A maioria das cepas de Plasmodium falciparum mostra-se resistente à cloroquina (CQ), considerado o antimalárico ideal. A busca por novos agentes terapêuticos bem como a restauração do efeito antimalárico de fármacos disponíveis, através da associação a agentes moduladores da resistência (AMR), vem sendo enfatizada. Entretanto, ausência de efeito modulador da resistência e efeito antiplasmódico intrínseco foram observados quando AMR clássicos, como o fenotiazínico clorpromazina e o iminodibenzílico desipramina, foram ensaiados in vitro em isolados brasileiros de P. falciparum resistentes à CQ. Sabe-se que a ação antiparasitária de compostos de natureza tricíclica, como os fenotiazínicos, foi descrita há mais de um século e continua a ser de interesse. Em adição, vale notar a ocorrência de farmacóforo comum, formado por sistema heteroaromático, ligado a átomo de nitrogênio, secundário ou terciário, por cadeia lateral de três a quatro átomos de carbono, entre compostos quinolínicos antimaláricos, fármacos psicotrópicos e AMR. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar, por emprego da modelagem molecular, características estereo-eletrônicas e lipofílicas e a interação a nível molecular de compostos de natureza tricíclica (fenotiazínicos e iminodibenzílicos) com a hematina (provável sítio de ação da CQ) comparando ao antimalárico CQ. Semelhanças estéreo-eletrônicas e lipofílicas puderam ser visualizadas entre as moléculas da CQ e dos compostos tricíclicos. No entanto, algumas distinções ausência de planaridade e maior densidade eletrônica sobre os anéis tricíclicos dos anéis heterocíclicos quando comparadas à CQ. Tais características se fizeram refletir na interação com a hematina, como demonstrado nos estudos de ancoramento como também nos estudos de UV-VIS e de Raman Ressonante. / The most Plasmodium falciparum strains show resistance to chloroquine (CQ), yet considered the ideal antimalaric agent. The search for new therapeutic compounds and the restoration of the antimalarial effect of available drugs through the association with modulating agents has been emphasized. However, lack of modulating effect and intrinsic antiplasmodial activity were observed when classic modulating agents, such phenothiazine chlorpromazine and iminodibenzylic desipramine, were tested in vitro against Brazilian isolated resistant of P. falciparum to CQ. The antiparasitic action of tricyclic compounds as the phenotiazine class has been described for more than a century and continues to be of interest. In addition, it was noted the occurrence of common pharmacophore, formed by a heteroaromatic system, a secondary or tertiary nitrogen atom, linked by a side chain of three to four carbon atoms, present among the quinoline antimalarials, the psychotropic drugs and the modulating agents of chloroquine resistance. The goal of this work was by using molecular modeling to study stereo-electronic features and lipophilic characteristics and the interaction on molecular level of tricyclic compounds (phenothiazines and iminodibenzylics) with hematin (probable site of action of CQ) in comparison to antimalaric CQ. In results, similarities stereo-electronic and lipophilic could be viewed between the molecules of CQ and tricyclic compounds. However different features could be noticed such as absence of planarity and a higher electronic density on the tricyclic rings when compared to CQ. These features shown to be relevant to interaction with the µ-oxo dimer of hematin, as observed in docking studies and UV-VIS and Resonance Raman.

A modificação molecular de fármacos do arsenal terapêutico é estratégia promissora no planejamento e desenvolvimento de novas entidades químicas que possam apresentar características pertinentes deste fármaco, e suprimir suas características indesejáveis. Desta forma, na busca por novos compostos com atividade antimicrobiana, uma série de vinte [N\'-(benzofuroxan-5-il)metileno]benzidrazidas substituídas, análogas funcionais da nifuroxazida (Passifuril®), foram sintetizadas e sua atividade biológica foi testada frente a cepas padrão e multirresistentes (MRSA e VISA) de Staphylococcus aureus, e frente a formas epimatigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causal da Doença de Chagas. A escolha dos grupos substituintes foi baseada em suas propriedades físico-químicas, tais como efeito eletrônico e hidrofobicidade, empregando o Diagrama de Craig. Os compostos foram obtidos por rota sintética descrita em literatura, assim como por rotas alternativas a fim de otimizar a metodologia tradicional e melhorar o rendimento dos produtos finais. Todos os compostos foram identificados e apresentam estrutura química inédita. A atividade dos vinte compostos frente S. aureus foi avaliada pelo método de determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM); destes, dezesseis apresentaram os mesmos intervalos de CIM frente as cepas padrão e multirresistentes. O composto dissubstituído 3-CF3,4-NO2 (7t), apresentou a maior atividade com valores de CIM entre 12,7 - 11,4 µg/mL. A avaliação da atividade anti-T. cruzi também foi investigada, e na fase log de crescimento parasitário os compostos substituídos 4-H (7a), 4-CF3 (7n), 3,4-Cl2 (7s), 3-CF3,4-NO2 (7t) demonstraram os melhores resultados. O benznidazol, único fármaco utilizado no tratamento da Doença de Chagas, foi utilizado como referência nas mesmas concentrações. Os compostos que apresentaram melhores atividades nos ensaios realizados na fase estacionária de crescimento foram os compostos substituídos 4-I (7q) e 4-Br (7o) com valores de %IC50 de 6,11 µM e 7,38 µM, respectivamente. A influência das propriedades físico-químicas dos grupos substituintes em ambas as atividades foi observada e, a fim de avaliar quantitativamente suas contribuições para a bioatividade, estudos de QSAR-2D e QSAR-3D foram desenvolvidos, auxiliando assim na predição de novas estruturas com propriedades farmacológicas otimizadas, uma vez que os resultados obtidos indicam o forte potencial destes compostos na identificação de novos candidatos a fármaco antimicrobiano. / Molecular modification of drugs from the therapeutic arsenal is a promising strategy for the design and development of new chemical entities that can demonstrate the relevant properties of this drug, and suppressing its undesirable properties. For the research of new leads with potential antimicrobial activity, a new series of twenty substituted [N´-(benzofuroxan-5-yl)methylene]benzohydrazides, nifuroxazide\'s (Passifuril®) functional analogs, was synthesized and tested against standard and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and VISA) strains and against epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas\' Disease. The selection of the substituent groups was based on their physicochemical properties, such as hydrophobicity and electronic effects, employing Craig\'s diagram. The designed compounds were obtained by synthetic route described in the literature, as well as by an alternative route, in order to optimize the traditional methodology and also to improve the final compounds yields. All compounds were identified as unpublished chemical structures. Bacterial activity of the twenty compounds against S. aureus was performed by minimal inhibitory concentration method (MIC), and sixteen of them exhibited similar bacteriostatic activity against standard and multidrug-resistant strains. The most active compound was the 3-CF3,4-NO2 disubstituted derivative (7t), which presented a MIC value from 12.7 to 11.4 µg/mL. Anti-T. cruzi activity was also investigated. The substituted compounds 4-H (7a), 4-CF3 (7n), 3,4-Cl2 (7s), 3-CF3,4-NO2 (7t) showed better results at logarithmic growth phase. Benznidazole, that is the only drug available to threat Chagas\' disease, was used as a reference drug at the same concentrations of the compounds studied. The most effective substituded compounds were the 4-I (7q) and 4-Br (7o) substituted derivatives having %IC50 values of 6.11 µM and 7.38 µM, respectively, at stationary growth phase. The influence of the substituent\'s physicochemical properties on in vitro activities was observed, and, in order to establish quantitatively their contributions to bioactivity, 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR studies were developed, assisting in the prediction of new leads with improved pharmacological properties, since the results showed benzofuroxan derivatives as potential leads for identifying new drug candidates.

Les zéolithes sont largement utilisées en catalyse. Un enjeu majeur est d'obtenir des cristaux nanométriques qui offrent des perspectives prometteuses dans la conception de catalyseurs acides plus actifs et plus sélectifs, notamment pour les procédés de conversion des coupes lourdes pétrolières. L'obtention de ces nano-cristaux peut résulter de l'utilisation d'inhibiteurs de croissance. Cette thèse s'est attachée à identifier deux familles de composés organiques limitant la croissance des cristaux. Pour la première, l'inhibition est envisagée par adsorption de composés organiques (polycations, acides aminés...) sur la surface des cristaux en formation. Cette étude a été réalisée en suivant une méthodologie d'expérimentation à haut-débit et a conduit à des cristaux de zéolithe Y (FAU) de 300 nm par l'ajout de L-lysine. La seconde famille est dérivée de l’approche de l’équipe de Ryoo et consiste en l’utilisation de composés bifonctionnels comportant une fonction structurante et une fonction inhibitrice de croissance. Cette étude a démarré par la synthèse de zéolithe MFI. La modélisation moléculaire a permis d'identifier un mono-ammonium alkylé favorisant la formation de nanofeuillets de zéolithe ZSM-5 d'épaisseur voisine de 2 nm. L'étude cinétique a révélé par ailleurs que cette zéolithe est synthétisée à partir d’un polysilicate lamellaire formé in situ. Cette stratégie d'identification, couplée à une méthodologie d'expérimentation à haut débit, a alors été appliquée à la synthèse des zéolithes EMC-1 (FAU) et EMC-2 (EMT), et a conduit à l'élaboration de nouveaux agents structurants et composés bi-fonctionnels. / Zeolites are widely used in catalysis. One of today’s major challenges is to obtain nanometer-sized crystals, offering promising prospects for the design of more active and more selective acid catalysts, in particular for heavy oil conversion processes. Zeolite nanocrystals can be obtained by using growth inhibitors. This thesis focused on the identification of two families of organic compounds limiting the crystals growth. For the first one, the growth inhibition is favored by the adsorption of organic compounds (polycations, amino acids…) on the surface of growing crystals. This study was conducted using a high-throughput experiment methodology and led to zeolite Y (FAU) crystals of 300 nm by the addition of L-lysine. The second family is derived from Ryoo’s team approach and consists of the use of bifunctional compounds including one structure-directing function and one growth-inhibiting function. This study started with the synthesis of MFI zeolite. The molecular modelling allowed identifying an alkyl mono-ammonium directing the formation of 2 nm-thick nanosheets of zeolite ZSM-5. The kinetic study revealed that this zeolite is synthesized from a lamellar polysilicate formed in situ. This identification strategy, coupled to a high-troughput experiment methodology, was applied to the synthesis of zeolites EMC-1 (FAU) and EMC-2 (EMT) and conducted to the elaboration of new structure-directing agents and their bifunctional counterparts.

Ligand-protein inverse docking has recently been introduced as a computer method for identification of potential protein targets of a drug. A protein structure database is searched to find proteins to which a drug can bind or weakly bind. Examples of potential applications of this method in facilitating drug discovery include: (1) identification of unknown and secondary therapeutic targets of a drug, (2) prediction of potential toxicity and side effect of an investigative drug, and (3) probing molecular mechanism of bioactive herbal compounds such as those extracted from plants used in traditional medicines. This method and recent results on its applications in solving various drug discovery problems are reviewed. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Résumé Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) est l’agent pathogène responsable du Syndrome del’Immunodéficience Acquise (SIDA). A l’heure actuelle, le traitement des patients infectés par le VIH estbasé sur l’emploi de substances chimiques destinées à perturber les différentes étapes du cycle deréplication du virus (chimiothérapie). Même si elles permettent d’améliorer l’état de santé des patientset d’augmenter leur espérance de vie, ces thérapies restent coûteuses, contraignantes et imparfaites.La recherche de nouveaux composés plus efficaces reste donc d’actualité. Ce travail de thèse est dédié à la conception rationnelle et à l’étude d’inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques dela transcriptase inverse du VIH-1 (INNTI) une enzyme essentielle au cycle de réplication de ce virus.Les molécules étudiées dérivent du cycle 2-pyridinone dont sont déjà issues plusieurs familles d’INNTIdécrites dans la littérature. La conception rationnelle de molécules d’intérêt pharmaceutique nécessite une bonne compréhensiondes interactions mises en jeu entre la macromolécule cible et ses ligands. Etant donné qu’aucunestructure cristallographique d’un complexe TI-pyridinone n’est disponible dans la littérature, la premièrepartie de ce travail est consacrée à la proposition d’un mode d’interaction TI-pyridnone et à larationalisation des relations structure-activité liées à cette famille de molécules. Les informationsrecueillies lors de cette étude théorique sont ensuite exploitées dans le but d’aider au développementd’une nouvelle série d’inhibiteurs. Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative agent of Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome (AIDS). Treatment of HIV-infected patients is currently based on the use of chemicalcompounds that interfere with various steps of the viral replication cycle (chemotherapy).Although these therapies allow for a significant improvement of a patient’s health, theynonetheless remain imperfect and expensive. Research for new and improved anti-HIVcompounds is therefore necessary. This Ph. D. thesis is dedicated to the rational design and analysis of new non nucleosideinhibirors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI), a key enzyme in HIV lifecycle. Most of thestudied compounds are derived from the 2-pyridinone ring, that is part of several NNRTIfamilies. Rational drug design usually requires a good understanding of the main interactions betweenthe macromolecular target (RT) and its ligands. However, no crystal structure of a RT-pyridinone complex has been reported yet. Our first objective was therefore to build atheoretical model describing RT-pyridinone interactions and providing a better understanding ofstructure-activity relationships among pyridinones. The information obtained in this theoreticalmodel was then used in order to develop new and potent inhibitors.

This work describes the realization of physically crosslinked networks based on gelatin by the introduction of functional groups enabling specific supramolecular interactions. Molecular models were developed in order to predict the material properties and permit to establish a knowledge-based approach to material design. The effect of additional supramolecular interactions with hydroxyapaptite was then studied in composite materials. The calculated properties are compared to experimental results to validate the models. The models are then further used for the study of physically crosslinked networks. Gelatin was functionalized with desaminotyrosine (DAT) and desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine (DATT) side groups, derived from the natural amino acid tyrosine. These group can potentially undergo to π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions also under physiological conditions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on models with 0.8 wt.-% or 25 wt.-% water content, using the second generation forcefield CFF91. The validation of the models was obtained by the comparison with specific experimental data such as, density, peptide conformational angles and X-ray scattering spectra. The models were then used to predict the supramolecular organization of the polymer chain, analyze the formation of physical netpoints and calculate the mechanical properties. An important finding of simulation was that with the increase of aromatic groups also the number of observed physical netpoints increased. The number of relatively stable physical netpoints, on average zero 0 for natural gelatin, increased to 1 and 6 for DAT and DATT functionalized gelatins respectively. A comparison with the Flory-Rehner model suggested reduced equilibrium swelling by factor 6 of the DATT-functionalized materials in water. The functionalized gelatins could be synthesized by chemoselective coupling of the free carboxylic acid groups of DAT and DATT to the free amino groups of gelatin. At 25 wt.-% water content, the simulated and experimentally determined elastic mechanical properties (e.g. Young Modulus) were both in the order of GPa and were not influenced by the degree of aromatic modification. The experimental equilibrium degree of swelling in water decreased with increasing the number of inserted aromatic functions (from 2800 vol.-% for pure gelatin to 300 vol.-% for the DATT modified gelatin), at the same time, Young’s modulus, elongation at break, and maximum tensile strength increased. It could be show that the functionalization with DAT and DATT influences the chain organization of gelatin based materials together with a controlled drying condition. Functionalization with DAT and DATT lead to a drastic reduction of helical renaturation, that could be more finely controlled by the applied drying conditions. The properties of the materials could then be influenced by application of two independent methods. Composite materials of DAT and DATT functionalized gelatins with hydroxyapatite (HAp) show a drastic reduction of swelling degree. In tensile tests and rheological measurements, the composites equilibrated in water had increased Young’s moduli (from 200 kPa up to 2 MPa) and tensile strength (from 57 kPa up to 1.1 MPa) compared to the natural polymer matrix without affecting the elongation at break. Furthermore, an increased thermal stability from 40 °C to 85 °C of the networks could be demonstrated. The differences of the behaviour of the functionalized gelatins to pure gelatin as matrix suggested an additional stabilizing bond between the incorporated aromatic groups to the hydroxyapatite. / Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung von durch spezifische physikalische Wechselwirkungen quervernetzten Gelatine-basierten Materialien. Dazu wurden zunächst Computermodelle entwickelt, mit denen Eigenschaften der Materialien vorhergesagt werden sollten, um so eine wissensbasierte Entwicklung zu ermöglichen, um dann die Ergebnisse mit experimentellen Daten zu vergleichen und die Materialien und Modelle als Grundlage für weitere Entwicklungen zu nutzen. Gelatine wurde mit Desaminotyrosin (DAT) und Desaminotyrosyltyrosin (DATT) funktionalisiert, die sich von der natürlichen Aminosäure Tyrosin ableiten. Diese Gruppen können potentiell π-π Wechselwirkungen und Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen auch unter physiologischen Bedingungen eingehen. Es wurden Computersimulationen der Materialien mittels Moleküldynamik durchgeführt, wobei Modelle mit 0.8 Gew.-% und 25 Gew.-% Wassergehalt betrachtet wurden. Die Validierung der Modelle erfolgte durch Vergleich der errechneten mit experimentellen Daten wie z.B. der Dichte, Bindungswinkeln sowie Röntgenstreuungsspektren. Die Modelle wurden dann zur Vorhersage der molekularen Organisation der Polymerketten, Formierung physikalischer Netzpunkte und Berechnung der mechanischen Eigenschaften eingesetzt. Die Funktionalisierung der Gelatine mit DAT bzw. DATT führten wie gewünscht zur Ausbildung physikalischer Netzpunkte durch π-π Wechselwirkungen und Wasserstoffbrücken¬bindungen. Ein Schlüsselergebnis der Simulationen war, dass mit zunehmender Zahl an aromatischen Gruppen auch eine Zunahme der physikalischen Netzpunkte beobachtet werden konnte. Die funktionalisierten Gelatinen konnten durch chemoselektive Reaktion der Aminogruppen der Gelatine mit den freien Carboxylgruppen von DAT und DATT hergestellt werden. Materialien mit 25 Gew.-% Wassergehalt hatten in der Simulation und im Experiment mechanische Eigenschaften derselben Größenordnung (z.B. E-Moduln im unteren GPa-Bereich). Der Quellungsgrad der Materialien im Experiment nahm mit zunehmender Zahl an aromatische Gruppen ab (von 2800 Vol.-% auf 300 Vol.-%), wobei der Elastizitätsmodul, die Bruchdehnung sowie die Zugfestigkeit zunahmen. Die Funktionalisierung der Gelatine ist eine chemische Methode, um die Kettenanordnung auf molekularer Ebene zu beeinflussen, während die genaue Kontrolle der Trocknungs¬bedinguungen von Gelatine-basierten Materialien eine physikalische Methode mit demselben Ziel ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Funktionalisierung von Gelatine mit DAT oder DATT zu einer stark verminderten Helixausbildungstendenz, die jedoch durch Variation der Trocknunsgbedingungen noch fein abgestimmt werden konnte. Somit konnten die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Filmen aus funktionlisierter Gelatine mit zwei unabhängigen Methoden eingestellt werden. Komposite der mit DAT oder DATT funktionalisierten Gelatine und Hydroxyapatit (HAp) zeigten deutlich verringerter Quellung. In Zugdehnungsexperimenten und rheologischen Untersuchungen zeigten die Komposite im Gleichgewichtsquellungszustand erhöhte Elastizitätsmoduln (von 200 kPa auf bis zu 2 MPa) und Zugfestigkeit (von 57 kPa auf bis zu 1.1 MPa). Darüber hinaus konnte die Übergangstemperatur Tc deutlich gesteigert werden (von ca. 40 °C auf > 85 °C). Dieses Verhalten ließ sich auf stabilisierende Bindungen zwischen den aromatische Gruppen und dem HAp zurückführen.

Cytoplasmic membrane proteins CvaB and CvaA and the outer membrane protein TolC form the bacteriocin colicin V (ColV) secretion system in Escherichia coli. CvaB functions as an ATP-binding cassette transporter with nucleotide-binding motifs in the C-terminal domain (CTD). To study the role of CvaB-CTD in the ColV secretion, a truncated construct of this domain was made and over-expressed. Different forms of CvaB-CTD were obtained during purification, and were identified as monomer, dimer, and oligomer on gel filtration. Nucleotide binding was shown critical for the CvaB-CTD dimerization: oligomers could be converted into dimers by nucleotide bindings; the removal of nucleotide from dimers resulted in transient monomers followed by CTD oligomerization and aggregation; no dimer form could be cross-linked from the nucleotide-binding deficient mutant D654H. The spatial proximity of the Walker A site and ABC signature motif in CTD dimer was identified through disulfide cross-linking of mixed CvaB-CTD with mutants A530C and L630C, while mutations did not dimerize individually. Those results indicated that the CvaB-CTD formed a nucleotide-dependent head-to-tail dimer. Molecular basis of differential nucleotide bindings was also studied through bioinformatics prediction and biochemical verification. Through sequence alignment and homology modeling with bound ATP or GTP, it was found that the Ser503 and Gln504 on aromatic stacking region (Y501DSQ-loop) of CvaB-CTD provided two additional hydrogen-bonds to GTP, but not to ATP. Site-directed mutations of the S503A and/or Q504L were designed based on the model. While site-directed mutagenesis studies of Walker A&B sites or the ABC signature motif affected little on the GTP-binding preference, the double mutation (S503A/Q504L) on the Y501DSQ-loop increased both ATP-binding and ATPase activity at low temperatures. The double mutant showed slight decrease of GTP-binding and about 10-fold increase of the ATP/GTP-binding ratio. Similar temperature sensitivity in nucleotide-binding and activity assays were identified in the double mutant at the same time. Mutations on the Y501DSQ-loop did not affect the ColV secretion level in vivo. Together, the Y501DSQ-loop is structurally involved in the differential binding of GTP over ATP.

Novel and potent ligands to the serotonin7 (5-HT7) receptor have been synthesized. The synthesized compounds include a set of substituted pyrimidines which show high affinity to the 5-HT7 receptor, synthesized by previously described methods [1,2] in high yield. Comparing the affinities of substituted pyrimidines to previously calculated models [3,4] yielded new hypotheses about the nature of interaction between the pyrimidine ligands and the 5-HT7 binding site. Several new series of compounds were synthesized by various methods to validate these hypotheses, including a conjugate addition to vinylpyrimidines [5]. These compounds include benzofurans, oximes, hydrazones, as well as a group of substituted piperazines. All series of compounds show affinity to the 5-HT7 receptor comparable to previously synthesized 5-HT7 ligands. Several of the synthesized ligands show affinity which exceeds that of currently available ligands. The synthesized compounds were evaluated quantitatively by calculating a three-dimensional quantitative structure-affinity relationship (3D-QSAR) for the 5-HT7 receptor. Evaluation of the calculated model validated qualitative assumptions about the data set as well as described regions of interaction in greater detail than previously available. These observations give further insight on the nature of ligand-binding site interactions with highly potent ligands such as 4-(3-furyl)-2-(N-methylpiperazino)pyrimidine which will lead to more potent 5-HT7 receptor ligands. Additionally, a model was calculated for affinity to the 5-HT2a receptor. Comparing this model to that calculated for affinity to the 5-HT7 receptor identified two regions which may be exploited in future sets of ligands to increase selectivity to the 5HT7 receptor.

Els brassinoesteroides són fitohormones que actuen com a reguladors del creixement vegetal. En aquest camp, davant dels elevats costos necessaris per obtenir-los resulta rellevant la síntesi de mimètics. En aquest treball s'ha desenvolupat una estratègia per transformar l'inhibidor dels brassinoesteroides, el KM-01, en una nova família d'anàlegs amb activitat brassinoesteroide. Per sintetitzar tres mimètics del KM-01, ha estat necessari posar a punt un mètode per a produir microbiològicament el producte de partida (PR toxina) a escala de grams i, definir mitjançant tècniques computacionals, entre les quals destaca la nova metodologia SHOP, l'estructura d'aquests mimètics del KM-01. Finalment, s'ha posat a punt un bioassaig per avaluar-ne l'activitat antiestrès. / Los brasinoesteroides son fitohormonas que actúan como reguladores del crecimiento vegetal. En este campo, delante de los elevados costes necesarios para obtenerlos resulta relevante la síntesis de miméticos. En este trabajo, se ha desarrollado una estrategia para transformar el único inhibidor conocido de los brasinoesteroides, el KM-01, en una nueva familia de análogos con actividad brasinoesteroide. Para sintetizar tres miméticos del KM-01 ha sido necesaria la puesta a punto de un método para producir microbiológicamente el producto de partida (PR toxina) a escala de gramos y, definir, mediante técnicas de química computacional entre las que destaca la nueva metodología SHOP, la estructura de estos miméticos del KM-01. Finalmente, se ha puesto a punto un bioensayo para evaluar su actividad antiestrés. / Brassinosteroids are fitohormones that act as growth plant regulators. However, the high costs to obtain them drives to the relevance of synthesizing brassinosteroid mimetics. In this work, it has been developed a strategy in order to transform the only known brassinosteroids inhibitor, KM-01, into a new family of analogues with brassinosteroid activity. The synthesis of three KM-01 mimetics has required the microbiologic production of the starting material (PR toxin) in gram quantities and, the structure definition of KM-01 analogues by computational methods (SHOP methodology). Finally, a new bioassay has been developed in order to evaluate their antistress activity.

Aquesta tesi és una continuació dels estudis iniciats en l'equip en el camp de les relacions estructura-activitat (SAR i QSAR) dels brassinoesteroides (BRs) mitjançant mètodes computacionals. L'objectiu general és centrar l'atenció en la cadena lateral, ja que la influència dels hidroxils depenia del tipus d'estudi (quantitatiu o qualitatiu) i la influència de l'extrem final de la cadena lateral era molt genèrica. El desenvolupament d'aquest objectiu principal ha portat a: 1. Estudiar les cadenes laterals d'anàlegs BRs androstànics: Basant-se en l'aproximació a l'anàleg actiu (AAA) prenent com a referència l'estructura de la brassinolida, s'ha vist que els anàlegs α-hidroxiester i α-aminoester són computacionalment bons candidats per presentar activitat brassinoesteroide. Un cop sintetitzats (en una tesi paral·lela), tres anàlegs amb la funcionalitat lliure han donat inactius mentre que quatre anàlegs amb la funcionalitat protegida han donat actius o moderadament actius. Basant-se novament en l'AAA, no ha estat possible explicar computacionalment i de forma inequívoca l'activitat i/o inactivitat d'aquests anàlegs. 2. Revisar i redefinir la conformació activa dels BRs: S'ha conclòs que la conformació activa in silico és l'anomenada HIP. Aquesta és la que explica amb més coherència la distribució tridimensional tan dels hidroxils com de l'extrem final de la cadena lateral de cara a explicar la unió de les cinc cadenes laterals tipus dels BRs amb el receptor. La raó per la qual s'han trobat diverses conformacions actives es troba en l'anàlisi conformacional dels BRs i no pas en els processos de selecció de la conformació activa. 3. Estudiar la influència de la conformació activa dels BRs sobre els models de QSAR: Conformacions actives estructuralment diferents han donat lloc a models quantitati-vament similars, però qualitativament diferents. Quantitativament similars perquè les parts dels BRs que correlacionen amb l'activitat són les mateixes. Qualitativament diferents perquè la contribució a l'activitat d'aquestes parts, especialment de cadena lateral, i la variació de la predictibilitat en funció de l'estructura són diferents en cada cas. Els models reduïts i el model HOMO han posat de manifest que no es pot extreure més informació dels models degut als desequilibris estructurals del conjunt de BRs que formen part del data set. El model a 1 μg/planta explica els requeriments estructurals que fan que un BR sigui actiu o inactiu. El model HIP explica els requeriments estructurals que determinen el grau d'activitat dels BRs actius. Fora de l'objectiu principal, però íntimament relacionat amb els estudis de QSAR s'ha volgut: 4. Determinar l'error experimental de la resposta i de les dades d'activitat: Comparant-los amb els errors dels models, s'observa que el model a 1 μg/planta està força ben ajustat i no té gaire marge de millora. En canvi, que el model HIP pot millorar considerablement sobretot en la predictibilitat, sempre i quan s'arreglin els desequilibris estructurals. D'altre banda, s'ha vist que els diferents tractaments estadístics realitzats en el bioassaig no afecten significativament al valor d'activitat. / Esta Tesis es una continuación de los estudios iniciados por el equipo en el campo de las relaciones estructura-actividad (SAR y QSAR) de los brasinoesteroides (BRs) mediante métodos computacionales. El objetivo general es centrar la atención en la cadena lateral, ya que la influencia de los hidroxilos dependía del tipo de estudio (cuantitativo o cualitativo) y la influencia del extremo final de la cadena lateral era muy genérica. El desarrollo de este objetivo principal ha llevado a: 1. Estudiar las cadenas laterales de los análogos BRs androstánicos: Basándose en la apro-ximación al análogo activo tomando como referencia la estructura de la brasinolida, se ha observado que los análogos α-hidroxiester i α-aminoester son computacionalmente buenos candidatos para presentar actividad brassinoesteroide. Una vez sintetizados (en una tesis paralela), tres análogos con la funcionalidad libre han resultado inactivos mientras que cuatro análogos con la funcionalidad protegida han resultado activos o moderadamente activos. Basándose nuevamente en la AAA, no ha sido posible explicar computacionalmente y de forma inequívoca la actividad o inactividad de estos análogos. 2. Revisar y redefinir la conformación activa de los BRs: Se ha llegado a la conclusión que la conformación activa in silico es la llamada HIP. Esta es la que explica con más coherencia la distribución tridimensional tanto de los hidroxilos como del extremo final de la cadena lateral a fin de explicar la unión de las cinco cadenas laterales tipo de los BRs con el receptor. La razón por la cual se han encontrado diversas conformaciones activas se encuentra en el análisis conformacional y no en los procesos de selección de la conformación activa. 3. Estudiar la influencia de la conformación activa de los BRs en los modelos de QSAR: Conformaciones activas estructuralmente diferentes han dado lugar a modelos cuantita-tivamente similares, pero cualitativamente diferentes. Cuantitativamente similares porque las partes de los BRs que correlacionan con la actividad son las mismas. Cualitativamente diferentes porque la contribución a la actividad de dichas partes, especialmente de la cadena lateral, y la variación de la predictibilidad en función de la estructura son diferentes en cada caso. Los modelos reducidos y el modelo HOMO han puesto de manifiesto que no se puede extraer más información de los modelos debido a los desequilibrios estructurales del conjunto de BRs que conforman el "data set". El modelo a 1 μg/planta explica los requisitos estructurales que hacen que un BR sea activo o inactivo. El modelo HIP explica los requisitos estructurales que determinan el grado de actividad de los BRs activos. Fuera del objetivo principal, pero íntimamente relacionado con los estudios de QSAR se ha querido: 4. Determinar el error experimental de la respuesta y de los datos de actividad: Compa-rándolos con los errores de los modelos, se observa que el modelo a 1 μg/planta está bastante bien ajustado y tiene poco margen de mejora. En cambio, el modelo HIP puede mejorar considerablemente sobretodo en la predictibilidad, siempre y cuando se solucionen los desequilibrios estructurales. Por otro lado, se ha observado que los diferentes tratamientos estadísticos realizados en el bioensayo no afectan significativamente al valor de actividad. / This Thesis is the continuation of the studies started by our laboratory in the field of brassinosteroids (BRs) structure activity relationships (SAR and QSAR) using computational methods. The main aim is to focus the study on the side chain, due to the influence of hydroxyl groups depends on the study (quantitative or qualitative) and the influence of the side chain end is very generic. The development of this goal has leaded to: 1. Study the side chain of androstanic BRs analogues: Based on active analogue approach (AAA) taking brassinolide as the reference structure, it has been shown that α-hydroxyester and α-aminoester analogues are computationally good candidates to elicit brassinosteroid activity. Once synthesized (in a parallel thesis), three analogues with free functionality have result inactive but four analogues with protected functionality have result active or mild active. Based once again on AAA it has not been possible explain computationally and unequivocally the activity and/or inactivity of these analogues. 2. Revise and redefine the active conformation of BRs: It has been concluded that in silico active conformation is the named as HIP. This explains more consistently the tridimensional distribution of both the hydroxyls and the end of the side chain in order to explain the union of the five side chain types with BRs receptor. The reason for having found several active conformations is in BRs conformational analysis not in the active conformation selection procedures. 3. Study the influence of BRs active conformation in QSAR models: Active conformations structurally different has lead to models which are quantitatively similar but qualitatively different. Quantitatively similar due to the parts of BRs that correlate with activity are the same. Qualitatively different due to this parts contribution, especially the side chain, and the structure depending variation of predictability are different on each model. Reduced models and HOMO model has shown that get more information from the models is not possible due to a structural imbalance in BRs data set. The 1 μg/plant model explains the structural requirements that make BRs active or inactive. The HIP model explains the structural requirements that determine the activity degree of active BRs. Out of the main aim, but close related to QSAR studies I wanted to: 4. Determine the experimental error of both the response and the activity data: Compared with models error, it is observed that the 1 μg/plant model is really well adjusted and has little improvement margin, but the HIP model can be considerably improved, overall in predictability. On the other hand, it has been shown that the different statistical treatments done in bioassay do not affect in a significant way the activity value.