Um dos principais problemas na conservação dos alimentos é a ocorrência de processos oxidativos. A oxidação dos alimentos se dá, principalmente, entre os lípides que os compõem. O processo oxidativo induz à formação de substâncias que alteram as características sensoriais e nutricionais do alimento. Em estágios mais avançados a oxidação dos alimentos forma compostos que são prejudiciais ao organismo animal. Entre as maneiras de se prevenir o processo oxidativo, destaca-se o emprego de antioxidantes. Estes, frequentemente, são substâncias sintéticas. Antioxidantes sintéticos são compostos fenólicos e a eles são atribuídas algumas particularidades indesejáveis, pois os mesmos podem interferir em alguns processos fisiológicos do organismo animal. Com a perspectiva de substituição dos antioxidantes sintéticos, por substâncias naturais, diversos estudos têm sido realizados com os vegetais, usando a extração e identificação de compostos com atividade antioxidante. Tendo em vista que os vegetais, das espécies de Brassieca, apresentam elevadas concentrações de compostos fenólicos, este estudo teve por objetivo a detecção da presença da atividade antioxidante em diferentes extratos obtidos a partir de sementes de mostarda (Brassiea alba, L.), onde o extrato aquoso foi apresentou melhor atividade antioxidante com 68,1% de inibição da oxidação. Em uma segunda etapa foi realizada a identificação dos ácidos fenólicos nas sementes de mostarda, aos quais se atribuiu a capacidade inibidora da oxidação. Foram identificados, através da cromatografia em fase gasosa, os seguintes ácidos fenólicos: salicílico, trans cinâmico, ρ-hidroxibenzóico, vanílico, gentíssico, quínico, ρ-cumárico, ferúlico, caféico, cis e trans sináptico e a catequina. O ácido ρ-hidroxibenóico foi o que apresentou maior em maior quantidade e com bom potencial de inibição da oxidação. Os resultados obtidos, demonstraram a existência de elevada atividade antioxidante nas sementes de mostarda e infere-se, que no futuro, essa especiaria ou alguns de seus compostos isolados poderão vir a ser utilizados como antioxidantes no processamento de alimentos. / The oxidative process ia a problem in food conservation. It can occure frequently among the lipids and fatty acids. Substances produced by the oxidative process promote modification in sensorial and nutritional food characteristics. During the oxidative process these substances may form compounds deleterious to animal organism. Synthetic antioxidants are substances often used for the inhibition of the oxidation process. These substances are phenolic compounds and they can induce some toxic effects. Many studies with vegetables have been done to identify natural antioxidants compounds by extracting and isolating these substances to replace them with sintetic antioxidants. Once that Brassica species have high amounts of phenolic acids, the studies were focused on the phenolic acids evaluation with antioxidant activity in the extracts of mustard seeds (Brassiea alba, L.), where the aqueous extract had the best antioxidant activity with 68,1% of oxidation inhibition. The second step was identify the phenolic acids in mustard seeds that have the capacity to inhibit oxidation. The phenolic acids found were: salycilic, trans cinnamic, ρ-hydroxybenzoic, vanilic, gentissic, quinic, ρ-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic, cis and trans sinapic and catequin. The ρ-hidroxybenzoic acid was identify with a high composition and with a good potential of oxidation inhibition. The results obtained showed high antioxidant activity in mustard seeds. In the future this spice and its phenolic compounds might be used as antioxidants in food.

[Truncated abstract] In order to expand the gene pool of canola-quality rapeseed (Brassica napus) reciprocal interspecific crosses were made between B. napus cv. Mystic and near canola-quality B. juncea breeding line JN29. F1 progeny from these crosses were used to make backcrosses to both parents in all possible combinations and directions, and were selfed to form F2-derived lines. The highest frequencies of viable F2 and BC1 progeny were obtained when B. napus was the maternal parent of the interspecific hybrid. BC1 and F2 progeny (and subsequent generations) were grown under field conditions to identify agronomic improvements over the parents. Transgressive segregation was observed in F2 and BC1 and in subsequent generations for agronomic traits (seed yield under high or low rainfall conditions, plant biomass, harvest index, height, branching and days to anthesis) and seed quality traits (oil, protein, glucosinolates, oleic acid). The majority of progeny conformed to B. napus morphology, and a minority segregated to B. juncea morphology in subsequent generations. Some of the B. juncea morphotypes had lower glucosinolates and higher oleic acid than the parent JN29, with no detectable erucic acid, and thereby conformed to canola quality. Methods were developed for tracing B-genome in interspecific progeny. A repetitive DNA sequence pBNBH35 from B. nigra (genome BB, 2n = 16) was used to identify B-genome chromosomes and introgressions in interspecific progeny. Specific primers were designed for pBNBH35 in order to amplify the repetitive sequence by PCR. A cloned sub-fragment of 329 bp was confirmed by sequencing as part of pBNBH35. PCR and hybridisation techniques were used on an array of Brassica species to confirm that the pBNBH35 subfragment was Brassica B-genome specific. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in B nigra, B. juncea (AABB, 2n=36) and B. napus (AACC, 2n=38) showed that the pBNBH35 sub-fragment was present on all eight Brassica Bgenome chromosomes and absent from A- and C-genome chromosomes. The pBNBH35 repeat was localised to the centromeric region of each B-genome chromosome. FISH clearly distinguished the B-genome chromosomes from the A-genome chromosomes in the amphidiploid species B. juncea. This is the first known report of a B-genome repetitive marker that is present on all Brassica Bgenome chromosomes. ... The results suggest that novel B. napus genotypes have been generated containing introgressions of B-genome chromatin from B. juncea chromosomes. B. juncea morphology occurred in interspecific progeny with a chromosome complement similar to B. napus (2n = 38) and without the entire Bgenome present. It also is highly likely that recombination has occurred between the A-genome of the two Brassica species. This research has demonstrated that the secondary gene pool of B. napus may be accessed by selfing interspecific hybrids, and without sacrificing canola quality, if the B. juncea parent is near canola-quality. Interspecific progeny may be screened to enhance the proportion with B-genome positive signals. Some progeny with B. junceatype morphology had improved seed quality over the JN29 parent.

In this project the factors influencing the stability and antimicrobial activity of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella or Listeria monocytogenes as well as factors that enhance sinigrin (glucosinolate in Oriental mustard) hydrolysis by these pathogens were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AITC against 5 strains of each of Salmonella or L. monocytogenes, ranged from 60-100 ppm at 37 ºC. This was reduced to 10-40 ppm at 21 ºC and a further reduction to 5-10 ppm against strains of L. monocytogenes was observed at 4 ºC. This was attributed to greater stability of AITC as temperature was decreased. C. jejuni strains were more susceptible to AITC with MICs of 0.63-1.25 ppm and 2.5-5 ppm at 37 and 42 ºC, respectively. AITC was more inhibitory at ≤ 21 ºC against Salmonella with acidic pH or against L. monocytogenes with neutral pH. C. jejuni, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes strains and mixtures had the ability to degrade sinigrin to form inhibitory concentrations of AITC, and sinigrin hydrolysis was significantly enhanced by higher incubation temperature (21 ºC > 10 ºC > 4 ºC), the presence of 10 mM ferric or ferrous irons, and the presence of < 0.25% glucose. This project also investigated the antimicrobial activity of AITC or Oriental mustard extract alone or combined with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), malic acid and acetic acid in edible antimicrobial coatings against C. jejuni and Salmonella on fresh, refrigerated, vacuum-packed chicken breasts or L. monocytogenes on refrigerated, cured roast chicken. Malic acid improved the antimicrobial activity of Oriental mustard extract against L. monocytogenes, while EDTA improved its activity against Salmonella. Incorporation of 25 to 50 µl/g AITC or 100 to 250 mg/g Oriental mustard extract in 0.5%κ-carrageenan/2%chitosan coatings, prepared using 1.5% malic or acetic acid, reduced L. monocytogenes on cooked, cured, vacuum-packed chicken slices 4.2 to > 7.0 log10 CFU/g, compared to uncoated chicken by 70 d at 4 ºC. In addition, 0.2%κ-carrageenan/2%chitosan coatings (prepared using a 1% acetic acid solution) containing 250 mg/g mustard extract or 50 µl/g AITC reduced Salmonella numbers on vacuum-packed chicken breasts 3.0 log10 CFU/g by 21 d at 4 ºC. Further, 0.2%κ-carrageenan/2%chitosan coatings containing 50 or 100 µl/g AITC reduced numbers of C. jejuni on fresh, vacuum-packed chicken breasts > 5.0 log10 CFU/g (C. jejuni cells were not detected) after 5 d storage at 4 ºC, while coatings containing 200 to 300 mg/g Oriental mustard extract or 25 µl/g AITC reduced C. jejuni numbers by 3.6 to 4.6 log10 CFU/g. Numbers of lactic acid and aerobic bacteria on poultry meat products were significantly reduced by the coatings. It is clear that κ-carrageenan/chitosan coatings containing either AITC, mustard extract alone or combined with EDTA, malic or acetic acid significantly reduced C. jejuni and Salmonella on fresh, refrigerated, vacuum-packed chicken breasts and L. monocytogenes on refrigerated, cured roast chicken, and consequently enhanced their safety.

Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. Patients with these highly malignant tumors have an extremely poor prognosis. The situation with a highly proliferative tumor in a non-proliferating tissue should favor cytostatic treatment but so far the role of conventional chemotherapy has been adjunctive. The concentrations of three sex steroids, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone, were analyzed by radioimmunoassay after celite chromatography in brain tumor samples. Some malignant gliomas had high tissue concentrations of estradiol. Low progesterone levels may suggest steroid consumption. Estramustine (EM), a conjugate of estradiol-17ß and nornitrogen mustard had a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on several human malignant glioma cell lines. At equimolar concentrations the inhibitory effects of the EM complex were clearly more pronounced than those of estradiol and nornitrogen mustard given alone or in combination. A specific binding protein (EMBP) is important for the cytotoxic action of EM. Using a mouse monoclonal antibody and an indirect antibodyperoxidase technique, EMBP was demonstrated in human glioma cells. Significant amounts of EMBP were also detected in human brain tumor tissue by radioimmunoassay. The mean concentrations (ng/mg protein) in 16 astrocytomas (2.6) and 7 meningiomas (5.1) were higher (p&lt;0.001) than in 18 samples of normal brain (0.5). The presence of the specific binding protein may suggest a selective binding and effect of EM in human brain tumor tissue. Human glioma cells displayed significant uptake, retention and metabolism of estramustine phosphate (EMP). After incubation with ^H-EMP a progressive uptake of radioactivity was recorded during 24 hours. Metabolism of parent EMP into estramustine and estromustine, which is a well known part of the metabolic pathway in man, was also demonstrated. A dose- dependent increase in DNA strand breaks was recorded at EMP- concentrations ranging 10-40 yg/ml. The uptake of ®^Rb, used as a tracer for potassium to study ion transport and membrane permeability, was reduced after incubation with EMP. Scanning electron microscopy gave further evidence for membrane damage. According to flow cytometric analyses exponentially growing glioma cells were accumulated in the G2/M stage and the fraction of Gi/Gq was reduced. EM seems to attack malignant cells in a multifocal fashion on several vital functions including the microtubule, the nucleus, and the cell membrane. The intact EM complex may be important for effects related to microtubule function which add to the cytotoxic potential of its constituents. These experimental findings justify further investigations on the role of sex hormones in brain tumor growth and development and of hormone-linked cytostatics in clinical treatment. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1990, härtill 6 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-02T12:00:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Lopes de Melo.pdf: 1316234 bytes, checksum: 08d9d42be60b63426f274a63eaa26109 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T12:00:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Lopes de Melo.pdf: 1316234 bytes, checksum: 08d9d42be60b63426f274a63eaa26109 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a pest with Kale, in the absence of pesticides registered in Brazil for its control. The goal of this research was to evaluate the biological control with entomopatogênicos fungi and its association with Neem oil in aphids of Kale, with emphasis to L. erysimi. The participation of L. erysimi in complex of aphids-pest of kale in Pernambuco was evaluated. Among six municipalities monitored, L. erysimi was more frequent in João Alfredo (68,7%), Recife (63,9%) and Vitória de Santo Antão (74,6%). Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Lysiphlebus testaiceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams, and Syrphidae were noted. Strains Beauveria bassiana URPE 27 and L. muscarium URPE 28 of were elected as more virulent, causing in nymphs mortality rate of 83% and 77%, survival 2,1 and 3,3 days and Lethal Concentration (LC50) of 2,4x107con./ml and 7,3x106con./ml, respectively. The neem oil when sprayed shower LC50 of 0.2mL/l and 3.7mL/l applied in immersion. The combination of neem with B. bassiana URPE 27 and L muscarium URPE 28 was compatible. In the field, the strain URPE 27 caused relative efficiency of 89.6%, 88.3% and 90.4%, while URPE 28 promoted 45.5%, 62% and 64.4% against L. erysimi, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), respectively. The association with the neem oil was more favorable to the strain URPE 27. In field monitoring in Viçosa-MG, to evaluate the effectiveness of Zoophthora aphids (Hoffman in Fresenius) Batko (1964b) on L. erysimi and M. persicae, which showed average proportion of infected of 0.24 and 0.30, respectively. The third instar stage L. erysimi more likely. / Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) é uma praga relevante para couve, não existindo agrotóxicos registrados no Brasil para o seu controle. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o controle biológico com fungos entomopatogênicos e a sua associação com óleo de nim em afídeos da couve, com ênfase para L. erysimi. A participação deste, no complexo de pragas da couve em Pernambuco foi avaliada. Dentre os seis municípios monitorados L. erysimi mostrou-se mais freqüente em João Alfredo (68,7%), Recife (63,9%) e Vitória de Santo Antão (74,6%). Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Lysiphlebus testaiceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), Syrphidae e Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams foram constatados. As linhagens de Beauveria bassiana URPE 27 e de Lecanicillium muscarium URPE 28 foram eleitas como mais virulentas, causando em ninfas taxa de mortalidade de 83% e 77%, sobrevivência 2,1 e 3,3 dias e Concentração Letal (CL50) de 2,4x107con/ml e 7,3x106con/ml, respectivamente. O óleo de nim, quando pulverizado apresentou CL50 de 0,2mL/l e de 3,7mL/l, aplicado em imersão. O óleo em concentração de 1,25mL/l causou mortalidade de 80% das ninfas em 24horas. Efeito fitotóxico foi promovido em concentrações acima de 2,5mL/L. A associação do nim com B. bassiana URPE 27 e L. muscarium URPE 28 mostrou-se compatível. Em campo, a linhagem URPE 27 causou eficiência relativa de 89,6%, 88,3% e 90,4%, enquanto que URPE 28 promoveu 45,5%, 62% e 64,4% contra L. erysimi, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) e Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), respectivamente. A associação com o óleo de nim mostrou-se mais favorável com a linhagem URPE 27. Em monitoramento de campo em Viçosa- MG, avaliou-se a eficácia de Zoophthora aphids (Hoffmann in Fresenius) Batko (1964b) sobre L. erysimi e M. persicae, que apresentou proporção média de infectados de 0,24 e 0,30, respectivamente. O terceiro ínstar foi a fase de L. erysimi mais susceptível.

Comme l’a montré l’utilisation de sarin en Syrie en 2013, les agents chimiques de guerre restent une menace. L’exposition de populations est une situation d’urgence qui nécessite des moyens rapides et efficaces. La décontamination et le soin des personnes exposées restent une priorité. Les cheveux représentent une matrice couramment utilisée dans le domaine médico-légal. Dans ce travail, notre intérêt se porte sur la capacité du cheveu à capter et libérer des composés dans l’air, notamment l’ypérite, ainsi que sur l’efficacité de décontamination de cette matrice. Pour ce travail, nous avons utilisé deux composés aux propriétés physiques/chimiques proches de celles de l’ypérite : le salicylate de méthyle et le 2-chloroéthyl éthyl sulfure. Les deux similis ont été retenus par le cheveu avec une plus grande affinité pour le salicylate de méthyle. Nous avons observé une corrélation entre l’intensité d’exposition (influence de la dose et du temps) et la teneur en contaminants retrouvés sur les cheveux. Ces résultats montrent qu’il est possible d’utiliser le cheveu pour détecter une exposition individuelle. Après exposition, la teneur dans des cheveux laissés à désorber a été mesurée avec le salicylate de méthyle. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les cheveux contaminés sont susceptibles de libérer les toxiques. Cela peut poser un problème sanitaire, qui implique donc que la décontamination des cheveux soit étudiée. Les protocoles de décontamination testés montrent une efficacité partielle (élimination de 40 à 80%). Ces résultats impliquent la nécessité d’optimiser les procédures actuelles ou de définir de nouveaux outils pour la décontamination du cheveu après exposition. / As shown by sarin use in Syria (2013), chemical warfare agents remain a threat. Chemical exposure of populations is an emergency situation, where quick and efficient means are mandatory. Decontamination and care of the victims are a priority. Scalp hair is routinely used as a biological matrix in forensic sciences. In this thesis work, interest focuses on hair capacity to trap and release compounds from atmosphere, especially sulphur mustard, as well as decontamination of this matrix. For this work, two molecules with similar physical/chemical properties to sulphur mustard were used: methyl salicylate and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulphide. Both simulants were trapped by scalp hair, with higher affinity towards methyl salicylate. We observed a correlation between exposure intensity (influence from dose and time) and simulant content recovered from hair analysis. Results suggest that hair can be used to assess individual contamination. After exposure, evolution of methyl salicylate hair content has been measured. Results pointed out that contaminated hair can thereafter release the simulants. This can lead to health issue, highlighting the fact that hair decontamination must be investigated. Tested decontamination protocols showed a partial efficacy (40-80% removal). Those results evidenced the need to optimise current procedures or define new tools for hair decontamination after chemical exposure.

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) is a troublesome weed that outcompetes crops and contributes to poor yields. In the past, agriculturalists controlled purple nutsedge by fumigating soil with methyl bromide but the fumigant has since been classified as a controlled substance under the Montreal Protocol. This study evaluated the effectiveness of several alternative purple nutsedge control techniques and compared them with results obtained from the application of Roundup. Concentration treatment effects for the allelopathic seed powders of watercress and turnip were tested in a field trial while seed powders of yellow mustard and sunflower were tested in a potted trial. The allelopathic amendments significantly delayed weed emergence but several factors interfered with long-term effectiveness. Roundup was determined to be the most effective season-long weed control among the treatments consistently leaving the least amount of surviving weeds and underground organs.

Um dos principais problemas na conservação dos alimentos é a ocorrência de processos oxidativos. A oxidação dos alimentos se dá, principalmente, entre os lípides que os compõem. O processo oxidativo induz à formação de substâncias que alteram as características sensoriais e nutricionais do alimento. Em estágios mais avançados a oxidação dos alimentos forma compostos que são prejudiciais ao organismo animal. Entre as maneiras de se prevenir o processo oxidativo, destaca-se o emprego de antioxidantes. Estes, frequentemente, são substâncias sintéticas. Antioxidantes sintéticos são compostos fenólicos e a eles são atribuídas algumas particularidades indesejáveis, pois os mesmos podem interferir em alguns processos fisiológicos do organismo animal. Com a perspectiva de substituição dos antioxidantes sintéticos, por substâncias naturais, diversos estudos têm sido realizados com os vegetais, usando a extração e identificação de compostos com atividade antioxidante. Tendo em vista que os vegetais, das espécies de Brassieca, apresentam elevadas concentrações de compostos fenólicos, este estudo teve por objetivo a detecção da presença da atividade antioxidante em diferentes extratos obtidos a partir de sementes de mostarda (Brassiea alba, L.), onde o extrato aquoso foi apresentou melhor atividade antioxidante com 68,1% de inibição da oxidação. Em uma segunda etapa foi realizada a identificação dos ácidos fenólicos nas sementes de mostarda, aos quais se atribuiu a capacidade inibidora da oxidação. Foram identificados, através da cromatografia em fase gasosa, os seguintes ácidos fenólicos: salicílico, trans cinâmico, &#961;-hidroxibenzóico, vanílico, gentíssico, quínico, &#961;-cumárico, ferúlico, caféico, cis e trans sináptico e a catequina. O ácido &#961;-hidroxibenóico foi o que apresentou maior em maior quantidade e com bom potencial de inibição da oxidação. Os resultados obtidos, demonstraram a existência de elevada atividade antioxidante nas sementes de mostarda e infere-se, que no futuro, essa especiaria ou alguns de seus compostos isolados poderão vir a ser utilizados como antioxidantes no processamento de alimentos. / The oxidative process ia a problem in food conservation. It can occure frequently among the lipids and fatty acids. Substances produced by the oxidative process promote modification in sensorial and nutritional food characteristics. During the oxidative process these substances may form compounds deleterious to animal organism. Synthetic antioxidants are substances often used for the inhibition of the oxidation process. These substances are phenolic compounds and they can induce some toxic effects. Many studies with vegetables have been done to identify natural antioxidants compounds by extracting and isolating these substances to replace them with sintetic antioxidants. Once that Brassica species have high amounts of phenolic acids, the studies were focused on the phenolic acids evaluation with antioxidant activity in the extracts of mustard seeds (Brassiea alba, L.), where the aqueous extract had the best antioxidant activity with 68,1% of oxidation inhibition. The second step was identify the phenolic acids in mustard seeds that have the capacity to inhibit oxidation. The phenolic acids found were: salycilic, trans cinnamic, &#961;-hydroxybenzoic, vanilic, gentissic, quinic, &#961;-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic, cis and trans sinapic and catequin. The &#961;-hidroxybenzoic acid was identify with a high composition and with a good potential of oxidation inhibition. The results obtained showed high antioxidant activity in mustard seeds. In the future this spice and its phenolic compounds might be used as antioxidants in food.

The control and eradication of the invasive biennial herb garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and the restoration of invaded forest habitats present important linked challenges to land managers in North America. Removing garlic mustard by hand and by glyphosate herbicide application have both been used as eradication strategies with mixed results. Each method has advantages and disadvantages, but they are rarely compared for effectiveness and community impact across multiple years of management. Some previous studies have shown improvements in species diversity and plant community composition following management, while others have found no differences. To better understand both garlic mustard population and native plant community responses to these two methods across a broad geographic range, we tested these two management methods for four years in seven northern hardwood forests in Massachusetts and New York State. We found that pulling juvenile and adult garlic mustard plants for four years significantly reduced adult abundance, while spraying had no effect compared to invaded control plots. In the plant community, we found no negative impacts of garlic mustard on species diversity nor increased diversity in managed plots following three consecutive years of management. Our results suggest that increased diversity should not be the primary goal of garlic mustard management at these sites and plant community monitoring at the site-specific scale should be explored. This study highlights how complicated decisions can be for managers when deciding which invasions to prioritize and how to measure plant community recovery.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Veronika Šulová Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. External supervisor: pplk. doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Pejchal, Ph.D. et Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Changes of internal organs after percutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard Sulfur mustard is a chemical warfare agent belonging to the group of blistering agents. The theoretical section of the thesis is mainly focused on the description of acute toxic effects, the mechanism of action, and deals with the current possibilities of poisoning therapy. The experimental section is focused on monitoring the effect of sulfur mustard poisoning in the liver, lung, and kidney of female C57BL/6J mice after the percutaneous administration. This work aimed to evaluate markers of oxidative stress and histopathological changes of the selected organs at 3, 5, and 7 days after the poisoning. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods were used to determine markers of oxidative stress. Histopathological changes were evaluated microscopically using the hematoxylin-eosin staining method. The airness of the lung parenchyma was also assessed by computer image analysis. First, the LD50 of sulfur mustard was...