of rural Quebec, having been used both to glorify and condemn the behavior of a population considered to be in many respects different from its Anglo-Saxon neighbors. However, as important as it may be, this subject has rarely been addressed directly by historians, who instead chose to study it indirectly as part of more targeted interpretations of its related realities. We therefore aim in this study to identify, through the critical analysis of a number of historical productions we believe to be representative of the broader currents from which they derived, the main representations of the French-Canadian peasants' socio-economic rationality conveyed by Canadian historians (both anglophones and francophones) since 1960, to explain them in the light of the particular contexts in which they were produced , as well as to trace their historiographical fate. This approach allow us to clearly see the existence of three interpretative paradigms that have successively dominated the historical discourse on the issue since 1960. This trend, even though it indeed follows the rhythm of methodological progress in history, is also firmly rooted in the peculiarities of the context in which it took place, the main ones being the omnipresence of the national debate, the ethnolinguistic dichotomy of Canadian historiography and the significant social impact of the proposed interpretations.

The graduation thesis analyses the status of woman since her birth to adult age in the 1st half of 19th century. In the beginning it is dealt with facts of European history. Further it focuses on woman, her childhood, adolescence and her adult age. The subject of the thesis is to show how the society behaved to a girl and a woman in the some specific social caste, how they thought of her, what type of rights, responsibilities and possibilities for education she had. The chosen areas are: the pedagogy history, the children education, the girl education and pedagogy, the family environment, the sociability, the marriage and maternity. The thesis subsequently responds how hardly and slowly the woman obtained her rights in the private also in the public life.

De la création de la compagnie d'Orient en 1642 à la fin du privilège de la compagnie française des Indes en 1767, s'étend la période des comptoirs français de l'océan Indien. Pendant plus d'un siècle, on assiste à l'installation dans chacun d'eux de quelques centaines de colons, venus en majorité des côtes bretonnes, normandes et poitevines. Où se fixent-ils durablement ? D'abord au Fort Dauphin, puis à l'île Bourbon, à Pondichéry, Mahé, Chandernagor, Karikal, Yanaon, à l'île de France, à Rodrigues et enfin aux Seychelles. Ces colons ont la mentalité de leurs compatriotes de l'ouest de la France, marquée par un profond ancrage des caractères celtiques. Pourquoi l'Ouest possède-t-il ce particularisme ? Parce qu'il a été relativement épargné par les invasions venues du sud et de l'Est de l'Europe (romanisation, germanisation). Cette thèse définit le celtisme qui s'y est maintenu et ce qu'il a pu apporter à l'interculturalité indocéanique. / From the inception of French Orient Company in 1642 to the end of the royal privilege bequeathed to the French East Indian Company in 1767, stretches the French trading post colonial period in the Indian Ocean. During more than one century, hundreds of colonists coming from littoral Brittany, Normans or Poitiers will settle in these outlandish outposts: In Fort Dauphin (Madagascar), in Bourbon Island, in Mahé (India), Chandernagor, Karikal, Yanaon, Isle de France, Rodrigues and the Seychelles. The settlers possess the cultural psyche of their compatriot of western France characterised by a deep celting rooting. Why does the western France possess such a specific feature? Because this part of France has been relatively spared by the many invasions coming from the South and the East of Europe: romanization and germanization. This thesis describes celtism witch was displayed in those regions and it has enriched “indoceanic interculturality”.