Un grand nombre d’industries (chimiques, pharmaceutiques et agroalimentaires) utilisent, produisent ou transforment des fluides complexes. Ce sont des fluides à viscosité élevée, souvent de comportement non-Newtonien. Leur préparation nécessite souvent une étape de chauffe suivie d’une étape de refroidissement. La chauffe est indispensable afin de faciliter la fabrication (réaction chimique et/ou transformation physico-chimique). Le refroidissement, ou encore l’étape de finition, consiste à amener les fluides jusqu’à une température proche de la température ambiante pour aborder l'étape de conditionnement. Le refroidissement est le plus souvent réalisé « in situ » dans la même cuve agitée, équipée d’une double enveloppe (utilisée pour la fabrication), mais des technologies en continu peuvent également être envisagées. Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la mise en place d’une méthodologie de pilotage de la vitesse d’agitation lors du refroidissement de fluides complexes dans des cuves agitées, ainsi que sur la comparaison des performances de la cuve agitée avec celles du mélangeur statique. Deux fluides de travail sont testés : Newtonien et viscoplastique, en régime d’écoulement laminaire et transitoire. Nous déterminons les limites de l’influence de l’agitation sur le transfert thermique, la durée de l’opération et la quantité d’énergie consommée. En premier lieu, le refroidissement est étudié à l’échelle laboratoire (réacteur de 0,6L). Il a été constaté que le changement de la vitesse d’agitation au cours du refroidissement affecte le profil de température. Cela a un impact avantageux sur le coût énergétique et/ ou la durée de refroidissement. Les tendances observées à l’échelle laboratoire sont transposées et validées à l’échelle pilote (réacteur de 60L). Puis deux types de mélangeurs statiques sont étudiés comme technologie en continu. Nous établissons des modèles de perte de charge que nous utilisons dans la détermination de l’énergie dépensée pour le refroidissement. Ensuite nous réalisons une comparaison de leurs performances en fonction des facteurs d’efficacité de transfert thermique et de consommation énergétique. Enfin, une brève analyse comparée est exposée, présentant les divers critères de choix entre la cuve agitée et la technologie en continu. / Highly viscous Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are frequently encountered in the process industries (like pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics). The preparing of such products involves heating and cooling steps. The heating stage is essential in order to facilitate the production (chemical reaction and/or physico-chemical transformation). The cooling step, named also final stage, leads the fluids to ambient temperature and prepares them for the conditioning. The cooling is mostly realized "in situ" in the same double jacketed stirred vessel, (used for the manufacturing), but continuous technologies may also be employed. This study aims to investigate the cooling of highly viscous fluids, and intends to define the best conditions for controlling the impeller speed (constant or variable) in a stirred vessel, as well as to compare the performances of the stirred vessel with those of the static mixer. Two fluids are tested: a Newtonian and a Non-Newtonian yield-stress fluid, in laminar and transitional conditions. The limits of the influence of the impeller speed on the heat transfer, the duration and the energy consumption are determined. In a first approach, the cooling is studied at small scale (0,6L vessel). The variation of the impeller speed during the cooling, affects the profile of temperature. This type of procedure has an advantageous impact on the energy cost and / or the duration of the cooling. The observed tendencies at a small scale are transposed and validated at a pilot scale (60L vessel). Two types of static mixers are studied as continuous technology. Models of pressure drop are established, which are used further in the determination of the energy consumption for the cooling. The performances of these two static mixers are compared, according to the factors of heat transfer efficiency and energy consumption. Finally, a brief comparative analysis is exposed, presenting diverse criteria of choice between the stirred tank and the continuous technology.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoSM.pdf: 1835864 bytes, checksum: 70b860b47845b368d78b14132da46ee6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30 / In the oil industry the mixture oil/water occurs in the operations of production, transportation and refining, as well as during the use of its derivatives. The amount of water produced associated with the oil varies and can reach values of 90% in volume in the case of mature phase of the production fields. The present work deals with the development of new design of the Mixer Settler based on Phase Inversion (MDIF) in a laboratory scale. We envisage this application in industrial scale so the phases of project, construction and operation are considered. The modifications most significant, in comparison with the original prototype, include the materials of construction and the substitution of the equipment used in the mixing stage of the process. It was tested the viability of substitution of the original system of mechanical mixing by a static mixer. A statistical treatment by means of an experimental design of composed central type was used in order to evaluate the behavior of the main variables of the separation process as function of the efficiency of separation for the new device. This procedure is useful to delimit an optimal region of operation with the equipment. The variables of process considered on the experimental design were: oil concentration in the feeding water (mg/L); Total volumetric flow rate (L/h); Ratio organic/water on volumetric basis (O/A). The separation efficiency is calculated by comparison of the content of oil and greases in the inlet and outlet of the equipment. For determination of TOG (Total Oil and Grease), the method used was based in the absorption of radiation in the infra-red region. The equipment used for these determinations was InfraCal? TOG/TPH Model HATR-T2 of the Wilks Enterprise, Incorporation. It?s important to stand out that this method of measure has being used by PETROBRAS S.A. Results of global efficiency of separation oil/water varied from 75.3 to 97.7% for contaminated waters containing up to 1664,1 mg/L of oil. By means of tests carried out with a real sample of contaminated water supplied by PETROBRAS we have got an effluent specified in terms of the legal standards required for discharging. Thus, the new design of equipment constitutes a real alternative for the conventional systems of treatment of produced water in the oil industry / Na ind?stria do petr?leo a mistura ?leo/?gua (?gua oleosa) ocorre nos est?gios de produ??o, transporte e refino, bem como durante a utiliza??o de seus derivados. A quantidade de ?gua produzida associada com o ?leo varia muito, podendo alcan?ar valores da ordem de 90% em volume ? medida que se caminha para a fase madura dos campos de produ??o. O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um novo projeto de um Misturador- Decantador a Invers?o de Fases (MDIF) em escala de laborat?rio visando aplica??o em escala industrial abrangendo as fases de projeto, constru??o e opera??o. As modifica??es mais significativas, em compara??o ao prot?tipo original, abrangem os materiais de constru??o e a altera??o do equipamento usado na etapa de mistura do processo. Testou-se a viabilidade de substitui??o do sistema original de mistura mec?nica por p?s por um misturador est?tico ou em linha. Realizou-se um tratamento estat?stico atrav?s de um planejamento do tipo central composto a fim de avaliar o comportamento das principais vari?veis de processo em fun??o da efici?ncia de separa??o para o novo projeto do aparelho, com o prop?sito de se delimitar uma regi?o ?tima de opera??o para o equipamento. As vari?veis de processo contempladas no planejamento experimental foram: concentra??o de ?leo na ?gua de alimenta??o (mg/L); vaz?o volum?trica total (L/h); raz?o volum?trica org?nico-aquoso (O/A). A efici?ncia de separa??o ? calculada a partir da medida do teor de ?leo e graxas (TOG) na alimenta??o e na sa?da do equipamento. Para determina??o do TOG, utilizou-se o m?todo de determina??o por absor??o de radia??o na regi?o do infravermelho. O equipamento utilizado para estas determina??es foi o InfraCal? TOG/TPH Modelo HATR-T2 da Wilks Enterprise, Inc. Vale ressaltar que este m?todo de medida vem sendo empregado pela PETROBRAS S.A. para medidas de TOG. Os resultados de efici?ncia de separa??o global ?gua/?leo variaram entre 75,3 e 97,7% para ?guas contaminadas contendo at? 1664,1 mg/L de ?leo. Atrav?s de testes realizados com amostra real de ?gua produzida fornecida pela PETROBRAS, conseguiu-se enquadrar o efluente dentro dos padr?es exigidos pelo CONAMA Resolu??o 357/05 para descarte. Sendo assim, o novo projeto do equipamento constitui uma alternativa real para os atuais sistemas de tratamento de ?guas produzidas na ind?stria de petr?leo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NorbertoAM.pdf: 1190502 bytes, checksum: 15fc3890db7720ac4fcdf9c75747130a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This work aims to use a different hydrodynamic condition applied to a new design of mixer-settler on treating wastewater produced by petroleum industry, called MDIF (Misturador-Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases/ Mixer-Settler based on Phase Inversion MSPI). The use of this different hydrodynamic behaviour is possible due to vertical disposition of the device and the principle of Phase Inversion that controls the MDIF, providing the generation (creation) of a cascade of drops, into an organic layer, that works as micro-decanters, thus making possible the formation of a bed of non-coalesced drops, called Bed Formation . The use of this new hydrodynamics condition allows to increase the residence time of the oil carrier drops, into an organic layer, and the device can treat a greater volume of wastewater. In view of to get this condition it is necessary to operate at high throughput (58,6 m3.m-2.h-1). By results, the condition of Bed Formation is the best one to be used when MSPI operates with throughput up to 58,6 m3.m-2.h-1. The results using the condition of Bed Formation show that increasing the height of the bed of non-coalesced drops and/or decreasing the volumetric ratio (O/A) an increase of the separation efficiency is detected / Este trabalho objetiva utilizar uma diferente condi??o hidrodin?mica aplicada a um novo design de misturador-decantador aplicado ao tratamento de ?guas produzidas da ind?stria do petr?leo, que vem sendo denominado de MDIF (Misturador-Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases). A utiliza??o do regime hidrodin?mico de Leito Denso ? poss?vel devido a disposi??o vertical do aparelho e ao princ?pio de invers?o de fases que rege o MDIF, proporcionando a gera??o de uma cascata de gotas, na regi?o de leito org?nico, que funcionam como micro-decantadores, possibilitando assim a forma??o de um leito de gotas n?o-coalescidas, denominado de Leito Denso. A utiliza??o desta nova condi??o hidrodin?mica permite o aumento do tempo de resid?ncia da gota transportadora de ?leo, na regi?o de leito org?nico, e o trata um maior volume de ?gua produzida, visto que para se atingir esta condi??o ? necess?rio se operar a altas vaz?es (58,6 m3/m2h). A partir dos resultados obtidos, a condi??o de regime de leito denso mostra-se como a melhor condi??o a ser utilizada quando se opera o misturador-decantador ? invers?o de fases com vaz?es espec?ficas acima de 58,6 m3.m-2.h-1. Os resultados utilizando o regime de leito denso mostram que elevando-se a altura do leito de gotas n?o-coalescidas e/ou diminuindo a raz?o volum?trica org?nico/aquoso aumenta a efici?ncia de separa??o do aparelho

Os requisitos de linearidade e ruído em aplicações multi-banda e multi-protocolo fazem que o projeto de misturadores RF seja uma tarefa muito desafiadora. Nesta dissertação dois misturadores com base na topologia célula de Gilbert são propostas. Linearidade e ruído foram as principais figuras de mérito consideradas para o misturadores propostos. Para aumento linearidade, foi utilizada uma técnica de cancelamento de harmônicas pós-distorção (PDHC). E, para redução de ruído, foi utilizado um circuito de redução dinâmica de corrente combinada com um filtro LC sintonizado na frequência do LO e cancelamento de ruído térmico. A análise por séries Volterra do estágio transcondutância do misturador proposto é reportada para mostrar a eficácia da técnica de cancelamento de harmônicos com pósdistorção. O circuito de linearização adicionado não aumenta o tamanho do misturador, nem degrada ganho de conversão, figura de ruído, ou consumo de potência. Simulações elétricas foram realizadas em nível de pós-layout para a primeira topologia e nível esquemático para a segunda topologia, usando processo CMOS de 0.13 mm da IBM. As melhorias em IIP2 e IIP3 são apresentadas em comparação com o misturador do tipo célula de Gilbert convencional. Para a primeira topologia, foi obtido um ganho de conversão de 10.2 dB com uma NF de 12 dB para o misturador projetado funcionando a 2 GHz, com uma frequência intermediária de 500 kHz. E um IIP2 e IIP3 de 55 dBm e 10.9 dBm, respectivamente, consumindo apenas 5.3 mW de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Para a segunda topologia, foram obtidos um ganho de conversão de [13.8 ~11] dB, um coeficiente de reflexão na entrada (S11) de [-18 ~-9.5] dB e um NF de [8.5 ~11] dB no intervalo de 1 a 6 GHz. Para as especificações de linearidade, um valor médio de IIP3 de 0 dBm foi alcançado para toda a faixa de frequência, consumindo 19.3 mW a partir de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Especificações adequadas para operação multi-banda e multi-protocolo. / The linearity and noise requirements in multi-band multi-standard applications make the design of RF CMOS mixers a very challenging task. In this dissertation two downconversion mixers based on the Gilbert-cell topology are proposed. Linearity and noise were the principal figures of merit for the proposed mixers. For linearity improvement, post distortion harmonic cancellation (PDHC) was employed. And, for noise reduction, dynamic current injection combined with an LC filter tuned at the LO frequency and thermal-noise cancellation were used. A Volterra series analysis of the transconductance stage is reported to show the effectiveness of the post-distortion harmonic cancellation technique. The added linearization circuitry does not increase the size of the mixer, nor does it degrade conversion gain, noise figure, or power consumption. Electrical simulations were performed on extracted layout level from the first topology and schematic level from the second topology. Using an IBM 0.13 mm CMOS process improvements on IIP3 and IIP2 in comparison to the conventional Gilbert-cell mixer are demonstrated. For the first topology, we achieved a conversion gain of 10.2 dB with a NF of 12 dB for the designed mixer working at 2 GHz, with a low-IF of 500 kHz and an IIP2 and IIP3 of 55 dBm and 10.9 dBm, respectively, while consuming only 5.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply. For the second topology, we achieved a conversion gain range of [13.8 ~11] dB, an input reflection coefficient (S11) of [-18 ~-9.5] dB and a NF of [8.5 ~11] dB in the frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz. For the linearity specs, an IIP3 of 0 dBm was achieved for the whole frequency range, while consuming 19.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply, making the second topology well suited for multi-band and multi-standard operation.

Os requisitos de linearidade e ruído em aplicações multi-banda e multi-protocolo fazem que o projeto de misturadores RF seja uma tarefa muito desafiadora. Nesta dissertação dois misturadores com base na topologia célula de Gilbert são propostas. Linearidade e ruído foram as principais figuras de mérito consideradas para o misturadores propostos. Para aumento linearidade, foi utilizada uma técnica de cancelamento de harmônicas pós-distorção (PDHC). E, para redução de ruído, foi utilizado um circuito de redução dinâmica de corrente combinada com um filtro LC sintonizado na frequência do LO e cancelamento de ruído térmico. A análise por séries Volterra do estágio transcondutância do misturador proposto é reportada para mostrar a eficácia da técnica de cancelamento de harmônicos com pósdistorção. O circuito de linearização adicionado não aumenta o tamanho do misturador, nem degrada ganho de conversão, figura de ruído, ou consumo de potência. Simulações elétricas foram realizadas em nível de pós-layout para a primeira topologia e nível esquemático para a segunda topologia, usando processo CMOS de 0.13 mm da IBM. As melhorias em IIP2 e IIP3 são apresentadas em comparação com o misturador do tipo célula de Gilbert convencional. Para a primeira topologia, foi obtido um ganho de conversão de 10.2 dB com uma NF de 12 dB para o misturador projetado funcionando a 2 GHz, com uma frequência intermediária de 500 kHz. E um IIP2 e IIP3 de 55 dBm e 10.9 dBm, respectivamente, consumindo apenas 5.3 mW de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Para a segunda topologia, foram obtidos um ganho de conversão de [13.8 ~11] dB, um coeficiente de reflexão na entrada (S11) de [-18 ~-9.5] dB e um NF de [8.5 ~11] dB no intervalo de 1 a 6 GHz. Para as especificações de linearidade, um valor médio de IIP3 de 0 dBm foi alcançado para toda a faixa de frequência, consumindo 19.3 mW a partir de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Especificações adequadas para operação multi-banda e multi-protocolo. / The linearity and noise requirements in multi-band multi-standard applications make the design of RF CMOS mixers a very challenging task. In this dissertation two downconversion mixers based on the Gilbert-cell topology are proposed. Linearity and noise were the principal figures of merit for the proposed mixers. For linearity improvement, post distortion harmonic cancellation (PDHC) was employed. And, for noise reduction, dynamic current injection combined with an LC filter tuned at the LO frequency and thermal-noise cancellation were used. A Volterra series analysis of the transconductance stage is reported to show the effectiveness of the post-distortion harmonic cancellation technique. The added linearization circuitry does not increase the size of the mixer, nor does it degrade conversion gain, noise figure, or power consumption. Electrical simulations were performed on extracted layout level from the first topology and schematic level from the second topology. Using an IBM 0.13 mm CMOS process improvements on IIP3 and IIP2 in comparison to the conventional Gilbert-cell mixer are demonstrated. For the first topology, we achieved a conversion gain of 10.2 dB with a NF of 12 dB for the designed mixer working at 2 GHz, with a low-IF of 500 kHz and an IIP2 and IIP3 of 55 dBm and 10.9 dBm, respectively, while consuming only 5.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply. For the second topology, we achieved a conversion gain range of [13.8 ~11] dB, an input reflection coefficient (S11) of [-18 ~-9.5] dB and a NF of [8.5 ~11] dB in the frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz. For the linearity specs, an IIP3 of 0 dBm was achieved for the whole frequency range, while consuming 19.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply, making the second topology well suited for multi-band and multi-standard operation.

Orientador: Jose Roberto Nunhez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T09:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_LuisAntonioGalhego_M.pdf: 1106385 bytes, checksum: 6b2e2fa17d2a53c5051005b064878165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Com aplicações nos mais variados ramos industriais, tais como o alimentício, o químico, o farmacêutico, o de bebidas e o de toucador, entre outros, a operação unitária de agitação ou mistura de fluidos desempenha importante papel nos processos industriais. Os misturadores estáticos constituem uma alternativa aos vasos agitados tradicionais, sendo aplicados em processos contínuos. Os atuais fabricantes nacionais de misturadores estáticos têm apresentado dificuldade em definir o tipo adequado de misturador para as aplicações de um modo geral, como selecionar um misturador que, apesar de promover a mistura apresenta um alto consumo de energia para a aplicação. A constante preocupação em se reduzir o consumo de energia exige um cuidado especial com relação à escolha do misturador adequado ao processo. Dois misturadores denominados ALETAS e EDA foram selecionados de um trabalho anterior que desenvolveu e otimizou misturadores estáticos, utilizando a ferramenta fluido-dinâmica computacional (CFD), sendo que um destes se opera em regime laminar (ALETAS) e o outro em regime turbulento (EDA). O presente estudo buscou complementar o desenvolvimento destes novos tipos de misturadores estáticos, sob a forma de ensaios experimentais, em regimes laminar e turbulento. Como resultado dos ensaios experimentais pôde-se concluir que o misturador tipo ALETAS é adequado para se operar em regime laminar e o EDA pode ser utilizado em ambos regimes, laminar e turbulento, com alguns cuidados especiais para o caso de regime laminar. Os mesmos foram comparados com misturadores bastante estudados na literatura (Kenics e Sulzer SMX) apresentando desempenho similar a estes dois misturadores comerciais / Abstract: Mixing is a unit operation with applicability in many industrial fields, such as food, chemical, petrochemical, beverages and pharmaceutical, just to say some fields. The static mixers appear with an alternative to the traditional agitated vessels. They could be used such in batch mixing operation as in continuous processes, but mainly in continuous processes. The Brazilian suppliers had some problems in choosing the adequate equipment, and it is not rare that they choose an equipment that really does the proper mixture, but with a very high consumption of energy. The recently concern about saving energy demands a special care about the choosing of the best static mixer for the particular task.It was selected two models (ALETAS and EDA) from another work that developed static mixers using computational fluid-dynamic (CFD) method, the ALETAS mixer for laminar mixing and EDA for turbulent mixing. This work searches to complete this study, by experimental tests in laminar and turbulent mixing conditions.The results show that ALETAS static mixer can be used in laminar mixing, as the EDA static mixer but the EDA can be used in laminar mixing with some particular cares. The EDA can also be used in the turbulent mixing. Both models of static mixers were also compared with the Kenics and Sulzer SMX commercial static mixers using the data available in the literature with very similar results / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Michelly L Borges 2009.pdf: 835129 bytes, checksum: 13f31a796619274490f950cf6ef9d999 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / Due to the small number of studies about the process of production of the concrete dosed in central, as regards the type of employed mixture, this inquiry looked to contribute to the assessment of quality of concrete produced in mixing plant and metering plant. The principal objective of the work was checking if the form of mixing of the concrete can affect your characteristics in hardened state (compressive strength), for that, there was compared the quality of the concrete produced in metering plant and mixed in truck mixer in relation to the mixing plant. As the sample was taken a work, where they had installed a metering plant and a mixing plant, which together produced 300.000 m³ of concrete with the same materials. Inside the proposed objective, also were quantified statistically the existent types of concrete in the same truck mixer, using as the parameter the compressive strength of concrete produced in the metering plant. In the end, it was possible to conclude that the mixing plant produce a concrete of better quality with a less standard deviation than the metering plant. Was also observed a significant variability inside the truck mixer, which made the division of the concrete possible in five group, with different resistances' / Em razão do pouco número de estudos relacionados ao processo de produção do concreto dosado em central, no que tange ao tipo de mistura empregada, esta pesquisa busca contribuir com a avaliação da qualidade de concretos produzidos em centrais misturadoras e centrais dosadoras. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi o de verificar se a forma de mistura do concreto pode afetar suas características no estado endurecido (resistência à compressão), para isso, foi comparada a qualidade do concreto produzido em central dosadora e misturado em caminhão betoneira em relação aos produzidos em central misturadora. Como amostra tomou-se uma obra, onde havia instalada uma central dosadora e uma central misturadora, que juntas produziram 300.000 m³ de concreto a partir dos mesmos materiais. Ainda dentro do objetivo proposto, foram também quantificados estatisticamente os tipos de concreto existentes em um mesmo caminhão betoneira, produzidos na central dosadora e tendo como parâmetro a resistência à compressão. Ao final, foi possível concluir que as centrais misturadoras produzem um concreto de melhor qualidade com um menor desvio padrão do que as dosadoras. Foi observada também uma variabilidade significativa dentro do caminhão betoneira, o que tornou possível a divisão do concreto em cinco grupos, com resistências distintas.

Les télécommunications par satellite prennent aujourd’hui de en plus d’importance, et le nombre d’abonnés à travers le monde ne cesse de croître. Partout où la fibre optique ne peut être déployée, elles sont un moyen fiable de fournir des débits très élevés aux utilisateurs, dont les pratiques nécessitent des bandes passantes toujours plus importantes (vidéo HD, visioconférences, téléchargement, cloud computing, jeux en ligne...). Elles garantissent également de très vastes zones de couverture. Pour les concepteurs de charges utiles de satellite, suivre les besoins du marché revient à augmenter constamment le nombre d’équipements embarqués, ce qui affecte le volume et la masse des systèmes et donc le coût de mise en orbite. Une des solutions envisagées afin de contrer ce phénomène consiste à employer des technologies optiques. Il a été démontré par Thales Alenia Space que pour un système de distribution de signaux de référence de 1 vers 64 équipements, la réduction du poids pourrait être de 70 %. Dans ce contexte nous avons développé 7 convertisseurs de fréquence RF réalisés à partir de composants photoniques semi-conducteurs. Ces convertisseurs font partie des composants clés des charges utiles car ils permettent d’isoler les transmissions montantes (vol vers satellite) et descendantes (satellite vers sol) afin d’éviter les interférences. Les performances des 7 architectures proposées, réalisées à partir de modulateurs électro-absorbants (EAM) et d’amplificateurs optiques à semi-conducteurs (SOA) ont été évaluées au travers de différentes simulations et en calculant le gain de conversion, le facteur de bruit, les isolations RF/FI et OL/FI, les rapports C/I3 et les coordonnées du point d’interception d’ordre 3. Nous avons obtenu des performances intéressantes, premières données pour de futures études et montré que ces convertisseurs seraient compatibles avec de nombreux plans de fréquence en bandes Ku/Ku, Ku+/Ku, et Ka/Ka. Des manipulations ont également permis de valider les modèles théoriques employés dans les simulations. / Nowadays, Satellite telecommunications are becoming very popular and the number of subscribers worldwide is always growing. Wherever the optical fiber cannot be deployed, they are a reliable way to provide very high data rates to the users, whose activities are becoming more and more bandwidth-hungry (HD video, video conferencing, downloading, cloud computing, online games ...). They also guarantee very large coverage areas. In order to follow the market needs satellite payload designers have to increase the number of on-board equipment, which affects the volume and mass of the systems and therefore the launching cost. One of the solutions to solve the problem consists in using optical technologies. It has been demonstrated by Thales Alenia Space that In the case of a reference signal distribution system for 64 devices, a weight reduction of about 70% could be obtained. In this context we have developed 7 RF frequencydown-converters based on photonic semiconductor components. The down-converters are key components of satellite payloads, as their aim is to isolate uplink transmissions (ground to satellite) and downlink (satellite to ground) to avoid interference. Performance of the 7 architectures, incorporating electro-absorption modulators (EAM) and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) were evaluated through various simulations and by calculating the conversion gain, noise figure, RF/IF and LO/IF isolations, the C/I3 ratio and the coordinates of the third order intercept point. We obtained interesting results, first data for futur works,and showed that these converters are compatible with many frequency plans in Ku/Ku, ku+/Ku, and Ka/Ka bands. Manipulations were also led and validated the theoretical models used in simulations.

This diploma thesis deals with a design and optimization of mixer truck gearbox bearing arrangements. The gearbox is an important part of mixer truck. Major emphasis is put on design of main bearing which is a key component of the gearbox because of high load applied on it. Two basic criterions were considered in main bearing design – dynamic radial load capacity and contact stress in contact of roller and raceways. Developed two-stage optimizing algorithm is based on standard bearing and allows to design new bearing which is specialized for carrying output shaft of mixer truck gearbox.

Cette thèse porte sur la relation entre le procédé de préparation et la structure des nanocomposites polypropylène/argile. Les échantillons ont été préparés au mélangeur interne dans un premier temps. Des observations au microscope électronique à balayage, complétées par des analyses en diffraction des rayons X ainsi que des mesures rhéologiques ont permis de caractériser l’état de dispersion de l’argile à différentes échelles au sein du matériau. Nous avons comparé trois argiles organophiles et montré que la compatibilité chimique entre l’argile et la matrice est un facteur primordial afin d’obtenir une bonne dispersion : la Cloisite 20 et la Dellite 67G montrent de bons états de dispersion à toutes les échelles au contraire de la Cloisite 30B. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence l’influence de la vitesse de rotation ainsi que du temps de mélange sur l’état de dispersion de l’argile. Le seuil de percolation de l’argile dans le polypropylène a été déterminé. Le lien entre état de dispersion et cristallinité du polypropylène a également été étudié.Les échantillons ont ensuite été préparés par extrusion bivis. L’influence de la vitesse de rotation sur l’état de dispersion de l’argile a été mise en évidence, tout autant que la dégradation de la matrice aux plus fortes vitesses. L’évolution de l’état de dispersion le long de la vis a montré que si l’intercalation était rapidement atteinte sur la vis, l’exfoliation progressait linéairement avant de saturer sur les dernières zones. L’utilisation d’une température de régulation plus faible ou d’une matrice plus visqueuse n’ont pas permis d’améliorer l’état de dispersion de l’argile ni d’éviter la dégradation de la matrice. Enfin, l’utilisation du logiciel Ludovic© a permis de mieux appréhender les phénomènes thermomécaniques mis en jeu lors de l’extrusion, mais également d’optimiser le procédé. / This PhD focuses on the relationship between the preparation process and the structure of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites. First, the samples were prepared via an internal mixer. Scanning electron microscopy observations, completed by X-ray diffraction analysis and rheology measurements enabled us to characterize the clay dispersion state in the nanocomposite at different scales. Three organoclays were compared. It was shown that the chemical compatibility between the clay and the matrix was essential to ensure a good dispersion: Cloisite 20 and Dellite 67G showed good dispersion states at all scales, whereas Cloisite 30B did not. The influence of rotor speed and mixing time on the clay dispersion state was shown. The percolation threshold of the clay was determined. The link between dispersion state and crystallinity was also studied.The samples were then prepared via a twin-screw extruder. The influence of screw speed on the clay dispersion state was demonstrated, as well as the matrix degradation at high screw speed. The evolution of the dispersion state along the screw profile showed that intercalation was reached early in the screw profile, whereas exfoliation evolved linearly until the last mixing elements. A lower barrel temperature, as well as a more viscous matrix did not improve the clay dispersion state, and did not prevent the matrix degradation. Finally, the Ludovic© software allowed us to apprehend the thermomechanical phenomena involved during extrusion, but also to optimize the process.