Melanome zählen zu den zehn häufigsten Tumorentitäten weltweit. Bei frühzeitiger Diagnose ist eine Exzision im Gesunden kurativ. Sobald eine Resektion im Gesunden jedoch nicht mehr möglich ist, sinken die Heilungschancen drastisch. Maligne Melanome sprechen wenig auf konventionelle Tumortherapien wie Radiatio und zytostatische Chemotherapie an. Daher werden neue Therapieoptionen in der Melanomtherapie getestet. Neueste Ansätze beziehen sich auf die Modulation von Immunzellen mittels monoklonaler Antikörper sowie die Modifikation der Signaltransduktion über die Mitogen-aktivierte Protein Kinase Kinase (MAPKK = MEK), BRAF und c-KIT. Auch Ionenkanäle stellen eine vielversprechende, zukünftige Option in der Behandlung maligner Melanome dar. Ich konnte zeigen, dass neben der bereits beschriebenen funktionellen Expression des „transient receptor potential“ Kanals TRPM8 in Melanomzelllinien auch TRPA1 in verschiedenen Melanomzelllinien exprimiert und funktionell ist. Die Phytopharmaka Senföl (Allylisothiozyanat; AITC) und Zimtaldehyd zeigen in Melanom-Modellen antitumoröse Effekte. Zudem sind beide Substanzen potente Stimulatoren von TRPA1. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob AITC und Zimtaldehyd TRPA1-vermittelt die Proliferation, Apoptose und Migration von Melanomzellen beeinflussen. Das Vorkommen von TRPA1 in verschiedenen Melanomzelllinien wurde auf molekularbiologischer Ebene, mit fluorometrischen Bestimmungen des TRPA1-vermittelten Ca2+-Einstroms sowie in elektrophysiologischen Messungen nachgewiesen. Anschließend wurde die funktionelle Relevanz von TRPA1 bezüglich tumorhemmender Eigenschaften geprüft. Durch die Anwendung von TRPA1-Blockern konnte die AITC- und Zimtaldehyd-induzierte Verminderung der Proliferation nicht aufgehoben werden. Auch bezüglich der Migration und Apoptose konnte keine Korrelation zu einer TRPA1-Modulation festgestellt werden. Daher scheinen die durch AITC und Zimtaldehyd induzierten Effekte höchstwahrscheinlich nicht durch TRPA1 vermittelt zu werden.:1 Bibliographische Beschreibung 4 2 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 6 3 Einführung 8 3.1 Die Superfamilie der TRP-Kanäle und ihre Expression in malignen Tumoren 8 3.2 Weitere Ionenkanalentitäten im malignen Melanom 10 3.3 Klassifikation und Therapie maligner Melanome 11 3.4 Naturstoffe mit TRP-Kanal-aktivierenden Eigenschaften in der Therapie maligner Tumore 13 3.5 TRPA1 - ein Ionenkanal mit chemosensorischen Eigenschaften 14 4 Ableitung der Fragestellung 17 5 Publikation 18 6 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 28 7 Literaturverzeichnis 31 8 Anlagen 36 8.1 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 36 8.2 Curriculum Vitae 37 8.3 Publikationen 39 8.4 Danksagung 40

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Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) methods concentrate, remove, or destroy weed seeds captured by the combine during harvest. Furthermore, chaff lining uses a chute fitted on the back of a combine to concentrate chaff and weed seed therein into a narrow line. Since chaff amount increases with crop yield, studies aimed to determine how varying crop yield and the associated chaff amount will affect chaff lining control of select weed species, while also examining subsequent crop performance. Objective 1 of this work focused on wheat chaff lining (WCL), and objective 2 studied soybean chaff lining (SCL). Weed species of interest included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum L. Husnot) in WCL and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) subject to SCL. Each weed species was evaluated in separate experiments, and the SCL experiment included an additional factor of with and without a cereal rye cover crop treatment. Chaff lines mimicked harvest across a range of wheat and soybean yields, with equal weed seed additions (based on existing fecundity and seed shatter phenology data) to each chaff line. A conventional harvest (control) and an outside-the-chaff-line treatment were included, where total fecundity or weed seed rain occurring prior to harvest based on weed species were broadcast respectively. Inhibition of crop and weed emergence as a function of yield and the associated chaff amount was also investigated in the greenhouse. Crop yield across treatments at the field scale (accounts for both chaff lines and outside-the-chaff-line), was not affected in double-crop soybean following WCL and full-season soybean following SCL. Field scale wheat yield in WCL compared to conventional harvest was not different, increased, or decreased in 8, 3, and 1 site-years, respectively. WCL reduced total weed emergence over the combined double-crop soybean and winter wheat growing seasons by 43-54% at the field scale. SCL reduced common ragweed emergence in cereal rye by 64% and 85% in 2 of 3 locations across the soybean growing season. The cover crop did not reduce common ragweed emergence while it was growing, but residual mulch in soybean reduced emergence by 39%. No differences were observed in Palmer amaranth emergence during cereal rye growth, however cereal rye decreased total emergence by 41%. In 6 of 7 Palmer amaranth location-years, SCL decreased field scale weed emergence in soybean by 81%. These results indicate chaff may create an unfavorable environment for weed seed emergence. In both WCL and SCL, greater amounts of chaff caused larger reductions in weed emergence. Objective 3 focused on quantifying the above-ground biomass breakdown of soybean plants into chaff, straw, and seed fractions as they are processed and dispensed by various harvesters. Depending on HWSC system, chaff and straw residues may also be destroyed, removed, or concentrated. Therefore, chaff and straw nutrient composition was analyzed to evaluate the nutrient and economic consequences of HWSC. Our results show average soybean harvest index is 0.57:1. Furthermore, chaff and straw residues equal 13.4% and 68.5% of the seed weight, respectively. Using 5-year average fertilizer prices (2017 – 2021), replacement of N, P, K and S in chaff, straw, and the combination of both residues costs USD 1.58, USD 5.88, and USD 7.46, respectively. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / In conventional wheat and soybean production, the primary means of weed control is herbicides. If herbicide use is not diversified, a repeated selection pressure drives weeds to evolve resistance to such chemistries. Producers and researchers alike are constantly looking for new ways to combat weeds and herbicide-resistant issues. Originally developed to control nuisance weeds in Australia, harvest weed seed control (HWSC) offers promise in aiding our current herbicide resistance crisis. To further explain HWSC, it is important to know the harvesting mechanism. Many of the row crops including corn, soybean and wheat are harvested using a combine. Combines cut below or tear off plant material to capture the grain or seed which is processed via a threshing system and separated into three fractions: the seed, chaff, and straw. The grain is allocated to a storage bin and eventually removed from the field. In conventional harvest, the remaining crop residue is spread evenly behind the combine across the field to ensure a balanced distribution of organic matter, nutrients, and residue across the field. There is however more than chaff and straw being dispersed. Weeds present in the field at harvest whose seed is retained at crop maturity and at an elevation above the combine header height will inherently end up inside the combine. HWSC are methods intended to capitalize on the combine capturing weed seeds during harvest. Many HWSC approaches to managing weed seed exist, including destruction, removal and concentration of weed seed. Most of this research focuses on only one method of HWSC, chaff lining. Chaff lining utilizes a chute fitted onto the back of the combine and concentrates weed seed and the chaff fraction only into a narrow line behind the combine. Although not directly known, chaff may inhibit future weed emergence within the line due to a mulching effect, intraspecific competition, a greater degree of rotting and increased seed predators. The chute is inexpensive to construct, and there are no additional labor requirements at harvest making it an appealing HWSC option. There is a limited amount of research on chaff lining in North American cropping systems making it a prime HWSC candidate for this thesis. We were curious if chaff lining could benefit wheat and soybean farmers and if crop yield and the associated chaff amount deposited in chaff lines would have any impact on crops planted and weeds placed in lines. Our results indicate chaff lining does not cause field scale yield consequence in double-crop and full-season soybean following wheat and soybean chaff lining, respectively. The effect of wheat chaff lining on wheat field scale yield was variable, but only caused a yield decrease in 1 of 12 experimental locations. Reductions in weed emergence in chaff lining systems compared to conventional indicate chaff may alter the environment to be unfavorable for weed seed emergence. The final objective of this thesis investigates the economic cost of nutrient loss among HWSC systems. Using average fertilizer prices, the cost to apply N, P, K and S concentrated or lost during HWSC in chaff, straw, and the combination of both residues is USD 1.58, USD 5.88, and USD 7.46, respectively.

Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto is mass-released for biological control of the leafroller pest, light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in Australian vineyards. Parasitoid performance can, however, be constrained by a lack of suitable adult food and no information is available on the effect of nectar on the parasitism and longevity of T. carverae. To address this, the effect of alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) flowers on E. postvittana parasitism was studied in a vineyard experiment with and without releases of T. carverae. Egg parasitoid activity was assessed with E. postvittana egg �sentinel cards� and no parasitism was recorded in plots without T. carverae releases. Where T. carverae were released, there was no significant enhancement of parasitism by the presence of L. maritima flowers. Three hypotheses were subsequently tested to account for the lack of an effect: (i) T. carverae does not benefit from L. maritima nectar, (ii) T. carverae was feeding on nectar from other flowering plants (weeds) present in the vineyard, (iii) T. carverae was feeding on sugars from ripe grapes. A growth-cabinet experiment using potted L. maritima plants with and without flowers did not support hypothesis one. No parasitism was recorded after day two for T. carverae caged without flowers whilst parasitism occured until day eight in the presence of flowers. A laboratory experiment with common vineyard weeds (Trifolium repens, Hypochoeris radicata, Echium plantagineum) as well as L. maritima did not support hypothesis one but gave partial support to hypothesis two. Survival of T. carverae was enhanced to a small but statistically significant extent in vials with intact flowers of L. maritima, white clover (T. repens) and catsear (H. radicata) but not in vials with flowering shoots of these species from which flowers and flowering buds had been removed. Paterson�s curse (E. plantagineum) flowers had no effect on T. carverae survival. In a laboratory study, punctured grapes significantly enhanced T. carverae survival compared with a treatment without grapes, supporting hypothesis three. Trichogramma carverae performance in the field experiment was probably also constrained by relatively cool and wet weather. Further work on the enhancement of T. carverae efficacy by L. maritima and other carbohydrate sources is warranted. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate whether T. carverae benefit from different groundcover plant species. Ten T. carverae adults (<24h after eclosion) were caged with different groundcover species and a control with no plant materials. Epiphyas postvittana egg sentinel cards were used to measure parasitism and longevity was recorded visually. Survival and realised parasitism of T. carverae was significantly higher in L. maritima than in Brassica juncea, Coriandrum sativum, shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed and nil control treatments. A similar experiment with Fagopyrum esculentum (with- and without-flowers) and a control treatment showed that survival was significantly higher in intact F. esculentum than in without-flower and control treatments. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism in the early stages of that experiment, though parasitism was recorded in the presence of F. esculentum flowers for 12 days, compared with 6 days in other treatments. Higher parasitism was observed in intact Borago officinalis than in the flowerless shoot, water only and no plant material control treatments in a third experiment. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism. Fitted exponential curves for survival data differed significantly in curvature in the first, second and third experiments but the slope was a non-significant parameter in the second and third experiments. In a second series of laboratory experiments, one male and one female T. carverae were caged with groundcover species to investigate male and female longevity and daily fecundity. Both male and female longevity in F. esculentum and L. maritima treatments were significantly higher than on shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed, and than in the control treatments. Daily fecundity was significantly greater in the intact L. maritima treatment than in all other treatments. Fitted exponential curves for daily fecundity differed significantly in position and slope but not in curvature. There was no significant treatment effect on longevity or parasitism when a male and female were caged with intact B. juncea, B. officinalis or without-flower of these species, nor in the treatment with no plant materials. No parasitism was observed in a survey of naturally occurring egg parasitoids on two sites close to Orange and Canowindra in New South Wales, illustrating the importance of mass releases of T. carverae in biological control of E. postvittana. In an experiment on the Canowindra site, parasitism was significantly higher on day one and day two after T. carverae release when with-flower treatments were compared with without-flower treatments. Parasitism was significantly higher in the F. esculentum treatment than in C. sativum, L. maritima, vegetation without-flowers and control treatments on these dates. On day five, parasitism was higher in C. sativum than in all other treatments. There was no significant increase in parasitism in a second experiment conducted on the Orange site. Coriandrum sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima appear to be suitable adult food sources for T. carverae and offer some scope for habitat manipulation in vineyards The adults of many parasitoid species require nectar for optimal fitness but very little is known about flower recognition. Flight cage experiments showed that the adults of T. carverae benefited from L. maritima bearing white flowers to a greater extent than was the case for light pink, dark pink or purple flowered cultivars, despite all cultivars producing nectar. Survival and realised parasitism on non-white flowers were no greater than when the parasitoids were caged on L. maritima shoots from which flowers had been removed. The possibility that differences between L. maritima cultivars were due to factors other than flower colour, such as nectar quality, was excluded by dyeing white L. maritima flowers by placing the roots of the plants in 5% food dye (blue or pink) solution. Survival of T. carverae was lower on dyed L. maritima flowers than on undyed white flowers. Mixing the same dyes with honey in a third experiment conducted in the dark showed that the low level of feeding on dyed flowers was unlikely to be the result of olfactory or gustatory cues. Flower colour appears, therefore, to be a critical factor in the choice of plants used to enhance biological control, and is likely to also be a factor in the role parasitoids play in structuring invertebrate communities. Provision of nectar producing plants to increase the effectiveness of biological control is one aspect of habitat manipulation, but care needs to be taken to avoid the use of plant species that may benefit pest species. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate whether the adult E. postvittana and larvae benefit from nectar producing groundcover species. Newly emerged E. postvittana adults were caged with different groundcover species and a honey-based artificial adult diet. The longevity of male and female E. postvittana when caged with shoots of borage (B. officinalis) and buckwheat (F. esculentum) bearing flowers was as long as when fed a honey-based artificial diet. This effect was not evident when caged with shoots of these plants from which flowers had been removed. Longevity was significantly lower than in the artificial diet treatment when caged with coriander (C. sativum) or alyssum (L. maritima) irrespective of whether flowers were present or not. There was no significant treatment effect on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. A second experiment with mustard (B. juncea) (with- and without-flowers), water only and honey-based artificial adult diet showed no significant treatment effects on the longevity of male and female E. postvittana or on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. The anomalous lack of a difference between the water and honey-based diet treatments precludes making conclusions on the value of B. juncea for E. postvittana. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of groundcover species on the larval development of E. postvittana. In the first experiment, larval mortality was significantly higher in C. sativum, and L. maritima than in B. juncea, B. officinalis and white clover (T. repens) a known host of E. postvittana. Coriandrum sativum and L. maritima extended the larval period. In B. juncea and B. officinalis, mortality did not differ from that in T. repens. In F. esculentum, larval mortality was significantly higher than in T. repens. A short larval period was observed on B. juncea, B. officinalis and F. esculentum. Fitted exponential curves for larval mortality differed significantly in curvature between plant treatments. Similarly, successful pupation was significantly lower in C. sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima than in T. repens. The percentage of successful pupation in B. juncea and B. officinalis did not differ from F. esculentum and T. repens. Fitted exponential curves for pupation differed significantly in curvature. A similar trend was observed in a second experiment with potted plants. The overall results suggest that C. sativum and L. maritima denied benefit to E. postvittana adults and larvae, so could be planted as vineyard groundcover with minimal risk of exacerbating this pest. Overall results suggest that T. carverae require nutrients to reach their full reproductive potential and flowers provide such nutrients. Lobularia maritima and C. sativum may be considered �selective food plants� for T. carverae whereas F. esculentum appears to be a �non-selective food plant�; both T. carverae and E. postvittana benefited from it. Fruits such as grapes can be used as food resources in habitat manipulation and this merits further research. This result also suggests that within species flower colour is an important factor for flower selection in habitat manipulation.

Onset of flowering is a major transition in the plant life cycle and is controlled by environmental factors including photoperiod, light quality and temperature. Prevalence of controlling factors depends on species, hence physiological models were selected for their strong requirement for one or another environmental cue. Among Brassicaceae, Sinapis alba was intensively studied for its strong response to photoperiod while molecular-genetic analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana disclosed complex interactions between pathways inducing flowering in response to photoperiod and other environmental cues, such as vernalization. We were therefore interested in studying the vernalization process in S. alba and its interactions with the previously characterized floral response to long days (LDs). Two-week old seedlings grown in non-inductive short days (SDs) were vernalized at 7°C for increasing durations and a strong promotive effect of vernalization was observed. In contrast to the common view of vernalization as a preliminary step bringing the competence to flower, we observed that vernalization had a direct inductive effect on flowering: floral buds were initiated during cold-exposure. Floral integrator genes SaMADSA (homologous to SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1) and SaLEAFY were up-regulated in the shoot apex after 3-4 weeks of vernalization. To monitor the vernalization process at the molecular level, we isolated SaFLC which, based on sequence analysis, expression patterns and complementation test, appeared as orthologous to FLOWERING LOCUS C. Down-regulation of SaFLC by vernalization was fast since transcript level was already very low after one week of vernalization, but stability of the repression required longer exposure to cold. To test the physiological significance of these observations, we studied the floral response to 16-h LDs after unstable and stable repression of SaFLC. We observed that one week of vernalization which was sufficient for SaFLC repression but not for maintenance of the silenced state - increased the flowering response of S. alba to LDs when the LDs just followed the cold treatment. This effect was lost after two weeks post-vernalization. In contrast, the promotive effect of longer vernalization on flowering response to LDs was maintained post-vernalization. These results suggested that vernalization not only works when plants experience long exposure to cold in winter: short cold periods might stimulate flowering of LD-plants if occurring when photoperiod is increasing, i.e. in spring.

In this work, the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of different substituted propargyl thiocyanates and double [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of enynyl isothiocyanates either by flash vacuum pyrolysis or by thermolysis in solution are studied. Additionally, the intramolecular reactions of the resulting allenyl isothiocyanates are studied, and the reaction mechanisms for the generation of the final products, such as [1,5] sigmatropic migrations or electrocyclic ring closures, are explained. These highly reactive allenyl isothiocyanates are used as appropriate electrophilic precursors for the preparation of novel examples of thiazoles substituted at C-2 position using different types of nucleophiles. For the formation of these substituted thiazoles, the necessary nucleophilicity as well as the regioselectivity, the stereoselectivity, and the reaction mechanisms are investigated. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die [3,3]-sigmatrope Umlagerung von verschiedenen Propargylthiocyanaten und die doppelte [3,3]-sigmatrope Umlagerung von Eninylisothiocyanaten entweder durch Blitzvakuumthermolyse oder Thermolyse in Lösung untersucht worden. Zusätzlich wurden die intramolekularen Reaktionen der resultierten Allenylisothiocyanate studiert. Außerdem sind die Reaktionsmechanismen zur Bildung der Thermolyseprodukte wie z.B. die [1,5]-sigmatropen Umlagerungen und die elektrocyclischen Ringschlüsse erklärt. Die hochreaktiven Allenylisothiocyanate sind als geeignet elektrophile Vorläufer zur Synthese von neuen Thiazolen verwendbar, die an der C-2 Position substituiert sind. Dabei kommen verschiedene Nucleophile zum Ansatz. Für die Bildung dieser substituierten Thiazole sind die Regioselektivität, Stereoselektivität, Reaktionsmechanismen und der Bereich der einsetzbaren Nucleophile untersucht worden.

Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto is mass-released for biological control of the leafroller pest, light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in Australian vineyards. Parasitoid performance can, however, be constrained by a lack of suitable adult food and no information is available on the effect of nectar on the parasitism and longevity of T. carverae. To address this, the effect of alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) flowers on E. postvittana parasitism was studied in a vineyard experiment with and without releases of T. carverae. Egg parasitoid activity was assessed with E. postvittana egg �sentinel cards� and no parasitism was recorded in plots without T. carverae releases. Where T. carverae were released, there was no significant enhancement of parasitism by the presence of L. maritima flowers. Three hypotheses were subsequently tested to account for the lack of an effect: (i) T. carverae does not benefit from L. maritima nectar, (ii) T. carverae was feeding on nectar from other flowering plants (weeds) present in the vineyard, (iii) T. carverae was feeding on sugars from ripe grapes. A growth-cabinet experiment using potted L. maritima plants with and without flowers did not support hypothesis one. No parasitism was recorded after day two for T. carverae caged without flowers whilst parasitism occured until day eight in the presence of flowers. A laboratory experiment with common vineyard weeds (Trifolium repens, Hypochoeris radicata, Echium plantagineum) as well as L. maritima did not support hypothesis one but gave partial support to hypothesis two. Survival of T. carverae was enhanced to a small but statistically significant extent in vials with intact flowers of L. maritima, white clover (T. repens) and catsear (H. radicata) but not in vials with flowering shoots of these species from which flowers and flowering buds had been removed. Paterson�s curse (E. plantagineum) flowers had no effect on T. carverae survival. In a laboratory study, punctured grapes significantly enhanced T. carverae survival compared with a treatment without grapes, supporting hypothesis three. Trichogramma carverae performance in the field experiment was probably also constrained by relatively cool and wet weather. Further work on the enhancement of T. carverae efficacy by L. maritima and other carbohydrate sources is warranted. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate whether T. carverae benefit from different groundcover plant species. Ten T. carverae adults (<24h after eclosion) were caged with different groundcover species and a control with no plant materials. Epiphyas postvittana egg sentinel cards were used to measure parasitism and longevity was recorded visually. Survival and realised parasitism of T. carverae was significantly higher in L. maritima than in Brassica juncea, Coriandrum sativum, shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed and nil control treatments. A similar experiment with Fagopyrum esculentum (with- and without-flowers) and a control treatment showed that survival was significantly higher in intact F. esculentum than in without-flower and control treatments. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism in the early stages of that experiment, though parasitism was recorded in the presence of F. esculentum flowers for 12 days, compared with 6 days in other treatments. Higher parasitism was observed in intact Borago officinalis than in the flowerless shoot, water only and no plant material control treatments in a third experiment. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism. Fitted exponential curves for survival data differed significantly in curvature in the first, second and third experiments but the slope was a non-significant parameter in the second and third experiments. In a second series of laboratory experiments, one male and one female T. carverae were caged with groundcover species to investigate male and female longevity and daily fecundity. Both male and female longevity in F. esculentum and L. maritima treatments were significantly higher than on shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed, and than in the control treatments. Daily fecundity was significantly greater in the intact L. maritima treatment than in all other treatments. Fitted exponential curves for daily fecundity differed significantly in position and slope but not in curvature. There was no significant treatment effect on longevity or parasitism when a male and female were caged with intact B. juncea, B. officinalis or without-flower of these species, nor in the treatment with no plant materials. No parasitism was observed in a survey of naturally occurring egg parasitoids on two sites close to Orange and Canowindra in New South Wales, illustrating the importance of mass releases of T. carverae in biological control of E. postvittana. In an experiment on the Canowindra site, parasitism was significantly higher on day one and day two after T. carverae release when with-flower treatments were compared with without-flower treatments. Parasitism was significantly higher in the F. esculentum treatment than in C. sativum, L. maritima, vegetation without-flowers and control treatments on these dates. On day five, parasitism was higher in C. sativum than in all other treatments. There was no significant increase in parasitism in a second experiment conducted on the Orange site. Coriandrum sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima appear to be suitable adult food sources for T. carverae and offer some scope for habitat manipulation in vineyards The adults of many parasitoid species require nectar for optimal fitness but very little is known about flower recognition. Flight cage experiments showed that the adults of T. carverae benefited from L. maritima bearing white flowers to a greater extent than was the case for light pink, dark pink or purple flowered cultivars, despite all cultivars producing nectar. Survival and realised parasitism on non-white flowers were no greater than when the parasitoids were caged on L. maritima shoots from which flowers had been removed. The possibility that differences between L. maritima cultivars were due to factors other than flower colour, such as nectar quality, was excluded by dyeing white L. maritima flowers by placing the roots of the plants in 5% food dye (blue or pink) solution. Survival of T. carverae was lower on dyed L. maritima flowers than on undyed white flowers. Mixing the same dyes with honey in a third experiment conducted in the dark showed that the low level of feeding on dyed flowers was unlikely to be the result of olfactory or gustatory cues. Flower colour appears, therefore, to be a critical factor in the choice of plants used to enhance biological control, and is likely to also be a factor in the role parasitoids play in structuring invertebrate communities. Provision of nectar producing plants to increase the effectiveness of biological control is one aspect of habitat manipulation, but care needs to be taken to avoid the use of plant species that may benefit pest species. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate whether the adult E. postvittana and larvae benefit from nectar producing groundcover species. Newly emerged E. postvittana adults were caged with different groundcover species and a honey-based artificial adult diet. The longevity of male and female E. postvittana when caged with shoots of borage (B. officinalis) and buckwheat (F. esculentum) bearing flowers was as long as when fed a honey-based artificial diet. This effect was not evident when caged with shoots of these plants from which flowers had been removed. Longevity was significantly lower than in the artificial diet treatment when caged with coriander (C. sativum) or alyssum (L. maritima) irrespective of whether flowers were present or not. There was no significant treatment effect on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. A second experiment with mustard (B. juncea) (with- and without-flowers), water only and honey-based artificial adult diet showed no significant treatment effects on the longevity of male and female E. postvittana or on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. The anomalous lack of a difference between the water and honey-based diet treatments precludes making conclusions on the value of B. juncea for E. postvittana. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of groundcover species on the larval development of E. postvittana. In the first experiment, larval mortality was significantly higher in C. sativum, and L. maritima than in B. juncea, B. officinalis and white clover (T. repens) a known host of E. postvittana. Coriandrum sativum and L. maritima extended the larval period. In B. juncea and B. officinalis, mortality did not differ from that in T. repens. In F. esculentum, larval mortality was significantly higher than in T. repens. A short larval period was observed on B. juncea, B. officinalis and F. esculentum. Fitted exponential curves for larval mortality differed significantly in curvature between plant treatments. Similarly, successful pupation was significantly lower in C. sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima than in T. repens. The percentage of successful pupation in B. juncea and B. officinalis did not differ from F. esculentum and T. repens. Fitted exponential curves for pupation differed significantly in curvature. A similar trend was observed in a second experiment with potted plants. The overall results suggest that C. sativum and L. maritima denied benefit to E. postvittana adults and larvae, so could be planted as vineyard groundcover with minimal risk of exacerbating this pest. Overall results suggest that T. carverae require nutrients to reach their full reproductive potential and flowers provide such nutrients. Lobularia maritima and C. sativum may be considered �selective food plants� for T. carverae whereas F. esculentum appears to be a �non-selective food plant�; both T. carverae and E. postvittana benefited from it. Fruits such as grapes can be used as food resources in habitat manipulation and this merits further research. This result also suggests that within species flower colour is an important factor for flower selection in habitat manipulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 960144 bytes, checksum: 411396927d616d5dfb046fc14f5485d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work, we studied the toxicity of mustard oil to 18 populations of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) collected in Brazil, and the correlation with their resistance and phosphine. There is relationship between toxicity of mustard oil and respiratory rate; we were seeking evidence that would be determinant of susceptibility to mustard oil. Additionally, evaluated the toxicity of mustard oil to immature stages of T. castaneum and was investigated of respiratory rate and body mass of insects, and relationship between respiratory rate and oil in the toxicity study. The mustard oil, with 90% of the volatile component ITCA was diluted in vegetable oil from soybeans, in the proportion of 0.5:9.5v/v, to get on oily solution 4.5% of ITCA. The concentrations were used to assess the adult and immature stages ranged from 2.25 to 5.62 &#956;L L-1. Results of mortality were used to generate the concentration-response curves. LC50 and LC95 were estimated too and their used to calculate reasons of toxicity (RT). Patterns of instantaneous rate of growth instantaneous (ri), respiratory rate (CO2 production) and body mass were assessed to each adult. Last two parameters were used to immature stages evaluation. Nonresistance was showed in all populations of T. castaneum to mustard oil, and no cross-resistance between phosphine and mustard oil was showed too. We observed different reproductive patterns, respiratory and body mass among adult populations. However, no relationship was found between these variables and toxicity of mustard oil. The essential oil of mustard showed toxicity to all immature stages of T. castaneum evaluated. The toxicity data also indicated difference remarkable in susceptibility among stages of development in insect populations evaluated. In insect stages, eggs and young larvae were more susceptibility and more tolerant, respectively. The respiratory rate was influenced by stage of development of insects and their body mass. However, no relationship was observed between respiratory rate of insects and toxicity of mustard oil. All populations not showed any resistance to mustard oil and cross-resistance between mustard oil and phosphine that was toxic to all stages of development of insects. Wherefore, may be possible mustard oil will become an important alternative fumigant and is use in management programs of resistance to phosphine. / Neste trabalho foi estudada a toxicidade do óleo de mostarda para 18 populações de Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) coletadas no Brasil e a possível correlação com resistência à fosfina. Verificaram-se a relação da toxicidade do óleo de mostarda e a taxa respiratória buscando-se evidenciar se esta última seria determinante de susceptibilidade ao óleo de mostarda. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o efeito tóxico do óleo de mostarda para as fases imaturas de T. castaneum e foi averiguada a massa corpórea e a taxa respiratória dos insetos, bem como a relação da taxa respiratória com a toxicidade ao óleo em estudo. O óleo de mostarda, com 90% do componente volátil ITCA, foi diluído em óleo vegetal de soja, na proporção de 0,5:9,5 v/v, para obter solução oleosa de 4,5% de ITCA. As concentrações utilizadas para avaliar as populações adultas e fases imaturas do inseto variaram entre 2,25 a 5,62 &#956;L L-1. Os resultados de mortalidade obtidos foram utilizados para gerar as curvas de concentração-resposta, e as CL50 e CL95 foram estimadas e usadas para calcular as respectivas razões de toxicidade (RT). Os padrões de taxa instantânea de crescimento instantâneo (ri), taxa respiratória (produção de CO2) e massa corpórea foram avaliados para cada população adulta, além de estes dois últimos parâmetro terem sido avaliados para as fases imaturas. Nenhuma das populações estudadas apresentou resistência ao óleo de mostarda e não houve resistência cruzada entre o óleo de mostarda e a fosfina. Foram observados diferentes padrões reprodutivos, respiratórios e de massa corpórea entre as populações adultas. Porém, não houve relação destas variáveis e a toxicidade do óleo de mostarda. O óleo essencial de mostarda se apresentou tóxico para todas as fases imaturas de T. castaneum avaliadas. Os dados de toxicidade indicaram também uma notável diferença na susceptibilidade entre os estágios de desenvolvimento do inseto nas populações avaliadas, tendo os ovos sidos mais susceptíveis e as larvas jovens mais tolerantes. A taxa respiratória foi influenciada pelo estágio de desenvolvimento do inseto e por sua massa corpórea. No entanto, não foi observada relação entre as taxas respiratórias dos insetos e a toxicidade ao óleo de mostarda. Como nenhuma população apresentou resistência ao óleo de mostarda e resistência cruzada entre óleo de mostarda e à fosfina, e o mesmo foi tóxico para todas as fases de desenvolvimento do inseto, é possível que o óleo de mostarda se torne um importante fumigante alternativo e seja usado nos programas de manejo de resistência à fosfina.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 275601 bytes, checksum: 8dc4b9237b3474a70a7b5c112c54fb7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The occurrence of bacterial wilt is one of the main restrictions to the tomato production in tropical areas, mainly due to the lack of effective methods of control. The research had the objective to evaluate the efficiency of the essential oil of mustard in the treatment of the soil for the suppression of the population of Ralstonia solanacearum. Initially, different selective mediums were evaluated for the detection and quantification of the bacterial population in the soil. Among the appraised mediums, only two mediums showed appropriate sensibility for the detection of the bacteria, and the South Africa Selective Medium - Elphinstone (SMSA-E) showed the highest recovery tax of the bacteria in the soil, the lowest repression index to the R. solanacearum and highest suppression index of background microorganisms. In the evaluation of the EOM gaseous effect against R. solanacearum, this was capable to inhibit it in vitro development completely. The bacterial colonies that were exposited to the EOM gaseous increased the linkage of cellular metabolites. Anaerobic and gram-positive bacterias were less sensitivity to the product than R. solanacearum. The recovery of the bacteria was not observed with the selective medium SMSA-E, after substratum fumigation for seven days with EOM in concentrations over 100µL of ITCA/L of soil. The tomato plants cultivated in the substratum submitted to this same treatment had not present symptoms of bacterial wilt after 45 days of the transplant. / A ocorrência de murcha bacteriana é um dos principais fatores limitantes ao cultivo de tomate em regiões tropicais, principalmente devido à falta de métodos efetivos de controle. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do óleo essencial de mostarda no tratamento do solo para a supressão da população de Ralstonia solanacearum. Inicialmente, avaliaram-se diferentes meios seletivos para a detecção e monitoramento da população da bactéria no solo. Dos meios avaliados, apenas dois apresentaram sensibilidade adequada para a detecção da bactéria, sendo que, o meio South Africa Selective Medium Elphinstone (SMSA-E) possibilitou a maior taxa de recuperação da bactéria no solo, com baixo índice de repressão ao patógeno alvo e alto índice de supressão à microrganismos contaminantes. Quanto ao efeito dos vapores do EOM sobre R. solanacearum, estes foram capazes de inibir completamente o seu desenvolvimento in vitro. A exposição das colônias bacterianas aos vapores do EOM ocasionou aumento do extravasamento de metabólitos celulares. Bactérias anaeróbicas facultativas e/ou gram-positivas foram menos sensíveis ao produto que R. solanacearum. Após fumigação por sete dias do substrato com EOM em concentrações a partir de 100µL de ITCA/L de solo, não se observou a recuperação da bactéria com o meio seletivo SMSA-E. As plantas de tomate cultivadas no substrato submetido a este mesmo tratamento não apresentaram sintomas de murcha bacteriana após 45 dias do transplante.