Depuis les premières fouilles de la nécropole tumulaire de Vergina dans les années 1950, nos connaissances sur les pratiques funéraires de l’âge du Fer en Macédoine se sont profondément renouvelées. Si le tertre funéraire collectif demeure un trait caractéristique du nord de la Grèce, les nombreuses découvertes faites depuis une trentaine d’années témoignent en réalité d’une richesse et d’une grande diversité de rituels et de types de tombes dans cette vaste région située entre les Balkans et l’Egée. A partir d’un corpus de nécropoles datées entre le XIe et le VIIe siècle avant notre ère, situées entre le versant oriental du Pinde et la région de Drama, nous proposons un état de la question des modes funéraires en nous interrogeant sur cette diversité particulièrement remarquable en Macédoine. Ce travail nous permet d’établir une carte funéraire complexe, constituée de plusieurs régions aux pratiques spécifiques, qu’on peut comparer avec le mobilier abordé sous l’angle des thématiques et des idéologies funéraires dont la logique spatiale est différente. / Since the first excavations in the burial mounds cemetery in Vergina during the 1950s, the new discoveries and different works led in Macedonia have yielded important new data, updating our vision of the burial customs during the Iron Age. The burial mounds, characteristic of northern Greece are not anymore the only known type of cemetery. The data analysis depicts a rich and eclectic representation of the burial practices in this vast area between the Balkans and the Aegean Sea. Based on a catalogue of cemeteries dated from the 11th to the 7th century B. C., located between the eastern slopes of the Pindus range and the region of Drama, we propose a survey of burial customs and question this diversity which is particularly striking in Macedonia. As a result, we propose a complex funerary map of several regions with their own features that can be compared with the funerary ideologies and beliefs reflected in the burial gifts, whose distribution pattern are different.

To what extent are social movements capable of steering voters’ choices in corruptsocieties? Through the exploration of North Macedonia’s 2016 Colourful Revolution street protests, this study introduces an original dataset of 1,066 survey responses from members of the Macedonian electorate and engages in a 65-week-long cumulative tracking of corruption-related news stories in an attempt to shed light upon the effects of anti-corruption movements (ACMs) on the electoral punishment of corrupt incumbents. Building upon the framework of sociotropic corruption voting and highlighting the role of the media as an important awareness-raiser, this study finds strong proofs of corruption acting as a deterrent against the re-election of corrupt incumbents, helping to explain a governing party’s loss of support at the polls. However, it finds no robust correlation between the Colourful Revolutions’s emergence and actions per se and higher media coverage of corruption.

Diploma thesis Image of the Macedonian identity in the Macedonian history textbooks for primary schools brings an analysis of the history textbooks from the period since 80's till nowadays. The core of the text is analysis and previous chapters inform reader about the historiography in Republic of Macedonia, its relation to the state policy, other chapters speak about Macedonian identity and about the creation process of Macedonian textbooks and their importance for the process of building national identity. The analysis showed that the story of national history in textbooks have changed after the breakup of Yugoslavia. Brotherhood and unity of Yugoslavian nations disappeared together with dissolution of federation. After proclamation of independence of the new formed Republic of Macedonia historiography of the country have turned towards the antic history of Macedonia. Macedonians highly stress the difference between two antic nations - Macedonians and Greeks. The attitude to the Serbian nation changed as well and they are now evaluated the same foes of Macedonian nation as well as Bulgarians and Greeks. There is a tendency in the textbooks to make national heroes from several historical figures. School materials also tend to depict the Macedonian nation as a victim of neighboring nations and...

Ce travail porte sur une région correspondant au bassin de Serrès dont on suit les limites naturelles ; le relief lui conférant une forte cohérence géographique. La délimitation chronologique tient compte des dynamiques historiques et humaines locales. Jusqu’au milieu du IVe s. av. J.-C., la région, peuplée initialement de Thraces , a reçu des apports grecs liés au mouvement de colonisation archaïque, puis à connu les impérialismes perse et athénien. Elle a alors constitué un espace morcelé par les intérêts conflictuels des différentes populations. S’ensuit une période plus unitaire, de 357 av. J.-C. à la fin de la séquence, puisque la région est d’abord incorporée au royaume de Macédoine avant d’être ensuite intégrée à l’Empire romain. L’objectif originel de la géographie historique était la localisation de toponymes. Le premier enjeu est donc d’établir un bilan de la connaissance relative à chacune de ces occupations à l’échelle locale et de tenir compte des apports récents des observations archéologiques. Cependant, l’espace antique n’est plus observé uniquement à l’échelle du site. L’archéologie du territoire et la recherche sur les paléo-environnements ont invité à une lecture scalaire plus large. Envisagés à l’échelle régionale, les sites constituent un réseau. Cela conduit non plus seulement à se demander où sont les toponymes mais aussi comment ils s’articulent, pour comprendre jusqu’à quel point elles ont pu former un ensemble régional homogène ou non, de déterminer les logiques naturelles et humaines à l’oeuvre, et de pointer les étapes qui ont jalonné cette construction. / This work concerns a region corresponding to the basin of Serres. We follow the natural limits ; the topography giving a strong geographical coherence. The chronology takes into account local historic and human dynamics. Until 357 BC, the region, populated initially of Thracians, received Greek contributions associated with the movement of archaic colonization, then is affected by the Persian and Athenian imperialisms. The basin of Serres is at that time a space split by the conflicting interests of the various populations.After 357 BC, a more unitarian period begins, because the region is incorporated at first in the Macedonian Kingdom before being integrated in Roman Empire. The first goal of historical geography was the localization of place names. The first issue, therefore, is to take stock of the knowledge of each of these settlements at the local level and to take into account recent reports of archaeological observations. However, the ancient space is no longer observed only at the site level. Landscape studies and research on palaeo-environments have invited a wider scale reading. Envisaged at regional level, the sites constitute a network. This also leads us to wonder not only where the names are but how they are articulated, in order to identify the way in which these sites have interacted, to understand if they have formed a homogeneous regional whole or not, to determine the natural and human logics at work, and to point out the stages that have marked this construction.

This thesis is a study of four cities and their city-plans. The purpose of the paper is to understand similarities and differences between cities in northern Greece during the Classical period. This is done with a comparative method and Kevin Lynch’s theory of the image of the city. The method and the theory are the foundation for the study. The research question used to be able to fulfil the purpose of the paper is Which similarities and differences exist in the construction of Classical cities in northern Greece and why does these similarities and differences exist? The general plans of the chosen cities are studied, not individual buildings and remains. Aspects such as roads, the placement of city walls, agora, public buildings, and residential areas are compared in the paper. The four cities that were studied in the paper were Amphipolis, Olynthus, Pella, and Thasos. All located in Macedonia or on Chalcidice and Thasos. They were selected based on a few criteria. All were known cities from the Classical period, had been excavated to quite a large extent and were not only religious places or burial grounds. The cities are not exact copies of each other. Olynthus and Pella are built after the Hippodamian plan, but Amphipolis and Thasos are built over time with an organic city-plan. Buildings, structures, and central places are the same in the different cities but how the cities are structured and how buildings are placed vary. The terrain, the landscape, traditions, philosophical ideas could all be part of the cause why the four compared cities have been structured differently. The land the cities have been built on vary which affect how a city can be planned and built. The result of the thesis is that the cities in northern Greece have similarities in what types of buildings and structures can be found in them. How the city is structured and organized are the differences in the city-plans and to which degree depends on multiple factors.

Diploma thesis deals with the connection between the nature of implemented peacekeeping operation and possible positive output of this activity and thus with successful peacebuilding in the specific context of etnopolitical conflicts. Etnopolitical disputes constitute a vivid challenge aimed towards United Nations organisation. Mainly, because this organisation is one of the main actors of international system in finding solutions of etnopolitical conflicts and because United Nations also proposes concrete tools for their resolving - peacekeeping missions. We work with assumption that the nature of etnopolitical conflict and the nature of conflicting parties involved influence, to an important extent, involvement and impact of peacekeeping operations in resolving these conflicts. Diploma thesis, through the use of theories of origin and solvability of ethnic conflicts, creates the framework within which their more complicated solvability can be explained as well as inhibitors of theoretically successful models. Likewise, the typology of peacekeeping operations is defined and also narrower understanding of peacebuilding, as a set of political and security aspects, is described. Datas from four case studies then offer an opportunity to formulate partial endings and findings of examined causal relation. C lick...

This thesis is a case study who analyzes the democracy in North Macedonia during the period2008-2018. The method which was applied in this study was an ideal-type of democracy.Democracy is defined on the grounds of Robert Dahl’s polyarchy and its seven institutionswhich are; elected representatives, free and fair elections, universal suffrage, the right tocandidate in elections, freedom of speech, alternative information and the right to organize.The material on this work includes reports from the European Commission, Freedom House,the Swedish Government Offices and CountryWatch.The results of this study showed that regarding the four institutions; elected representatives,universal suffrage, the right to candidate in elections and alternative information there havebeen no significant changes during the period 2008-2018. The institution the right to organizeis the only institution where we can see a positive change during the period 2008-2018. Onthe contrary the institutions; free and fair elections and freedom of speech was thoseinstitutions that became more restricted during the period 2015-2018. The institution free andfair elections became more restricted because of the political crisis in recent year, for examplethe wire-tapping scandal which took place in 2015. To sum up, we can both see positive andnegative changes between the period 2008-2018. One thing that we can note is that NorthMacedonia does not fulfill the seven institutions that characterize an polyarchy and that NorthMacedonia has some work left to do, to achieve a more democratic and independent politicalsystem.

This research study investigates the potential of cryptocurrencies in alleviating the consequences of the financial crisis and identifying new avenues for economic development in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. It is motivated by the significant economic downturn experienced by Greece following the 2008 financial crisis, which led to a risk of bankruptcy and a drastic reduction in GDP per capita, with the consecutive implementation of capital controls further disrupting the financial transactions in the country. The region under study is documented for its low economic development level and GDP per capita compared to the national and EU averages. Through a mixed-methods approach, including a questionnaire-based survey and data analysis, this study explores the perceptions and behaviors of consumers and business owners in that region regarding cryptocurrencies. Furthermore, the survey employs closed-ended questions delivered through an internet-based platform while using probability and non-probability sampling techniques to target consumers and business owners. Consequently, the collected data are examined through the scopes of descriptive and deductive analyses with the use of SPSS software, with the findings of this research aiming to shed light on the role of cryptocurrencies as a means to mitigate the impact of the financial crisis and stimulate economic activity in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The findings revealed that while participants did not believe that introducing a parallel digital currency would improve the Greek economy, consumers affected by the crisis showed eagerness to invest and transact in cryptocurrencies. Business owners, on the other hand, were hesitant to view cryptocurrencies as long-term assets and did not believe in their capacity to transform the region’s economy. The study's outcomes contribute to the growing body of knowledge on cryptocurrencies' adoption and potential benefits in regions facing economic challenges.

Program sustainability is a major issue for nongovernmental organizations. Sustainability depends on the ability of an organization to maintain its capacity, which can be severely hindered by high rates of personnel turnover. This is especially true for turnover in nonprofit organizations that offer volunteer-led programs and are consequently heavily reliant upon those individuals to carry out their missions. Creating a strong institutional memory for both tacit and explicit knowledge and properly managing volunteers are two critical elements in creating the capacity needed to maintain a high-quality program. This thesis analyzes the case of a youth center in Macedonia that is dependent upon its volunteers to function and is afflicted by sustainability and discontinuity issues in its programs due to a regular rapid turnover of its volunteers. The center promotes youth development through informal education of its participants, primarily high school youth. Interviews, participant observation and document analysis provided insight into the program sustainability issues present at the youth center. I present a series of scenarios that highlight the issues of volunteer management and institutional memory loss concerning volunteer turnover that I discovered in my analysis. I conclude by calling for better preservation of institutional memory, more targeted recruitment and training that emphasizes creating routines and establishing volunteer expectations to enable improved program sustainability. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

This thesis considers the extent to which decentralisation in the Republic of Macedonia between 2005 and 2012 has been effective in reducing ethnic inequalities that exacerbate social divisions and can lead to conflict. Guided by the concept of horizontal inequalities, it identifies the factors which influenced the decision to devolve responsibilities to the municipalities after 2001. It examines the particular institutional design that Macedonian decentralisation took, and demonstrates how its use of local power-sharing mechanisms was intended to address the concerns of the Albanian and Macedonian communities simultaneously. This thesis takes an integrative approach to studying the political, administrative, and fiscal dimensions of decentralisation¿s implementation, and considers whether the reform has indeed contributed to the reduction of inequalities between Macedonia¿s ethnic groups. Where decentralisation¿s potential has not been reached, obstacles to its successful implementation are identified. While decentralisation alone may be unable to address all of the grievances raised by the Albanian community prior to 2001, this thesis argues that the reform has the potential to address many of the horizontal inequalities that were responsible for raising inter-ethnic tensions during the 1990s. However, decentralisation in Macedonia between 2005 and 2012 has only been partial, and advances in the administrative and political aspects of the reform have been undermined by limited progress in its fiscal dimension. Attempts to solve self-determination conflicts through decentralisation will fail if local self-governance exists only in form but not in substance.